TY - JOUR A1 - Han, Sungju A1 - Kuhlicke, Christian T1 - Barriers and drivers for mainstreaming nature-based solutions for flood risks BT - the case of South Korea JF - International journal of disaster risk science N2 - Nature-based solutions (NBS) are seen as a promising adaptation measure that sustainably deals with diverse societal challenges, while simultaneously delivering multiple benefits. Nature-based solutions have been highlighted as a resilient and sustainable means of mitigating floods and other hazards globally. This study examined diverging conceptualizations of NBS, as well as the attitudinal (for example, emotions and beliefs) and contextual (for example, legal and political aspects) barriers and drivers of NBS for flood risks in South Korea. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 11 experts and focused on the topic of flood risk measures and NBS case studies. The analysis found 11 barriers and five drivers in the attitudinal domain, and 13 barriers and two drivers in the contextual domain. Most experts see direct monetary benefits as an important attitudinal factor for the public. Meanwhile, the cost-effectiveness of NBS and their capacity to cope with flood risks were deemed influential factors that could lead decision makers to opt for NBS. Among the contextual factors, insufficient systems to integrate NBS in practice and the ideologicalization of NBS policy were found to be peculiar barriers, which hinder consistent realization of initiatives and a long-term national plan for NBS. Understanding the barriers and drivers related to the mainstreaming of NBS is critical if we are to make the most of such solutions for society and nature. It is also essential that we have a shared definition, expectation, and vision of NBS. KW - climate change KW - flood risk management KW - nature-based solutions (NBS) KW - South Korea Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s13753-021-00372-4 SN - 2095-0055 SN - 2192-6395 VL - 12 IS - 5 SP - 661 EP - 672 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sieg, Tobias A1 - Thieken, Annegret T1 - Improving flood impact estimations JF - Environmental research letters N2 - A reliable estimation of flood impacts enables meaningful flood risk management and rapid assessments of flood impacts shortly after a flood. The flood in 2021 in Central Europe and the analysis of its impacts revealed that these estimations are still inadequate. Therefore, we investigate the influence of different data sets and methods aiming to improve flood impact estimates. We estimated economic flood impacts to private households and companies for a flood event in 2013 in Germany using (a) two different flood maps, (b) two approaches to map exposed objects based on OpenStreetMap and the Basic European Asset Map, (c) two different approaches to estimate asset values, and (d) tree-based models and Stage-Damage-Functions to describe the vulnerability. At the macro scale, water masks lead to reasonable impact estimations. At the micro and meso-scale, the identification of affected objects by means of water masks is insufficient leading to unreliable estimations. The choice of exposure data sets is most influential on the estimations. We find that reliable impact estimations are feasible with reported numbers of flood-affected objects from the municipalities. We conclude that more effort should be put in the investigation of different exposure data sets and the estimation of asset values. Furthermore, we recommend the establishment of a reporting system in the municipalities for a fast identification of flood-affected objects shortly after an event. KW - rapid impact assessment KW - floods KW - OpenStreetMap KW - flood risk management KW - natural hazards Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac6d6c SN - 1748-9326 VL - 17 IS - 6 PB - IOP Publ. Ltd. CY - Bristol ER - TY - THES A1 - Han, Sungju T1 - Perceptions of nature-based solutions in the context of floods T1 - Wahrnehmung von Naturbasierten Lösungen im Kontext vom Hochwasser BT - understanding the complexity of people and places at risk BT - Erfassung der Komplexität von gefährdeten Menschen und Orten N2 - Traditional ways of reducing flood risk have encountered limitations in a climate-changing and rapidly urbanizing world. For instance, there has been a demanding requirement for massive investment in order to maintain a consistent level of security as well as increased flood exposure of people and property due to a false sense of security arising from the flood protection infrastructure. Against this background, nature-based solutions (NBS) have gained popularity as a sustainable and alternative way of dealing with diverse societal challenges such as climate change and biodiversity loss. In particular, their ability to reduce flood risks while also offering ecological benefits has recently received global attention. Diverse co-benefits of NBS that favor both humans and nature are viewed as promising a wide endorsement of NBS. However, people’s perceptions of NBS are not always positive. Local resistance to NBS projects as well as decision-makers’ and practitioners’ unwillingness to adopt NBS have been pointed out as a bottleneck to the successful realization and mainstreaming of NBS. In this regard, there has been a growing necessity to investigate people’s perceptions of NBS. Current research has lacked an integrative perspective of both attitudinal and contextual factors that guide perceptions of NBS; it not only lacks empirical evidence, but a few existing ones are rather conflicting without having underlying theories. This has led to the overarching research question of this dissertation, "What shapes people’s perceptions of NBS in the context of flooding?" The dissertation aims to answer the following sub-questions in the three papers that make up this dissertation: 1. What are the topics reflected in the previous literature influencing perceptions of NBS as a means to reduce hydro-meteorological risks? (Paper I) 2. What are the stimulating and hampering attitudinal and contextual factors for mainstreaming NBS for flood risk management? How are NBS conceptualized? (Paper II) 3. How are public attitudes toward the NBS projects shaped? How do risk-and place-related factors shape individual attitudes toward NBS? (Paper III) This dissertation follows an integrative approach of considering “place” and “risk”, as well as the surrounding context, by analyzing attitudinal (i.e., individual) and contextual (i.e., systemic) factors. “Place” is mainly concerned with affective elements (e.g., bond to locality and natural environment) whereas “risk” is related to cognitive elements (e.g., threat appraisal). The surrounding context provides systemic drivers and barriers with the possibility of interfering the influence of place and risk for perceptions of NBS. To empirically address the research questions, the current status of the knowledge about people’s perceptions of NBS for flood risks was investigated by conducting a systematic review (Paper I). Based on these insights, a case study of South Korea was used to demonstrate key contextual and attitudinal factors for mainstreaming NBS through the lens of experts (Paper II). Lastly, by conducting a citizen survey, it investigated the relationship between the previously discussed concepts in Papers I and II using structural equation modeling, focusing on the core concepts, namely risk and place (Paper III). As a result, Paper I identified the key topics relating to people’s perceptions, including the perceived value of co-benefits, perceived effectiveness of risk reduction effectiveness, participation of stakeholders, socio-economic and place-specific conditions, environmental attitude, and uncertainty of NBS. Paper II confirmed Paper I's findings regarding attitudinal factors. In addition, several contextual hampering or stimulating factors were found to be similar to those of any emerging technologies (i.e., path dependence, lack of operational and systemic capacity). Among all, one of the distinctive features in NBS contexts, at least in the South Korean case, is the politicization of NBS, which can lead to polarization of ideas and undermine the decision-making process. Finally, Paper III provides a framework with the core topics (i.e., place and risk) that were considered critical in Paper I and Paper II. This place-based risk appraisal model (PRAM) connects people at risk and places where hazards (i.e., floods) and interventions (i.e., NBS) take place. The empirical analysis shows that, among the place-related variables, nature bonding was a positive predictor of the perceived risk-reduction effectiveness of NBS, and place identity was a negative predictor of supportive attitude. Among the risk-related variables, threat appraisal had a negative effect on perceived risk reduction effectiveness and supportive attitude, while well-communicated information, trust in flood risk management, and perceived co-benefit were positive predictors. This dissertation proves that the place and risk attributes of NBS shape people’s perceptions of NBS. In order to optimize the NBS implementation, it is necessary to consider the meanings and values held in place before project implementation and how these attributes interact with individual and/or community risk profiles and other contextual factors. With the increasing necessity of using NBS to lower flood risks, these results make important suggestions for the future NBS project strategy and NBS governance. N2 - Herkömmliche Methoden zur Verminderung des Hochwasserrisikos stoßen in Zeiten des Klimawandels und der Urbanisierung an ihre Grenzen. So sind beispielsweise massive Investitionen erforderlich, um ein gleichbleibendes Sicherheitsniveau aufrechtzuerhalten, und das Hochwasserrisiko für Menschen und Eigentum steigt, weil die Hochwasserschutzinfrastruktur ein falsches Sicherheitsgefühl vermittelt. Vor diesem Hintergrund haben naturbasierte Lösungen (engl. Nature-Based Solutions, kurz: NBS) als nachhaltiger und alternativer Weg zur Bewältigung verschiedener gesellschaftlicher Herausforderungen wie Klimawandel und Verlust der biologischen Vielfalt an Popularität gewonnen. Insbesondere ihre Eigenschaft, das Hochwasserrisiko zu verringern und gleichzeitig ökologische Vorteile zu bieten, hat zuletzt weltweit Aufmerksamkeit erregt. Die vielfältigen Vorteile der NBS, die sowohl den Menschen als auch der Natur zugutekommen, sind vielversprechende Gründe für eine breite Befürwortung der NBS. Die Wahrnehmung der NBS durch die Bevölkerung ist jedoch nicht immer positiv. Lokaler Widerstand gegen NBS-Projekte sowie die mangelnde Bereitschaft von Entscheidungsträgern und Praktikern, NBS zu übernehmen, wurden als Hürden für die erfolgreiche Umsetzung und langfristige Etablierung von NBS identifiziert. In diesem Zusammenhang hat sich die Notwendigkeit ergeben, die Wahrnehmung von NBS genauer zu untersuchen. In der aktuellen Forschung fehlt eine integrative Perspektive sowohl auf einstellungs- als auch auf kontextbezogene Faktoren, die die Wahrnehmung von NBS beeinflussen; es mangelt nicht nur an empirischen Belegen, sondern die wenigen vorhandenen Befunde sind eher widersprüchlich, ohne dass zugrunde liegende Theorien vorhanden sind. Daraus ergibt sich die übergeordnete Forschungsfrage dieser Dissertation: "Was beeinflusst die Wahrnehmung der Menschen von NBS im Kontext von Hochwasser?" Die Dissertation intendiert, die folgenden Unterfragen in den drei Publikationen zu beantworten, die diese Dissertation bilden: 1. Welche Themen spiegeln sich in der bisherigen Literatur wider und beeinflussen die Wahrnehmung von NBS als Mittel zur Verringerung hydrometeorologischer Risiken? (Publikation I) 2. Was sind die fördernden und hemmenden Einstellungs- und Kontextfaktoren für das Mainstreaming von NBS für das Hochwasserrisikomanagement? Wie werden NBS von Experten konzeptualisiert? (Publikation II) 3. Wie wird die Einstellung der Öffentlichkeit zu NBS-Projekten geprägt? Wie beeinflussen risiko- und ortsbezogene Faktoren die individuelle Einstellung zu NBS? (Publikation III) In dieser Dissertation wird ein integrativer Ansatz verfolgt, der Ort (Place) und Risiko (Risk) sowie den umgebenden Kontext berücksichtigt, indem einstellungsbezogene (d. h. individuelle) und kontextbezogene (d. h. systemische) Faktoren analysiert werden. "Ort" affektive Elemente betrifft (z. B. die Bindung an den Ort und die natürliche Umgebung), während "Risiko" bezieht sich auf kognitive Elemente (z. B. die Einschätzung der Bedrohung). Der umgebende Kontext bietet systemische Triebkräfte und Hindernisse, die den Einfluss von Ort und Risiko auf die Wahrnehmung der NBS beeinflussen können. Zur empirischen Beantwortung der Forschungsfragen wurde der aktuelle Stand der Forschung über die Wahrnehmung der NBS für Hochwasserrisiken durch eine systematische Literaturanalyse untersucht (Publikation I). Auf der Grundlage dieser Erkenntnisse wird eine Fallstudie aus Südkorea herangezogen, um die wichtigsten Kontext- und Einstellungsfaktoren für das Mainstreaming von NBS aus der Sicht von Experten aufzuzeigen (Publikation II). Schließlich wurde anhand einer Bürgerbefragung die Beziehung zwischen den zuvor in den Publikationen I und II erörterten Konzepten untersucht, mit Schwerpunkt auf den Kernkonzepten, nämlich Risiko und Ort. Die Analzse basiert auf einem Strukturgleichungsmodell (Publikation III). In Publikation I wurden die wichtigsten Themen im Zusammenhang mit der Wahrnehmung der Menschen identifiziert, darunter der wahrgenommene Wert von Zusatznutzen, die wahrgenommene Wirksamkeit der Risikominderung, die Beteiligung von Interessengruppen, sozioökonomische und ortsspezifische Bedingungen, die Einstellung zur Umwelt und die Unsicherheit der NBS. Publikation II bestätigte die Ergebnisse von Publikation I hinsichtlich der Einstellungsfaktoren (d.h. die Bereiche Ort und Risiko). Zusätzlich wurde festgestellt, dass mehrere hemmende und fördernde Kontextfaktoren denen aller neuen Technologien ähneln (d. h. Pfadabhängigkeit, fehlende operative und systemische Kapazitäten). Eines der besonderen Merkmale im Kontext der NBS, zumindest im Fall Südkoreas, ist die Politisierung der NBS, die möglicherweise zu einer Polarisierung der Ideen an sich führen und damit den Entscheidungsprozess untergraben kann. Schließlich bietet Publikation III einen Rahmen mit dem Fokus auf die Faktoren (d. h. Ort und Risiko), die in Papier I und Papier II als entscheidend angesehen wurden. Dieses ortsbezogene Risikobewertungsmodell (place-based risk appraisal model, PRAM) stellt eine Verbindung zwischen den gefährdeten Menschen und den Orten her, an denen Gefahren (z. B. Hochwasser) und Interventionen (z. B. NBS) stattfinden. Die empirische Analyse zeigt, dass bei den ortsbezogenen Konstrukten die Naturverbundenheit ein positiver Prädiktor für die wahrgenommene risikomindernde Wirksamkeit der NBS war und die Ortsidentität ein negativer Prädiktor für die unterstützende Einstellung. Bei den risikobezogenen Konstrukten wirkte sich die Einschätzung der Bedrohung negativ auf die wahrgenommene Wirksamkeit der Risikominderung und die unterstützende Einstellung aus, während gut kommunizierte Informationen, Vertrauen in das Hochwasserrisikomanagement und wahrgenommener Zusatznutzen positive Prädiktoren waren. Diese Dissertation zeigt, dass die verschiedenen Ebenen der Orts-, Risiko- und Landschaftsattribute der NBS die Wahrnehmung der NBS durch die Menschen beeinflussen. Um die Umsetzung der NBS zu optimieren, müssen die vor der Projektumsetzung bestehenden Vorstellungen und Werte der dort lebenden Menschen berücksichtigt und analysiert werden, wie diese Attribute mit dem Risikokontext und anderen systemischen und kontextuellen Faktoren interagieren. Angesichts der zunehmenden Notwendigkeit, naturbasierte Methoden zur Verringerung von Hochwasserrisiken einzusetzen, liefern diese Ergebnisse wichtige Anregungen für die künftige NBS-Projektstrategie und NBS-Governance. KW - nature-based solutions KW - flood risk management KW - dike relocation KW - risk perception KW - place attachment KW - acceptance KW - attitude KW - systematic review KW - semi-structured interview KW - structural equation modeling KW - Akzeptanz KW - Einstellung KW - Deichrückverlegung KW - Hochwasserrisikomanagement KW - naturbasierte Lösungen KW - Ortsbindung KW - Risikowahrnehmung KW - halbstrukturiertes Interview KW - Strukturgleichungsmodell KW - systematische Übersicht Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-579524 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tesselaar, Max A1 - Botzen, W. J. Wouter A1 - Haer, Toon A1 - Hudson, Paul A1 - Tiggeloven, Timothy A1 - Aerts, Jeroen C. J. H. T1 - Regional inequalities in flood insurance affordability and uptake under climate change JF - Sustainability N2 - Flood insurance coverage can enhance financial resilience of households to changing flood risk caused by climate change. However, income inequalities imply that not all households can afford flood insurance. The uptake of flood insurance in voluntary markets may decline when flood risk increases as a result of climate change. This increase in flood risk may cause substantially higher risk-based insurance premiums, reduce the willingness to purchase flood insurance, and worsen problems with the unaffordability of coverage for low-income households. A socio-economic tipping-point can occur when the functioning of a formal flood insurance system is hampered by diminishing demand for coverage. In this study, we examine whether such a tipping-point can occur in Europe for current flood insurance systems under different trends in future flood risk caused by climate and socio-economic change. This analysis gives insights into regional inequalities concerning the ability to continue to use flood insurance as an instrument to adapt to changing flood risk. For this study, we adapt the "Dynamic Integrated Flood and Insurance" (DIFI) model by integrating new flood risk simulations in the model that enable examining impacts from various scenarios of climate and socio-economic change on flood insurance premiums and consumer demand. Our results show rising unaffordability and declining demand for flood insurance across scenarios towards 2080. Under a high climate change scenario, simulations show the occurrence of a socio-economic tipping-point in several regions, where insurance uptake almost disappears. A tipping-point and related inequalities in the ability to use flood insurance as an adaptation instrument can be mitigated by introducing reforms of flood insurance arrangements. KW - climate change KW - flood risk management KW - insurance KW - socio-economic KW - tipping-point KW - adaptation KW - partial equilibrium modeling Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/su12208734 SN - 2071-1050 VL - 12 IS - 20 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Do Thi Chinh, A1 - Bubeck, Philip A1 - Nguyen Viet Dung, A1 - Kreibich, Heidi T1 - The 2011 flood event in the Mekong Delta: preparedness, response, damage and recovery of private households and small businesses JF - Disasters : the journal of disaster studies, policy and management N2 - Floods frequently cause substantial economic and human losses, particularly in developing countries. For the development of sound flood risk management schemes that reduce flood consequences, detailed insights into the different components of the flood risk management cycle, such as preparedness, response, flood impact analyses and recovery, are needed. However, such detailed insights are often lacking: commonly, only (aggregated) data on direct flood damage are available. Other damage categories such as losses owing to the disruption of production processes are usually not considered, resulting in incomplete risk assessments and possibly inappropriate recommendations for risk management. In this paper, data from 858 face-to-face interviews among flood-prone households and small businesses in Can Tho city in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta are presented to gain better insights into the damage caused by the 2011 flood event and its management by households and businesses. KW - Can Tho KW - floods KW - flood damage KW - flood loss KW - flood risk management KW - Mekong Delta KW - Vietnam Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/disa.12171 SN - 0361-3666 SN - 1467-7717 VL - 40 SP - 753 EP - 778 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken ER -