TY - JOUR A1 - Hipp, Lena A1 - Bünning, Mareike T1 - Parenthood as a driver of increased genderinequality during COVID-19? BT - exploratory evidence from Germany JF - European societies N2 - Drawing on three waves of survey data from a non-probability sample from Germany, this paper examines two opposing expectations about the pandemic's impacts on gender equality: The optimistic view suggests that gender equality has increased, as essential workers in Germany have been predominantly female and as fathers have had more time for childcare. The pessimistic view posits that lockdowns have also negatively affected women's jobs and that mothers had to shoulder the additional care responsibilities. Overall, our exploratory analyses provide more evidence supporting the latter view. Parents were more likely than non-parents to work fewer hours during the pandemic than before, and mothers were more likely than fathers to work fewer hours once lockdowns were lifted. Moreover, even though parents tended to divide childcare more evenly, at least temporarily, mothers still shouldered more childcare work than fathers. The division of housework remained largely unchanged. It is therefore unsurprising that women, in particular mothers, reported lower satisfaction during the observation period. Essential workers experienced fewer changes in their working lives than respondents in other occupations. KW - COVID-19 KW - gender KW - family KW - employment KW - division of labour KW - satisfaction Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/14616696.2020.1833229 SN - 1461-6696 SN - 1469-8307 VL - 23 SP - S658 EP - S673 PB - Taylor & Francis Group CY - London ER - TY - THES A1 - Kaliga, Sarah Ninette T1 - Eine Frage der Zeit. Wie Einflüsse individueller Merkmale auf Einkommen bei Frauen über ihre familiären Verpflichtungen vermittelt werden T1 - A question of time. How the influence of individual characteristics on women’s income is conveyed through their family responsibilities BT - eine Untersuchung mit Daten der LifE-Studie BT - an analysis with data from the LifE study N2 - Die vorliegende Arbeit mit dem Titel „Eine Frage der Zeit. Wie Einflüsse individueller Merkmale auf Einkommen bei Frauen über ihre familiären Verpflichtungen vermittelt werden“ geht der Frage der Heterogenität bei weiblichen Einkommensergebnissen nach. Dabei steht die Thematik der individuellen Investitionen in die familiäre Arbeit als erklärender Faktor im Vordergrund und es wird der Frage nachgegangen, warum die einen Frauen viele und andere weniger häusliche Verpflichtungen übernehmen. Hierfür werden das individuelle Humankapital der Frauen, ihre Werteorientierungen und individuelle berufliche Motivationen aus der Jugendzeit und im Erwachsenenalter herangezogen. Die analysierten Daten (Daten der LifE-Studie) repräsentieren eine Langzeitperspektive vom 16. bis zum 45. Lebensjahr der befragten Frauen. Zusammenfassend kann im Ergebnis gezeigt werden, dass ein Effekt familiärer Verpflichtungen auf Einkommensergebnisse bei Frauen im frühen und mittleren Erwachsenenalter als Zeiteffekt über die investierte Erwerbsarbeitszeit vermittelt wird. Die Relevanz privater Routinearbeiten für Berufserfolge von Frauen und insbesondere Müttern stellt somit eine Frage der Zeit dar. Weiterhin kann für individuelle Einflüsse auf Einkommen bei Frauen gezeigt werden, dass höhere zeitliche Investitionen in den Beruf von Frauen mit hohem Bildungsniveau als indirect-only-Mediation nur über die Umverteilung häuslicher Arbeiten erklärbar werden. Frauen sind demnach zwar Gewinnerinnen der Bildungsexpansion. Die Bildungsexpansion stellt jedoch auch die Geschichte der Entstehung eines Vereinbarkeitskonflikts für eben diese Frauen dar, weil die bis heute virulenten Beharrungskräfte hinsichtlich der Frauen zugeschriebenen familiären Verpflichtungen mit ihren gestiegenen beruflichen Erwartungen und Chancen kollidieren. Die Arbeit leistet in ihren Analyseresultaten einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Erklärung heterogener Investitionen von Frauen in den Beruf und ihrer Einkommensergebnisse aus dem Privaten heraus. N2 - The present work entitled „A question of time. How the influence of individual characteristics on women’s income is conveyed through their family responsibilities“ examines the question of the heterogenity of female income results. The topic of individual investment in family work is at the forefront as an explanatory factor and the question is why some women assume many and other less domestic obligations. For this purpose, the individual human capital of women, their value orientations and individual professional motivations from adolescence and adulthood are used. The analysed data (data from the LifE-Study) represent a long-term perspective from the 16th to the 45th year of life of the women surveyed. In summary, it can be shown that an effect of family responsibilities on income outcomes for women in early and middle adulthood is conveyed as a time effect over imvested working time. The relevance of private routine work for the professional success of women and especially mothers is therefore a question of time. Furthermore, it can be shown for individual influences on women’s income, that higher investments in the occupation of women with a high educational level can only be explained by the redistribution of domestic work as an indirect-only-mediation. According to this, women are winners in the expansion of education, however, the expansion of education also represents the history of emergence of a conflict of reconciliation for precisely these women, because the family obligations ascribed to women, which are still virulent today, conflict with their increased professional expectations and opportunities. The analysis results of this work make an important contribution to explaining women’s heterogeneous investments in the profession and their income results from the private sphere. KW - Einkommen KW - income KW - Frauen KW - women KW - domestic work KW - Hausarbeit KW - family work KW - Familienarbeit KW - mediation analysis KW - Mediationsanalyse KW - occupational career KW - Berufskarriere KW - human capital KW - Humankapital KW - educational expansion KW - Bildungsexpansion KW - Arbeitsteilung KW - division of labour Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-407353 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Scheiner, Ricarda T1 - Birth weight and sucrose responsiveness predict cognitive skills of honeybee foragers JF - Animal behaviour N2 - Honeybees, Apis mellifera, can differ considerably in their birth weights but the consequences of these weight differences for behaviour are unknown. I investigated how these birth weight differences affected their cognitive skills when the bees reached foraging age. Individual sucrose responsiveness measured by the proboscis extension response is a strong determinant of appetitive olfactory learning performance in honeybees. Most of the observed learning differences between individuals or between genetic bee strains correlate with differences in their sucrose responsiveness. My second aim was therefore to investigate whether the sucrose responsiveness of newly emerged bees could predict the learning behaviour of the bees 3 weeks later. Both birth weight and sucrose responsiveness measured at emergence could predict olfactory learning scores as demonstrated by significant positive correlations. Heavy bees and bees with high sucrose responsiveness later learned better than lighter individuals or bees with lower responsiveness to sucrose at emergence. These results demonstrate for the first time a fundamental relationship between sensory responsiveness and morphology at emergence and later cognitive skills in insects. Because sensory responsiveness is closely linked to division of labour in honeybees, differences in weight and sucrose responsiveness at emergence might be involved in regulating division of labour. KW - Apis mellifera KW - birth weight KW - division of labour KW - foraging KW - honeybee KW - learning KW - maternal provisioning KW - sucrose responsiveness Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.05.011 SN - 0003-3472 VL - 84 IS - 2 SP - 305 EP - 308 PB - Elsevier CY - London ER -