TY - GEN A1 - Kuhlmann, Sophie Merle A1 - Bürger, Arne A1 - Esser, Günter A1 - Hammerle, Florian T1 - A mindfulness-based stress prevention training for medical students (MediMind) BT - study protocol for a randomized controlled trial T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe 820 N2 - Background: Medical training is very demanding and associated with a high prevalence of psychological distress. Compared to the general population, medical students are at a greater risk of developing a psychological disorder. Various attempts of stress management training in medical school have achieved positive results on minimizing psychological distress; however, there are often limitations. Therefore, the use of a rigorous scientific method is needed. The present study protocol describes a randomized controlled trial to examine the effectiveness of a specifically developed mindfulness-based stress prevention training for medical students that includes selected elements of cognitive behavioral strategies (MediMind). Methods/Design: This study protocol presents a prospective randomized controlled trial, involving four assessment time points: baseline, post-intervention, one-year follow-up and five-year follow-up. The aims include evaluating the effect on stress, coping, psychological morbidity and personality traits with validated measures. Participants are allocated randomly to one of three conditions: MediMind, Autogenic Training or control group. Eligible participants are medical or dental students in the second or eighth semester of a German university. They form a population of approximately 420 students in each academic term. A final total sample size of 126 (at five-year follow-up) is targeted. The trainings (MediMind and Autogenic Training) comprise five weekly sessions lasting 90 minutes each. MediMind will be offered to participants of the control group once the five-year follow-up is completed. The allotment is randomized with a stratified allocation ratio by course of studies, semester, and gender. After descriptive statistics have been evaluated, inferential statistical analysis will be carried out with a repeated measures ANOVA-design with interactions between time and group. Effect sizes will be calculated using partial η-square values. Discussion: Potential limitations of this study are voluntary participation and the risk of attrition, especially concerning participants that are allocated to the control group. Strengths are the study design, namely random allocation, follow-up assessment, the use of control groups and inclusion of participants at different stages of medical training with the possibility of differential analysis. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 820 KW - psychometric properties KW - psychological distress KW - predicting stress KW - German version KW - mental-health KW - self-esteem KW - reduction KW - depression KW - management KW - benefits Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-427568 SN - 1866-8372 IS - 820 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wright, Michelle F. A1 - Wachs, Sebastian T1 - Adolescents’ Psychological Consequences and Cyber Victimization BT - The Moderation of School-Belongingness and Ethnicity JF - International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health N2 - Cyber victimization research reveals various personal and contextual correlations and negative consequences associated with this experience. Despite increasing attention on cyber victimization, few studies have examined such experiences among ethnic minority adolescents. The purpose of the present study was to examine the moderating effect of ethnicity in the longitudinal associations among cyber victimization, school-belongingness, and psychological consequences (i.e., depression, loneliness, anxiety). These associations were investigated among 416 Latinx and white adolescents (46% female; M age = 13.89, SD = 0.41) from one middle school in the United States. They answered questionnaires on cyber victimization, school belongingness, depression, loneliness, and anxiety in the 7th grade (Time 1). One year later, in the 8th grade (Time 2), they completed questionnaires on depression, loneliness, and anxiety. Low levels of school-belongingness strengthened the positive relationships between cyber victimization and Time 2 depression and anxiety, especially among Latinx adolescents. The positive association between cyber victimization and Time 2 loneliness was strengthened for low levels of school-belongingness for all adolescents. These findings may indicate that cyber victimization threatens adolescents’ school-belongingness, which has implications for their emotional adjustment. Such findings underscore the importance of considering diverse populations when examining cyber victimization. KW - cyberbullying KW - cyber victimization KW - depression KW - anxiety KW - loneliness KW - Latinx KW - Latino KW - adolescents KW - ethnic KW - ethnic differences Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16142493 SN - 1661-7827 SN - 1660-4601 VL - 16 PB - MDPI AG CY - Basel ER - TY - GEN A1 - Wright, Michelle F. A1 - Wachs, Sebastian T1 - Adolescents’ Psychological Consequences and Cyber Victimization BT - The Moderation of School-Belongingness and Ethnicity T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - Cyber victimization research reveals various personal and contextual correlations and negative consequences associated with this experience. Despite increasing attention on cyber victimization, few studies have examined such experiences among ethnic minority adolescents. The purpose of the present study was to examine the moderating effect of ethnicity in the longitudinal associations among cyber victimization, school-belongingness, and psychological consequences (i.e., depression, loneliness, anxiety). These associations were investigated among 416 Latinx and white adolescents (46% female; M age = 13.89, SD = 0.41) from one middle school in the United States. They answered questionnaires on cyber victimization, school belongingness, depression, loneliness, and anxiety in the 7th grade (Time 1). One year later, in the 8th grade (Time 2), they completed questionnaires on depression, loneliness, and anxiety. Low levels of school-belongingness strengthened the positive relationships between cyber victimization and Time 2 depression and anxiety, especially among Latinx adolescents. The positive association between cyber victimization and Time 2 loneliness was strengthened for low levels of school-belongingness for all adolescents. These findings may indicate that cyber victimization threatens adolescents’ school-belongingness, which has implications for their emotional adjustment. Such findings underscore the importance of considering diverse populations when examining cyber victimization. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 578 KW - cyberbullying KW - cyber victimization KW - depression KW - anxiety KW - loneliness KW - Latinx KW - Latino KW - adolescents KW - ethnic KW - ethnic differences Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-437868 SN - 1866-8364 IS - 578 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Majic, Tomislav A1 - Gutzmann, Hans A1 - Heinz, Andreas A1 - Lang, Undine E. A1 - Rapp, Michael Armin T1 - Animal-assisted therapy and agitation and depression in nursing home residents with dementia - a matched case-control trial JF - The American journal of geriatric psychiatry : official journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry N2 - Objectives: To investigate the efficacy of animal-assisted therapy (AAT) on symptoms of agitation/aggression and depression in nursing home residents with dementia in a randomized controlled trial. Previous studies have indicated that AAT has beneficial effects on neuropsychiatric symptoms in various psychiatric disorders but few studies have investigated the efficacy of AAT in patients suffering from dementia. Methods: Of 65 nursing home residents with dementia (mean [standard deviation] age: 81.8 [9.2] years; mean Mini-Mental State Examination score: 7.1 [0.7]), 27 matched pairs (N = 54) were randomly assigned to either treatment as usual or treatment as usual combined with AAT, administered over 10 weekly sessions. Blinded raters assessed cognitive impairment with the Mini-Mental State Examination, presence of agitation/aggression with the Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory, and depression with the Dementia Mood Assessment Scale at baseline and during a period of 4 weeks after AAT intervention. Results: In the control group, symptoms of agitation/aggression and depression significantly increased over 10 weeks; in the intervention group, patients receiving combined treatment displayed constant frequency and severity of symptoms of agitation/aggression (F-1,F-48 = 6.43; p <0.05) and depression (F-1,F-48 = 26.54; p <0.001). Symptom amelioration did not occur in either group. Conclusions: AAT is a promising option for the treatment of agitation/aggression and depression in patients with dementia. Our results suggest that AAT may delay progression of neuropsychiatric symptoms in demented nursing home residents. Further research is needed to determine its long-time effects. KW - AAT KW - Alzheimer disease KW - agitation KW - animal-assisted therapy KW - BPSD KW - depression KW - dog-assisted therapy KW - nursing home Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2013.03.004 SN - 1064-7481 SN - 1545-7214 VL - 21 IS - 11 SP - 1052 EP - 1059 PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins CY - Philadelphia ER - TY - THES A1 - Pietrek, Anou F. T1 - Basic psychological needs and depression in the context of health and exercise N2 - Depressive Erkrankungen gehen mit verminderter Lebenszufriedenheit und reduzierter Arbeitsfähigkeit einher. Die Wartezeit für eine Psychotherapie beträgt in Deutschland derzeit zwischen drei und sechs Monaten. Demnach besteht Bedarf an alternativen, gleichwertigen evidenzbasierten Behandlungsmöglichkeiten, die den Betroffenen niedrigschwellig zugänglich gemacht werden. Eine Vielzahl an empirischen Studien belegt die Wirksamkeit von Sport bei leichten und mittelschweren Depressionen. Zur weiterführenden Konzeption und Qualitätssicherung von Sport als Behandlungsoption ist es notwendig die konkreten Wirkmechanismen zu verstehen. Neben physiologischen spielen auch psychologische Faktoren eine Rolle im Wirkungsgeschehen. Als Metatheorie menschlichen Erlebens und Verhaltens bietet die Selbstbestimmungstheorie (engl.: Self-Determination Theory; SDT) einen nützlichen Bezugsrahmen zum Verständnis psychologischer Wirkmechanismen mit konkreten Ableitungen für die Behandlungspraktik. Die konzeptionelle Erweiterung der SDT um die Frustration psychologischer Grundbedürfnisse erweist sich neben der Bedürfnisbefriedigung zunehmend als hilfreich bei der Untersuchung von psychischen Erkrankungen. Der erste Teil dieser Dissertation besteht aus zwei Publikationen, die relevante Messinstrumente in dem genannten Kontext validieren. Der erste Fragebogen misst das Ausmaß an allgemein erlebter Befriedigung und Frustration der psychologischen Grundbedürfnisse nach Autonomie, Kompetenz und sozialer Eingebundenheit. Der zweite Fragebogen erhebt die erlebte Bedürfnisbefriedigung durch die anleitende Person (hier: Sporttherapeut*in). Der zweite Teil der Dissertation umfasst zwei Publikationen, welche die Befriedigung und Frustration der psychologischen Grundbedürfnisse bei depressiven Symptomen untersuchen und einordnen. Es werden die Unterschiede im Ausmaß an Bedürfnisbefriedigung und Bedürfnisfrustration zwischen einer Stichprobe mit Depression mit einer Stichprobe ohne depressive Symptome untersucht. Der Zusammenhang zwischen Bedürfnisfrustration und depressiven Symptomen wird im Kontext etablierter pathologischer Prozesse (Emotionsdysregulation, Rumination) eingeordnet. Die Hauptergebnisse dieser Arbeiten zeigen, dass die SDT durch die Erweiterung der Basic Psychological Needs Theory um die Dimension der Bedürfnisfrustration ein nun breiteres Spektrum auf dem Gesundheit-Krankheit-Kontinuum abbildet. Dabei fokussiert die SDT auf die psychologische Wirkung von sozialen Umwelten. Neben der Nichterfüllung der psychologischen Grundbedürfnisse ist es vor allem die Bedürfnisfrustration, die einen allgemeinen Vulnerabilitätsfaktor für das Vorkommen psychologischer Erkrankungen darstellt. Zudem weist die unausgewogene Befriedigung der psychologischen Grundbedürfnisse möglicherweise auf ein konflikthaftes Erleben zwischen den Bedürfnissen hin. Für die Behandlungspraktik abzuleiten ist, dass eine autonomieunterstützende Atmosphäre, die die ausgewogene Befriedigung aller drei Bedürfnisse ermöglicht, zentral für den Behandlungserfolg ist. N2 - Depressive disorders are associated with reduced life satisfaction and ability to work. The waiting time for psychotherapy in Germany is currently between three and six months. Accordingly, there is a need for alternative, evidence-based treatment options that are made accessible to patients at a low threshold. A large number of empirical studies prove the effectiveness of exercise in mild and moderate depression. For further conceptualization and quality assurance of exercise as a treatment option, it is necessary to understand the concrete mechanisms of action. In addition to physiological factors, psychological factors also play a role in the effect. As a meta-theory of human experience and behavior, Self-Determination Theory (SDT) provides a useful frame for understanding psychological mechanisms of action with concrete implications for treatment practice. The conceptual extension of SDT to include the frustration of basic psychological needs in addition to need satisfaction is proving useful in the study of mental illness. The first part of this dissertation consists of two publications that validate relevant measurement instruments in this context. The first questionnaire measures the extent of generally experienced satisfaction and frustration of the basic psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness. The second questionnaire measures the experienced satisfaction of needs by the instructor (here: exercise therapist). The second part of the dissertation includes two publications that examine and classify the satisfaction and frustration of basic psychological needs in depressive symptoms. Differences in the extent of need satisfaction and need frustration between a sample with depression and a sample without depressive symptoms are examined. Further, the relationship between need frustration and depressive symptoms is placed in the context of established pathological processes (emotional dysregulation, rumination). The main findings of this work show that by adding the dimension of need frustration to Basic Psychological Needs Theory, SDT now covers a broader spectrum on the health-disease continuum. In doing so, SDT focuses on the psychological impact of social environments. In addition to the nonfulfillment of basic psychological needs, it is primarily experienced need frustration that is a general vulnerability factor for the occurrence of psychological illness. Moreover, the unbalanced satisfaction of basic psychological needs possibly indicates a conflicting experience between the needs. For the treatment practice it can be deduced that an autonomy-supporting atmosphere, which enables the balanced satisfaction of all three needs, is central for the treatment success. T2 - Psychologische Grundbedürfnisse und Depression im Kontext von Gesundheit und Sport KW - basic psychological needs KW - depression KW - exercise KW - autonomy support KW - treatment KW - psychologische Grundbedürfnisse KW - Depression KW - Sport KW - Autonomieunterstützung KW - Behandlung Y1 - 2023 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Tschorn, Mira A1 - Kuhlmann, Stella Linnea A1 - Rieckmann, Nina A1 - Beer, Katja A1 - Grosse, Laura A1 - Arolt, Volker A1 - Waltenberger, Johannes A1 - Haverkamp, Wilhelm A1 - Müller-Nordhorn, Jacqueline A1 - Hellweg, Rainer A1 - Ströhle, Andreas T1 - Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, depressive symptoms and somatic comorbidity in patients with coronary heart disease T2 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - Objective: Depression and coronary heart disease (CHD) are highly comorbid conditions. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays an important role in cardiovascular processes. Depressed patients typically show decreased BDNF concentrations. We analysed the relationship between BDNF and depression in a sample of patients with CHD and additionally distinguished between cognitive-affective and somatic depression symptoms. We also investigated whether BDNF was associated with somatic comorbidity burden, acute coronary syndrome (ACS) or congestive heart failure (CHF). Methods: The following variables were assessed for 225 hospitalised patients with CHD: BDNF concentrations, depression [Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9)], somatic comorbidity (Charlson Comorbidity Index), CHF, ACS, platelet count, smoking status and antidepressant treatment. Results: Regression models revealed that BDNF was not associated with severity of depression. Although depressed patients (PHQ-9 score >7) had significantly lower BDNF concentrations compared to non-depressed patients (p = 0.04), this was not statistically significant after controlling for confounders (p = 0.15). Cognitive-affective symptoms and somatic comorbidity burden each closely missed a statistically significant association with BDNF concentrations (p = 0.08, p = 0.06, respectively). BDNF was reduced in patients with CHF (p = 0.02). There was no covariate-adjusted, significant association between BDNF and ACS. Conclusion: Serum BDNF concentrations are associated with cardiovascular dysfunction. Somatic comorbidities should be considered when investigating the relationship between depression and BDNF. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 850 KW - depression KW - BDNF KW - coronary heart disease KW - heart failure KW - somatic comorbidity KW - acute coronary syndrome Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-557315 SN - 1866-8364 IS - 1 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tschorn, Mira A1 - Kuhlmann, Stella Linnea A1 - Rieckmann, Nina A1 - Beer, Katja A1 - Grosse, Laura A1 - Arolt, Volker A1 - Waltenberger, Johannes A1 - Haverkamp, Wilhelm A1 - Müller-Nordhorn, Jacqueline A1 - Hellweg, Rainer A1 - Ströhle, Andreas T1 - Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, depressive symptoms and somatic comorbidity in patients with coronary heart disease JF - Acta Neuropsychiatrica N2 - Objective: Depression and coronary heart disease (CHD) are highly comorbid conditions. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays an important role in cardiovascular processes. Depressed patients typically show decreased BDNF concentrations. We analysed the relationship between BDNF and depression in a sample of patients with CHD and additionally distinguished between cognitive-affective and somatic depression symptoms. We also investigated whether BDNF was associated with somatic comorbidity burden, acute coronary syndrome (ACS) or congestive heart failure (CHF). Methods: The following variables were assessed for 225 hospitalised patients with CHD: BDNF concentrations, depression [Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9)], somatic comorbidity (Charlson Comorbidity Index), CHF, ACS, platelet count, smoking status and antidepressant treatment. Results: Regression models revealed that BDNF was not associated with severity of depression. Although depressed patients (PHQ-9 score >7) had significantly lower BDNF concentrations compared to non-depressed patients (p = 0.04), this was not statistically significant after controlling for confounders (p = 0.15). Cognitive-affective symptoms and somatic comorbidity burden each closely missed a statistically significant association with BDNF concentrations (p = 0.08, p = 0.06, respectively). BDNF was reduced in patients with CHF (p = 0.02). There was no covariate-adjusted, significant association between BDNF and ACS. Conclusion: Serum BDNF concentrations are associated with cardiovascular dysfunction. Somatic comorbidities should be considered when investigating the relationship between depression and BDNF. KW - depression KW - BDNF KW - coronary heart disease KW - heart failure KW - somatic comorbidity KW - acute coronary syndrome Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1017/neu.2020.31 SN - 1601-5215 SN - 0924-2708 VL - 33 IS - 1 SP - 22 EP - 30 PB - Cambridge Univ. Press CY - Cambridge ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ladwig, Simon A1 - Zhou, Zien A1 - Xu, Ying A1 - Wang, Xia A1 - Chow, Clara K. A1 - Werheid, Katja A1 - Hackett, Maree L. T1 - Comparison of treatment rates of depression after stroke versus myocardial infarction BT - a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational data JF - Psychosomatic medicine N2 - Objective Depression after stroke and myocardial infarction (MI) is common but often assumed to be undertreated without reliable evidence being available. Thus, we aimed to determine treatment rates and investigate the application of guidelines in these conditions. Methods Databases MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycInfo, Web of Science, CINAHL, and Scopus were systematically searched without language restriction from inception to June 30, 2017. Prospective observational studies with consecutive recruitment reporting any antidepressant treatment in adults with depression after stroke or MI were included. Random-effects models were used to calculate pooled estimates of treatment rates. Results Fifty-five studies reported 32 stroke cohorts (n = 8938; pooled frequency of depression = 34%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 29%-38%) and 17 MI cohorts (n = 10,767; pooled frequency of depression = 24%, 95% CI = 20%-28%). In 29 stroke cohorts, 24% (95% CI = 20%-27%) of 2280 depressed people used antidepressant medication. In 15 MI cohorts, 14% (95% CI = 8%-19%) of 2381 depressed people used antidepressant medication indicating a lower treatment rate than in stroke. Two studies reported use of psychosocial interventions, indicating that less than 10% of participants were treated. Conclusions Despite the high frequency of depression after stroke and MI and the existence of efficacious treatment strategies, people often remain untreated. Innovative strategies are needed to increase the use of effective antidepressive interventions in patients with cardiovascular disease. KW - depression KW - myocardial infarction KW - pharmacoepidemiology KW - stroke KW - treatment Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0000000000000632 SN - 0033-3174 SN - 1534-7796 VL - 80 IS - 8 SP - 754 EP - 763 PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins CY - Philadelphia ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ladwig, Simon A1 - Volz, Matthias A1 - Werheid, Katja T1 - Depression ist weiblich – auch nach Schlaganfall? T1 - Depression is female - even after stroke? BT - Geschlechtervergleich von Diagnosehäufigkeit und depressiver Symptomatik im Quer- und Längsschnitt BT - Cross-sectional and longitudinal comparisons of gender effects in prevalence and depressive symptoms JF - Zeitschrift für Neuropsychologie N2 - Während Frauen in der Allgemeinbevölkerung ein höheres Depressionsrisiko aufweisen als Männer, ist die Forschungslage zu Geschlechterunterschieden nach Schlaganfall heterogen. Die vorliegende Längsschnittstudie untersucht Geschlechterunterschiede in der Häufigkeit von depressiven Störungen und Symptomen nach Schlaganfall. An zwei deutschen Rehabilitationszentren wurden N = 174 Schlaganfallpatienten und -patientinnen1 (n = 72 weiblich) rekrutiert und etablierte Risikofaktoren erfasst. Nacherhebungen fanden nach acht und 15 Monaten statt. Depressive Störungen und Symptome waren häufiger bei Frauen (48.2 %) als bei Männern (28.3 %) während der stationären Rehabilitation, jedoch nicht in den Folgeuntersuchungen. Etablierte Risikofaktoren beeinflussten geschlechtsunabhängig die Ausprägung depressiver Symptomatik. In Übereinstimmung mit aktuellen Meta-Analysen zeigten sich keine dauerhaften Geschlechterunterschiede bei Depression nach Schlaganfall. In der klinischen Praxis sollte die Affektlage von Schlaganfallpatienten geschlechtsunabhängig betrachtet werden. N2 - Depression in the general population is more frequent in women than in men. In depression after stroke however, evidence regarding gender differences is heterogeneous. This study investigates gender differences in frequencies of depressive disorders and symptoms after stroke. Patients (N = 174, n = 72 female) were recruited from two German rehabilitation clinics, assessed for established risk factors seven weeks post-ictus, and followed up eight and 15 months later. Depressive disorders and symptoms were more frequent in women (48.2%) than in men (28.3%) during rehabilitation, but not in follow-up assessments. Established risk factors influenced depressive symptoms irrespectively of gender. In accordance with current meta-analyses, no stable gender differences were found in depression after stroke. In clinical practice, emotional state should be monitored independently from gender. KW - Stroke KW - depression KW - gender KW - prospective longitudinal Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1024/1016-264X/a000225 SN - 1016-264X SN - 1664-2902 VL - 29 IS - 3 SP - 141 EP - 147 PB - Hogrefe CY - Bern ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Konrad, Marcel A1 - Bohlken, Jens A1 - Rapp, Michael Armin A1 - Kostev, Karel T1 - Depression risk in patients with heart failure in primary care practices in Germany JF - International psychogeriatrics N2 - Background: The goal of this study was to estimate the prevalence of and risk factors for diagnosed depression in heart failure (HF) patients in German primary care practices. Methods: This study was a retrospective database analysis in Germany utilizing the Disease Analyzer (R) Database (IMS Health, Germany). The study population included 132,994 patients between 40 and 90 years of age from 1,072 primary care practices. The observation period was between 2004 and 2013. Follow-up lasted up to five years and ended in April 2015. A total of 66,497 HF patients were selected after applying exclusion criteria. The same number of 66,497 controls were chosen and were matched (1:1) to HF patients on the basis of age, sex, health insurance, depression diagnosis in the past, and follow-up duration after index date. Results: HF was a strong risk factor for diagnosed depression (p < 0.0001). A total of 10.5% of HF patients and 6.3% of matched controls developed depression after one year of follow-up (p < 0.001). Depression was documented in 28.9% of the HF group and 18.2% of the control group after the five-year follow-up (p < 0.001). Cancer, dementia, osteoporosis, stroke, and osteoarthritis were associated with a higher risk of developing depression. Male gender and private health insurance were associated with lower risk of depression. Conclusions: The risk of diagnosed depression is significantly increased in patients with HF compared to patients without HF in primary care practices in Germany. KW - depression KW - primary care KW - risk factors KW - antidepressants Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610216000867 SN - 1041-6102 SN - 1741-203X VL - 28 SP - 1889 EP - 1894 PB - Cambridge Univ. Press CY - New York ER -