TY - THES A1 - Antonoglou, Nikolaos T1 - GNSS-based remote sensing: Innovative observation of key hydrological parameters in the Central Andes T1 - GNSS-basierte Fernerkundung: Innovative Beobachtung der wichtigsten hydrologischen Parameter in den zentralen Anden N2 - The Central Andean region is characterized by diverse climate zones with sharp transitions between them. In this work, the area of interest is the South-Central Andes in northwestern Argentina that borders with Bolivia and Chile. The focus is the observation of soil moisture and water vapour with Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) remote-sensing methodologies. Because of the rapid temporal and spatial variations of water vapour and moisture circulations, monitoring this part of the hydrological cycle is crucial for understanding the mechanisms that control the local climate. Moreover, GNSS-based techniques have previously shown high potential and are appropriate for further investigation. This study includes both logistic-organization effort and data analysis. As for the prior, three GNSS ground stations were installed in remote locations in northwestern Argentina to acquire observations, where there was no availability of third-party data. The methodological development for the observation of the climate variables of soil moisture and water vapour is independent and relies on different approaches. The soil-moisture estimation with GNSS reflectometry is an approximation that has demonstrated promising results, but it has yet to be operationally employed. Thus, a more advanced algorithm that exploits more observations from multiple satellite constellations was developed using data from two pilot stations in Germany. Additionally, this algorithm was slightly modified and used in a sea-level measurement campaign. Although the objective of this application is not related to monitoring hydrological parameters, its methodology is based on the same principles and helps to evaluate the core algorithm. On the other hand, water-vapour monitoring with GNSS observations is a well-established technique that is utilized operationally. Hence, the scope of this study is conducting a meteorological analysis by examining the along-the-zenith air-moisture levels and introducing indices related to the azimuthal gradient. The results of the experiments indicate higher-quality soil moisture observations with the new algorithm. Furthermore, the analysis using the stations in northwestern Argentina illustrates the limits of this technology because of varying soil conditions and shows future research directions. The water-vapour analysis points out the strong influence of the topography on atmospheric moisture circulation and rainfall generation. Moreover, the GNSS time series allows for the identification of seasonal signatures, and the azimuthal-gradient indices permit the detection of main circulation pathways. N2 - Die Zentralanden sind eine Region, in der verschiedene Klimazonen nur durch kurze Übergänge gekennzeichnet sind. Der geographische Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit liegt in den südlichen Zentralanden im Grenzgebiet zwischen Argentinien, Bolivien und Chile, und der wissenschaftliche Schwerpunkt ist in der Überwachung der Bodenfeuchtigkeit und des Wasserdampfs mit Fernerkundungsmethoden des Globales Navigationssatellitensystem (Global Navigation Satellite System - GNSS) angesiedelt. Wegen der raschen zeitlichen und räumlichen Schwankungen des Wasserdampfs und den damit häufig verbundenen Niederschlägen und der Feuchtigkeitszirkulation ist die Beobachtung dieses Teils des hydrologischen Zyklus von entscheidender Bedeutung für das Verständnis des lokalen Klimas. Darüber hinaus haben GNSS-gestützte Techniken in anderen Studien bereits ein hohes Potenzial gezeigt, erfordern aber in einigen Bereichen weitere Untersuchungen. Diese Studie umfasst sowohl logistischen Aufwand als auch Datenanalyse. Dazu wurden drei GNSS-Bodenstationen in abgelegenen Orten im Nordwesten Argentiniens installiert, um Beobachtungen zu sammeln, da dort keine externen Daten verfügbar waren. Die methodische Entwicklung für die Beobachtung der Klimavariablen Bodenfeuchtigkeit und Wasserdampfs ist unabhängig voneinander. Die Messung der Bodenfeuchte mit Hilfe der GNSS-Reflektometrie ist eine Annäherung, die vielversprechende Ergebnisse erbracht hat, aber bisher noch nicht operationell eingesetzt wurde. Daher wurde ein fortschrittlicherer Algorithmus entwickelt, der Beobachtungen von mehreren Satellitenkonstellationen nutzt und unter anderem Daten von zwei Pilotstationen in Deutschland verwendet. Außerdem wurde dieser Algorithmus leicht modifiziert und in einer Meeresspiegelmesskampagne eingesetzt. Obwohl diese Andwendung nicht direkt mit der Überwachung hydrologischer Parameter zusammenhängt, basiert die Methodik auf denselben Prinzipien und hilft bei der Bewertung des entwickelten Algorithmus. Auf der anderen Seite ist die Überwachung des Wasserdampfs mit GNSS-Beobachtungen eine anerkannte Technik, die in der Praxis bereits seit mehreren Jahren eingesetzt wird. Diese Studie befasst sich daher mit der Durchführung einer meteorologischen Analyse der Luftfeuchtigkeitswerte entlang des Zenits und der Entwicklung von klimatischen Indizes, die sich auf den azimutalen Gradienten beziehen. Die Ergebnisse der Experimente zeigen, dass die Qualität der Bodenfeuchtebeobachtungen mit dem neuen Algorithmus vielversprechend und besser sind. Darüber hinaus zeigt die Analyse anhand der Stationen im nordwesten Argentiniens die Grenzen dieser Technologie aufgrund der sehr unterschiedlichen Bodenbedingungen auf und gibt mögliche zukünftige Forschungsrichtung an. Die Wasserdampfanalyse verdeutlicht den Einfluss der Topographie auf die Luftfeuchtigkeit und der Regenmenge. Außerdem ermöglichen die GNSS-Zeitreihen die Identifizierung der jahreszeitlichen Signaturen, und Messungen der azimutal Gradienten erlauben die Erkennung der wichtigsten Zirkulationswege. KW - remote sensing KW - GNSS KW - GPS KW - water vapour KW - soil moisture KW - Central Andes KW - zentrale Anden KW - globales Navigationssatellitensystem KW - globales Positionsbestimmungssystem KW - Fernerkundung KW - Bodenfeuchtigkeit KW - Wasserdampf Y1 - 2024 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-628256 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Botova, M. G. A1 - Namgaladze, Alexander A. A1 - Prokhorov, Boris E. T1 - Modeling of variations of the peak F2 layer electron density and total electron content during the recovery period after the magnetic storm of April 15-20, 2002 JF - Russian journal of physical chemistry : B, Focus on physics N2 - The results of numerical modeling by using the global upper atmosphere model of the Earth (UAM) for reproducing the peak F2 layer electron density (N (m) F2) and total electron content (TEC) during recovery period after the magnetic storm of the April 15-20, 2002 are discussed. According to the simulations, the time it takes to reach a stationary regime of N (m) F2 and TEC diurnal variations is 24 hours, much shorter then the plasmasphere refilling time. The results are compared with the predictions of the IRI-2007 empirical model and GPS data on the TEC and found in good quantitative agreement for the latitudinal variations of N (m) F2 and TEC for daytime conditions in the southern hemisphere. The worst agreement occurs in the region of the main ionospheric trough. KW - total electron content KW - peak F2-layer electron density KW - GPS Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1134/S1990793113050151 SN - 1990-7931 SN - 1990-7923 VL - 7 IS - 5 SP - 606 EP - 610 PB - Pleiades Publ. CY - New York ER - TY - GEN A1 - Hering, Robert A1 - Hauptfleisch, Morgan A1 - Jago, Mark A1 - Smith, Taylor A1 - Kramer-Schadt, Stephanie A1 - Stiegler, Jonas A1 - Blaum, Niels T1 - Don't stop me now: Managed fence gaps could allow migratory ungulates to track dynamic resources and reduce fence related energy loss T2 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - In semi-arid environments characterized by erratic rainfall and scattered primary production, migratory movements are a key survival strategy of large herbivores to track resources over vast areas. Veterinary Cordon Fences (VCFs), intended to reduce wildlife-livestock disease transmission, fragment large parts of southern Africa and have limited the movements of large wild mammals for over 60 years. Consequently, wildlife-fence interactions are frequent and often result in perforations of the fence, mainly caused by elephants. Yet, we lack knowledge about at which times fences act as barriers, how fences directly alter the energy expenditure of native herbivores, and what the consequences of impermeability are. We studied 2-year ungulate movements in three common antelopes (springbok, kudu, eland) across a perforated part of Namibia's VCF separating a wildlife reserve and Etosha National Park using GPS telemetry, accelerometer measurements, and satellite imagery. We identified 2905 fence interaction events which we used to evaluate critical times of encounters and direct fence effects on energy expenditure. Using vegetation type-specific greenness dynamics, we quantified what animals gained in terms of high quality food resources from crossing the VCF. Our results show that the perforation of the VCF sustains herbivore-vegetation interactions in the savanna with its scattered resources. Fence permeability led to peaks in crossing numbers during the first flush of woody plants before the rain started. Kudu and eland often showed increased energy expenditure when crossing the fence. Energy expenditure was lowered during the frequent interactions of ungulates standing at the fence. We found no alteration of energy expenditure when springbok immediately found and crossed fence breaches. Our results indicate that constantly open gaps did not affect energy expenditure, while gaps with obstacles increased motion. Closing gaps may have confused ungulates and modified their intended movements. While browsing, sedentary kudu's use of space was less affected by the VCF; migratory, mixed-feeding springbok, and eland benefited from gaps by gaining forage quality and quantity after crossing. This highlights the importance of access to vast areas to allow ungulates to track vital vegetation patches. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 1278 KW - veterinary cordon fence KW - ungulate KW - fence ecology KW - resource-tracking KW - energy expenditure KW - accelerometer KW - GPS KW - wildlife and habitat management Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-570087 SN - 1866-8372 IS - 1278 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hering, Robert A1 - Hauptfleisch, Morgan A1 - Jago, Mark A1 - Smith, Taylor A1 - Kramer-Schadt, Stephanie A1 - Stiegler, Jonas A1 - Blaum, Niels T1 - Don't stop me now: Managed fence gaps could allow migratory ungulates to track dynamic resources and reduce fence related energy loss JF - Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution N2 - In semi-arid environments characterized by erratic rainfall and scattered primary production, migratory movements are a key survival strategy of large herbivores to track resources over vast areas. Veterinary Cordon Fences (VCFs), intended to reduce wildlife-livestock disease transmission, fragment large parts of southern Africa and have limited the movements of large wild mammals for over 60 years. Consequently, wildlife-fence interactions are frequent and often result in perforations of the fence, mainly caused by elephants. Yet, we lack knowledge about at which times fences act as barriers, how fences directly alter the energy expenditure of native herbivores, and what the consequences of impermeability are. We studied 2-year ungulate movements in three common antelopes (springbok, kudu, eland) across a perforated part of Namibia's VCF separating a wildlife reserve and Etosha National Park using GPS telemetry, accelerometer measurements, and satellite imagery. We identified 2905 fence interaction events which we used to evaluate critical times of encounters and direct fence effects on energy expenditure. Using vegetation type-specific greenness dynamics, we quantified what animals gained in terms of high quality food resources from crossing the VCF. Our results show that the perforation of the VCF sustains herbivore-vegetation interactions in the savanna with its scattered resources. Fence permeability led to peaks in crossing numbers during the first flush of woody plants before the rain started. Kudu and eland often showed increased energy expenditure when crossing the fence. Energy expenditure was lowered during the frequent interactions of ungulates standing at the fence. We found no alteration of energy expenditure when springbok immediately found and crossed fence breaches. Our results indicate that constantly open gaps did not affect energy expenditure, while gaps with obstacles increased motion. Closing gaps may have confused ungulates and modified their intended movements. While browsing, sedentary kudu's use of space was less affected by the VCF; migratory, mixed-feeding springbok, and eland benefited from gaps by gaining forage quality and quantity after crossing. This highlights the importance of access to vast areas to allow ungulates to track vital vegetation patches. KW - veterinary cordon fence KW - ungulate KW - fence ecology KW - resource-tracking KW - energy expenditure KW - accelerometer KW - GPS KW - wildlife and habitat management Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2022.907079 SN - 2296-701X SP - 1 EP - 18 PB - Frontiers CY - Lausanne, Schweiz ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hering, Robert A1 - Hauptfleisch, Morgan A1 - Kramer-Schadt, Stephanie A1 - Stiegler, Jonas A1 - Blaum, Niels T1 - Effects of fences and fence gaps on the movement behavior of three southern African antelope species JF - Frontiers in Conservation Science N2 - Globally, migratory ungulates are affected by fences. While field observational studies reveal the amount of animal–fence interactions across taxa, GPS tracking-based studies uncover fence effects on movement patterns and habitat selection. However, studies on the direct effects of fences and fence gaps on movement behavior, especially based on high-frequency tracking data, are scarce. We used GPS tracking on three common African antelopes (Tragelaphus strepsiceros, Antidorcas marsupialis, and T. oryx) with movement strategies ranging from range residency to nomadism in a semi-arid, Namibian savanna traversed by wildlife-proof fences that elephants have regularly breached. We classified major forms of ungulate–fence interaction types on a seasonal and a daily scale. Furthermore, we recorded the distances and times spent at fences regarding the total individual space use. Based on this, we analyzed the direct effects of fences and fence gaps on the animals’ movement behavior for the previously defined types of animal–fence interactions. Antelope-fence interactions peaked during the early hours of the day and during seasonal transitions when the limiting resource changed between water and forage. Major types of ungulate–fence interactions were quick, trace-like, or marked by halts. We found that the amount of time spent at fences was highest for nomadic eland. Migratory springbok adjusted their space use concerning fence gap positions. If the small home ranges of sedentary kudu included a fence, they frequently interacted with this fence. For springbok and eland, distance traveled along a fence declined with increasing utilization of a fence gap. All species reduced their speed in the proximity of a fence but often increased their speed when encountering the fence. Crossing a fence led to increased speeds for all species. We demonstrate that fence effects mainly occur during crucial foraging times (seasonal scale) and during times of directed movements (daily scale). Importantly, we provide evidence that fences directly alter antelope movement behaviors with negative implications for energy budgets and that persistent fence gaps can reduce the intensity of such alterations. Our findings help to guide future animal–fence studies and provide insights for wildlife fencing and fence gap planning. KW - fence ecology KW - veterinary cordon fence KW - ungulate KW - movement speed KW - fence interaction KW - GPS KW - Africa KW - wildlife conservation Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fcosc.2022.959423 SN - 2673-611X VL - 3 SP - 1 EP - 19 PB - Frontiers CY - Lausanne, Schweiz ER - TY - GEN A1 - Hering, Robert A1 - Hauptfleisch, Morgan A1 - Kramer-Schadt, Stephanie A1 - Stiegler, Jonas A1 - Blaum, Niels T1 - Effects of fences and fence gaps on the movement behavior of three southern African antelope species T2 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - Globally, migratory ungulates are affected by fences. While field observational studies reveal the amount of animal–fence interactions across taxa, GPS tracking-based studies uncover fence effects on movement patterns and habitat selection. However, studies on the direct effects of fences and fence gaps on movement behavior, especially based on high-frequency tracking data, are scarce. We used GPS tracking on three common African antelopes (Tragelaphus strepsiceros, Antidorcas marsupialis, and T. oryx) with movement strategies ranging from range residency to nomadism in a semi-arid, Namibian savanna traversed by wildlife-proof fences that elephants have regularly breached. We classified major forms of ungulate–fence interaction types on a seasonal and a daily scale. Furthermore, we recorded the distances and times spent at fences regarding the total individual space use. Based on this, we analyzed the direct effects of fences and fence gaps on the animals’ movement behavior for the previously defined types of animal–fence interactions. Antelope-fence interactions peaked during the early hours of the day and during seasonal transitions when the limiting resource changed between water and forage. Major types of ungulate–fence interactions were quick, trace-like, or marked by halts. We found that the amount of time spent at fences was highest for nomadic eland. Migratory springbok adjusted their space use concerning fence gap positions. If the small home ranges of sedentary kudu included a fence, they frequently interacted with this fence. For springbok and eland, distance traveled along a fence declined with increasing utilization of a fence gap. All species reduced their speed in the proximity of a fence but often increased their speed when encountering the fence. Crossing a fence led to increased speeds for all species. We demonstrate that fence effects mainly occur during crucial foraging times (seasonal scale) and during times of directed movements (daily scale). Importantly, we provide evidence that fences directly alter antelope movement behaviors with negative implications for energy budgets and that persistent fence gaps can reduce the intensity of such alterations. Our findings help to guide future animal–fence studies and provide insights for wildlife fencing and fence gap planning. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 1308 KW - fence ecology KW - veterinary cordon fence KW - ungulate KW - movement speed KW - fence interaction KW - GPS KW - Africa KW - wildlife conservation Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-582672 SN - 1866-8372 IS - 1308 ER - TY - THES A1 - Höchner, Andreas T1 - GPS based analysis of earthquake induced phenomena at the Sunda Arc T1 - GPS-basierte Analyse erdbebeninduzierter Phänomene am Sundabogen N2 - Indonesia is one of the countries most prone to natural hazards. Complex interaction of several tectonic plates with high relative velocities leads to approximately two earthquakes with magnitude Mw>7 every year, being more than 15% of the events worldwide. Earthquakes with magnitude above 9 happen far more infrequently, but with catastrophic effects. The most severe consequences thereby arise from tsunamis triggered by these subduction-related earthquakes, as the Sumatra-Andaman event in 2004 showed. In order to enable efficient tsunami early warning, which includes the estimation of wave heights and arrival times, it is necessary to combine different types of real-time sensor data with numerical models of earthquake sources and tsunami propagation. This thesis was created as a result of the GITEWS project (German Indonesian Tsunami Early Warning System). It is based on five research papers and manuscripts. Main project-related task was the development of a database containing realistic earthquake scenarios for the Sunda Arc. This database provides initial conditions for tsunami propagation modeling used by the simulation system at the early warning center. An accurate discretization of the subduction geometry, consisting of 25x150 subfaults was constructed based on seismic data. Green’s functions, representing the deformational response to unit dip- and strike slip at the subfaults, were computed using a layered half-space approach. Different scaling relations for earthquake dimensions and slip distribution were implemented. Another project-related task was the further development of the ‘GPS-shield’ concept. It consists of a constellation of near field GPS-receivers, which are shown to be very valuable for tsunami early warning. The major part of this thesis is related to the geophysical interpretation of GPS data. Coseismic surface displacements caused by the 2004 Sumatra earthquake are inverted for slip at the fault. The effect of different Earth layer models is tested, favoring continental structure. The possibility of splay faulting is considered and shown to be a secondary order effect in respect to tsunamigenity for this event. Tsunami models based on source inversions are compared to satellite radar altimetry observations. Postseismic GPS time series are used to test a wide parameter range of uni- and biviscous rheological models of the asthenosphere. Steady-state Maxwell rheology is shown to be incompatible with near-field GPS data, unless large afterslip, amounting to more than 10% of the coseismic moment is assumed. In contrast, transient Burgers rheology is in agreement with data without the need for large aseismic afterslip. Comparison to postseismic geoid observation by the GRACE satellites reveals that even with afterslip, the model implementing Maxwell rheology results in amplitudes being too small, and thus supports a biviscous asthenosphere. A simple approach based on the assumption of quasi-static deformation propagation is introduced and proposed for inversion of coseismic near-field GPS time series. Application of this approach to observations from the 2004 Sumatra event fails to quantitatively reconstruct the rupture propagation, since a priori conditions are not fulfilled in this case. However, synthetic tests reveal the feasibility of such an approach for fast estimation of rupturing properties. N2 - Indonesien ist eines der am stärksten von Naturkatastrophen bedrohten Länder der Erde. Die komplexe Interaktion mehrer tektonischer Platten, die sich mit hohen Relativgeschwindigkeiten zueinander bewegen, führt im Mittel zu ungefähr zwei Erdbeben mit Magnitude Mw>7 pro Jahr, was mehr als 15% der Ereignisse weltweit entspricht. Beben mit Magnitude über 9 sind weitaus seltener, haben aber katastrophale Folgen. Die schwerwiegendsten Konsequenzen hierbei werden durch Tsunamis verursacht, welche durch diese Subduktionsbeben ausgelöst werden, wie das Sumatra-Andamanen Ereignis von 2004 gezeigt hat. Um eine wirksame Tsunami-Frühwarnung zu ermöglichen, welche die Abschätzung der Wellenhöhen und Ankunftszeiten beinhaltet, ist es erforderlich, verschieden Arten von Echtzeit-Sensordaten mit numerischen Modellen für die Erdbebenquelle und Tsunamiausbreitung zu kombinieren. Diese Doktorarbeit wurde im Rahmen des GITEWS-Projektes (German Indonesian Tsunami Early Warning System) erstellt und umfasst fünf Fachpublikationen und Manuskripte. Projektbezogene Hauptaufgabe war die Erstellung einer Datenbank mit realistischen Bebenszenarien für den Sundabogen. Die Datenbank beinhaltet Anfangsbedingungen für die Tsunami-Ausbreitungsmodellierung und ist Teil des Simulationssystems im Frühwarnzentrum. Eine sorgfältige Diskretisierung der Subduktionsgeometrie, bestehend aus 25x150 subfaults, wurde basierend auf seismischen Daten erstellt. Greensfunktionen, welche die Deformation, hervorgerufen durch Verschiebung an den subfaults ausmachen, wurden mittels eines semianalytischen Verfahrens für den geschichteten Halbraum berechnet. Verschiedene Skalierungsrelationen für Erdbebendimension und slip-Verteilung wurden implementiert. Eine weitere projektbezogene Aufgabe war die Weiterentwicklung des ‚GPS-Schild’-Konzeptes. Dieses besteht aus einer Konstellation von GPS-Empfängern im Nahfeldbereich, welche sich als sehr wertvoll für die Tsunami-Frühwarnung erweisen. Der größere Teil dieser Doktorarbeit beschäftigt sich mit der geophysikalischen Interpretation von GPS-Daten. Coseismische Verschiebungen an der Erdoberfläche, ausgelöst durch das Erdbeben von 2004, werden nach slip an der Verwerfung invertiert. Die Wirkung verschiedener Erdschichtungsmodelle wird getestet und resultiert in der Bevorzugung einer kontinentalen Struktur. Die Möglichkeit von splay-faulting wird untersucht und erweist sich als zweitrangiger Effekt bezüglich der Tsunamiwirkung für dieses Ereignis. Die auf der Quelleninversion basierenden Tsunamimodelle werden mit satellitengestützen Radaraltimetriedaten verglichen. Postseismische GPS-Daten werden verwendet, um einen weiten Parameterbereich uni- und bi-viskoser Modelle der Asthenosphäre zu testen. Dabei stellt sich stationäre Maxwell-Rheologie als inkompatibel mit Nahfeld-GPS-Zeitreihen heraus, es sei denn, eine große Quantität an afterslip, entsprechend etwa 10% des coseismischen Momentes, wird angenommen. Im Gegensatz dazu ist die transiente Burgers-Rheologie ohne große Mengen an afterslip kompatibel zu den Beobachtungen. Der Vergleich mit postseismischen Geoidbeobachtungen durch die GRACE-Satelliten zeigt, dass das Modell basierend auf Maxwell-Rheologie, auch mit afterslip, zu kleine Amplituden liefert, und bekräftigt die Annahme einer biviskosen Rheologie der Asthenosphäre. Ein einfacher Ansatz, der auf einer quasi-statischen Deformationsausbreitung beruht, wird eingeführt und zur Inversion coseismischer Nahfeld-GPS-Zeitreihen vorgeschlagen. Die Anwendung dieses Ansatzes auf Beobachtungen vom Sumatra-Beben von 2004 ermöglicht nicht die quantitative Rekonstruktion der Ausbreitung des Bruches, da die notwendigen Bedingungen in diesem Fall nicht erfüllt sind. Jedoch zeigen Experimente an synthetischen Daten die Gültigkeit eines solchen Ansatzes zur raschen Abschätzung der Bruchausbreitungseigenschaften. KW - GPS KW - Erdbeben KW - Tsunami KW - Rheologie KW - GITEWS KW - GPS KW - Earthquake KW - Tsunami KW - Rheology KW - GITEWS Y1 - 2010 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-53166 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mayer, Martin A1 - Ullmann, Wiebke A1 - Heinrich, Rebecca A1 - Fischer, Christina A1 - Blaum, Niels A1 - Sunde, Peter T1 - Seasonal effects of habitat structure and weather on the habitat selection and home range size of a mammal in agricultural landscapes JF - Landscape ecology N2 - Context Human land use intensified over the last century and simultaneously, extreme weather events have become more frequent. However, little is known about the interplay between habitat structure, direct short-term weather effects and indirect seasonal effects on animal space use and behavior. Objectives We used the European hare (Lepus europaeus) as model to investigate how habitat structure and weather conditions affect habitat selection and home range size, predictors for habitat quality and energetic requirements. Methods Using > 100,000 GPS positions of 60 hares in three areas in Denmark and Germany, we analyzed habitat selection and home range size in response to seasonally changing habitat structure, measured as vegetation height and agricultural field size, and weather. We compared daily and monthly home ranges to disentangle between direct short-term weather effects and indirect seasonal effects of climate. Results Habitat selection and home range size varied seasonally as a response to changing habitat structure, potentially affecting the availability of food and shelter. Overall, habitat structure and seasonality were more important in explaining hare habitat selection and home range size compared to direct weather conditions. Nevertheless, hares adjusted habitat selection and daily home range size in response to temperature, wind speed and humidity, possibly in response to thermal constrains and predation risk. Conclusions For effective conservation, habitat heterogeneity should be increased, e.g. by reducing agricultural field sizes and the implementation of set-asides that provide both forage and shelter, especially during the colder months of the year. KW - European hare KW - GPS KW - Habitat selection KW - Home range KW - Lepus europaeus KW - Weather Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-019-00878-9 SN - 0921-2973 SN - 1572-9761 VL - 34 IS - 10 SP - 2279 EP - 2294 PB - Springer CY - Dordrecht ER - TY - GEN A1 - Mayer, Martin A1 - Ullmann, Wiebke A1 - Sunde, Peter A1 - Fischer, Christina A1 - Blaum, Niels T1 - Habitat selection by the European hare in arable landscapes BT - the importance of small‐scale habitat structure for conservation T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - Agricultural land‐use practices have intensified over the last decades, leading to population declines of various farmland species, including the European hare (Lepus europaeus). In many European countries, arable fields dominate agricultural landscapes. Compared to pastures, arable land is highly variable, resulting in a large spatial variation of food and cover for wildlife over the course of the year, which potentially affects habitat selection by hares. Here, we investigated within‐home‐range habitat selection by hares in arable areas in Denmark and Germany to identify habitat requirements for their conservation. We hypothesized that hare habitat selection would depend on local habitat structure, that is, vegetation height, but also on agricultural field size, vegetation type, and proximity to field edges. Active hares generally selected for short vegetation (1–25 cm) and avoided higher vegetation and bare ground, especially when fields were comparatively larger. Vegetation >50 cm potentially restricts hares from entering parts of their home range and does not provide good forage, the latter also being the case on bare ground. The vegetation type was important for habitat selection by inactive hares, with fabaceae, fallow, and maize being selected for, potentially providing both cover and forage. Our results indicate that patches of shorter vegetation could improve the forage quality and habitat accessibility for hares, especially in areas with large monocultures. Thus, policymakers should aim to increase areas with short vegetation throughout the year. Further, permanent set‐asides, like fallow and wildflower areas, would provide year‐round cover for inactive hares. Finally, the reduction in field sizes would increase the density of field margins, and farming different crop types within small areas could improve the habitat for hares and other farmland species. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 1076 KW - agriculture KW - arable land KW - conservation KW - GPS KW - habitat selection KW - Lepus europaeus KW - vegetation height Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-467891 SN - 1866-8372 IS - 1076 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mayer, Martin A1 - Ullmann, Wiebke A1 - Sunde, Peter A1 - Fischer, Christina A1 - Blaum, Niels T1 - Habitat selection by the European hare in arable landscapes BT - The importance of small-scale habitat structure for conservation JF - Ecology and Evolution N2 - Agricultural land-use practices have intensified over the last decades, leading to population declines of various farmland species, including the European hare (Lepus europaeus). In many European countries, arable fields dominate agricultural landscapes. Compared to pastures, arable land is highly variable, resulting in a large spatial variation of food and cover for wildlife over the course of the year, which potentially affects habitat selection by hares. Here, we investigated within-home-range habitat selection by hares in arable areas in Denmark and Germany to identify habitat requirements for their conservation. We hypothesized that hare habitat selection would depend on local habitat structure, that is, vegetation height, but also on agricultural field size, vegetation type, and proximity to field edges. Active hares generally selected for short vegetation (1-25 cm) and avoided higher vegetation and bare ground, especially when fields were comparatively larger. Vegetation >50 cm potentially restricts hares from entering parts of their home range and does not provide good forage, the latter also being the case on bare ground. The vegetation type was important for habitat selection by inactive hares, with fabaceae, fallow, and maize being selected for, potentially providing both cover and forage. Our results indicate that patches of shorter vegetation could improve the forage quality and habitat accessibility for hares, especially in areas with large monocultures. Thus, policymakers should aim to increase areas with short vegetation throughout the year. Further, permanent set-asides, like fallow and wildflower areas, would provide year-round cover for inactive hares. Finally, the reduction in field sizes would increase the density of field margins, and farming different crop types within small areas could improve the habitat for hares and other farmland species. KW - agriculture KW - arable land KW - conservation KW - GPS KW - habitat selection KW - Lepus europaeus KW - vegetation height Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.4613 SN - 2045-7758 VL - 8 IS - 23 SP - 11619 EP - 11633 PB - Wiley CY - Hoboken ER -