TY - JOUR A1 - Knoll, Nina A1 - Wiedemann, Amelie U. A1 - Schrader, Mark A1 - Felber, Juliane A1 - Burkert, Silke A1 - Daig, Isolde A1 - Heckhausen, Jutta T1 - Calibrating Independence Goals and Partner Support: Couples Adjust to Functional Limitations after Tumor Surgery JF - Applied psychology : Health and well-being N2 - When patients recover from disease-related functional limitations, support received from partners may not always match patients' changing independence goals. The lines of defense (LoD) model proposes a hierarchy of independence goals (LoDs), ranging from minimising discomfort by disengagement (lowest LoD) to protection of self-reliance (highest LoD). Prostate cancer patients' LoDs were examined as moderators of the association between partner support and patients' and partners' affect during patients' recovery from postsurgical functional limitations. MethodsData from 169 couples were assessed four times within 7months following patients' surgery. Patients reported on post-surgery functional limitations (i.e. incontinence), LoDs, affect, and received partner support. Partners reported on affect and support provided to patients. ResultsIn patients endorsing lower LoDs, more received support was associated with less negative affect. Also, not endorsing high LoDs while receiving strong partner support was related to patients' lower negative and higher positive affect. Partners' support provision to patients tended to be associated with increases in partners' negative affect when patients had endorsed higher LoDs and with increases in positive affect when patients had endorsed lower LoDs. Matching patients' independence goals or LoDs with partners' support may be beneficial for patients' and partners' affect. KW - couples KW - independence goals KW - lines of defense KW - prostate cancer KW - social support Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/aphw.12043 SN - 1758-0846 SN - 1758-0854 VL - 7 IS - 2 SP - 167 EP - 187 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken ER - TY - THES A1 - Felber, Juliane T1 - Der Berufseinstieg von ÄrztInnen als normatives kritisches Lebensereignis : eine Längsschnittuntersuchung T1 - The career entry of physicians as a normative critical life event : a longitudinal study N2 - Im Rahmen einer prospektiven Längsschnittuntersuchung wurde der Berufseinstieg von ÄrztInnen (N = 185) als normatives kritisches Lebensereignis untersucht. Dazu wurden sie insgesamt drei Mal im Abstand von jeweils sechs Monaten im ersten Jahr nach ihrem Studiumsabschluss befragt (T1: in den ersten zwei Wochen nach dem Staatsexamen, T2: kurzzeitig nach dem Berufseinstieg, T3: im Schnitt 9.5 Monate nach dem Berufseinstieg). Die Ergebnisse zeigten zunächst, dass unlängst examinierte Jung-ÄrztInnen, die sich vergleichsweise schlechter auf den Beruf durch das Studium vorbereitet fühlten, ihren bevorstehenden Berufseinstieg negativer bewerteten und schon vor diesem beanspruchter waren. Die Bewertung des Berufseinstiegs vermittelte dabei den Zusammenhang zwischen einer schlechten Vorbereitung und der Beanspruchung. Arbeitsspezifische Copingfunktionalität wiederum pufferte den Zusammenhang zwischen einer schlechten Vorbereitung und der Bewertung des Berufseinstiegs. Das Problem einer als schlecht empfundenen Vorbereitung verdeutlichte sich in der Längsschnittanalyse – sie sagte eine höhere Beanspruchung zum zweiten Messzeitpunkt, d.h. nach dem Berufseinstieg, vorher. In der Untersuchung der Beanspruchungsentwicklung über die drei Messzeitpunkte hinweg fanden sich nur wenige Veränderungen. Es ließ sich zwar eine deutliche Zunahme der mittleren Depressivitäts-Ausprägungen über den Berufseinstieg hinweg herausstellen (T1-T2); auf anderen Beanspruchungsindikatoren zeigte sich jedoch kein direkter Effekt des Arbeitsbeginns bzw. fand sich auch keine Adaptation der Jung-ÄrztInnen an ihre neue Situation im Sinne einer sich verringernden Beanspruchung im weiteren Verlauf (T2-T3). In der Erklärung interindividueller Unterschiede in der Beanspruchung im Untersuchungszeitraum zeigte sich, dass die sich mit dem Berufseinstieg einstellende Arbeitsbelastung zum zweiten und dritten Messzeitpunkt erwartungsgemäß positiv mit Beanspruchung assoziiert war. Die Arbeitsbelastungs-Beanspruchungs-Beziehung bestand jedoch nur im Querschnitt; in der Längsschnittanalyse fand sich kein Effekt der T2-Arbeitsbelastung auf die T3-Beanspruchung. Ausgangsunterschiede in psychischen Ressourcen wirkten einerseits direkt auf die Beanspruchung zu T2, zum Teil moderierten sie aber auch den Zusammenhang zwischen der Arbeitsbelastung und Beanspruchung: Eine höhere Resilienz und die Wahrnehmung sozialer Unterstützung sagten eine geringere Beanspruchung nach dem Berufseinstieg vorher. Jung-ÄrztInnen, die sich durch eine stärkere Arbeitsbelastung auszeichneten, aber über ein funktionaleres Bewältigungsverhalten im Arbeitskontext verfügten, waren kurzzeitig nach dem Berufseinstieg weniger beansprucht als stark arbeitsbelastete Jung-ÄrztInnen mit weniger funktionalem Coping. Verringerungen in den psychischen Ressourcen über den Berufseinstieg hinweg wirkten sich direkt, d.h. per se ungünstig auf die Beanspruchung zum dritten Messzeitpunkt aus. Zudem interagierten sie mit der zu diesem Zeitpunkt bestehenden Arbeitsbelastung in Vorhersage der Beanspruchung. Stärker arbeitsbelastete Jung-ÄrztInnen, deren Copingfunktionalität und Wahrnehmung sozialer Unterstützung vom ersten zum dritten Messzeitpunkt abgenommen hatte, waren am Ende des Untersuchungszeitraums am stärksten beansprucht. Hinsichtlich der Auswirkungen des Berufseinstiegs auf die Persönlichkeit der Jung-ÄrztInnen fanden sich ungünstige Veränderungen: Sowohl die Ausprägungen psychischer Ressourcen (Widerstandsfähigkeit, Wahrnehmung sozialer Unterstützung hinsichtlich der Arbeitstätigkeit) als auch die der Big Five-Faktoren nahmen im Mittel ab. Interindividuelle Unterschiede in den Veränderungen ließen sich auf die Beanspruchung kurzzeitig nach dem Berufseinstieg (T2) bzw. auf deren Entwicklung in den Folgemonaten (T2-T3) zurückführen: Jene Jung-ÄrztInnen, die vergleichsweise stark beansprucht auf den Berufseinstieg reagiert hatten bzw. deren Beanspruchung im weiteren Verlauf zunahm, zeigten entsprechend ungünstige Veränderungen. Die Ergebnisse zusammengefasst verdeutlicht sich folgende Problematik: Jung-ÄrztInnen, die weniger gut, d.h. persönlichkeitsbasiert geschützt den Berufseinstieg absolvieren, reagieren stärker beansprucht und sind dann auch diejenigen, deren Persönlichkeit sich in den ersten Arbeitsmonaten ungünstig verändert. Jung-ÄrztInnen mit geringen psychischen Ressourcen sind folglich nicht nur besonders vulnerabel für die Entwicklung von Beanspruchung angesichts belastender Arbeitsbedingungen, sondern ihre vergleichsweise hohe Beanspruchung bedingt eine weitere Verringerung des Schutz- und Pufferpotenzials ihrer Persönlichkeit. Es kommt zu einer ungünstigen Akzentuierung der ohnehin schon vergleichsweise ressourcenschwachen Persönlichkeit, welche die Vulnerabilität für zukünftige Beanspruchung erhöht. Aus den Ergebnissen lässt sich ein Unterstützungsbedarf junger ÄrztInnen in der sensiblen und wegweisenden Berufseinstiegsphase ableiten. Neben einer Verbesserung ihrer Arbeitsbedingungen stellen eine rechtzeitige Sensibilisierung junger ÄrztInnen für den Arbeitsbelastungs-Beanspruchungs-Zusammenhang, ihre regelmäßige Supervision sowie vor allem aber auch kompetenzorientiertes und ressourcenstärkendes Feedback von den Mentoren und Vorgesetzten die Grundlage dafür dar, dass die Jung-MedizinerInnen selbst gesund bleiben und sie die ärztliche Tätigkeit trotz ihres wohl stets hohen Belastungspotenzials als erfüllend und zufriedenstellend erleben. N2 - The career entry of physicians (N = 185) as a normative critical life event was examined in a longitudinal study. They were surveyed three times within the first year after their final exams (T1: 1-2 weeks after the final exam, T2: six months later and post career entry, T3: on average 9.5 months after career entry). The results showed that young physicians who felt insufficiently prepared for work by their medical studies anticipated the career entry less positive and reported more strain at T1 already. The anticipation of the career entry mediated the relationship between poor preparation and strain. Work-related coping buffered the relationship between poor preparation and anticipation of the career entry. A poor preparation furthermore predicted higher levels of strain at T2. Analyzing the development of strain indicators over time (T1-T2-T3) and on average, little change was found. Only depression-levels increased; a decrease in strain from T2 to T3, indicating adaptation to the new circumstances, was not detected. With regard to individual differences in strain, work-related stressors were positively associated with strain at T2 and T3. However, the stressor-strain-relationship was observed only cross-sectionally but not over time (T2-T3). T1-personality resources had a direct impact on T2-strain but furthermore moderated the T2-stressor-strain-relationship: Resilience and perceived social support were associated with lower levels of strain. Young physicians with poor working conditions but functional coping strategies reported less strain than those with poor working conditions and dysfunctional coping. Decreasing resources from T1 to T3 had a direct negative impact on T3-strain but also interacted with T3-work related stressors: Young physicians with poor working conditions at T3 and a T1-T3-decline in coping functionality and perceived social support reported the highest strain levels at T3. Over the career entry period, adverse personality change was observed: On average, resilience and social support decreased. Furthermore, non-normative change was observed on all Big Five-factors. Inter-individual differences within personality change were due to strain shortly after career entry (T2) and to its further development (T2-T3): Young physicians who had reported high levels of strain shortly after career entry, as well as those with increasing strain levels throughout the following months, were at higher risk for declines in protective traits and the Big Five-factors. Summing up the results, it can be concluded that young physicians with low personality resources do not only report higher strain levels in response to their career entry, but because of their higher strain they are also at a higher risk of decreasing protective traits. This means that young physicians with low resources are more vulnerable to work-related stressors and, consequently, their high levels of strain lead to a further decrease of the buffer potential of their personality. The detrimental accentuation of their weak protective personality potential heightens the risk for future strain. The results illustrate the need for supporting young physicians in this sensitive and significant transition phase. In addition to an improvement of their working conditions, they should be made aware of the stressor-strain-relationship at an early stage. Furthermore, they should be constantly supervised and receive competence-focused and resource-consolidating feedback from their mentors and supervisors. For young physicians, these are prerequisites for sustaining their own health under stressful working conditions and for experiencing the practice of medicine as fulfilling and satisfying. KW - Ärzte KW - Berufseinstieg KW - Belastung KW - Beanspruchung KW - Persönlichkeit KW - physicians KW - career entry KW - stressor KW - strain KW - personality Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-58028 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krahé, Barbara A1 - Moeller, Ingrid A1 - Kirwil, Lucyna A1 - Huesmann, L. Rowell A1 - Felber, Juliane A1 - Berger, Anja T1 - Desensitization to media violence links with habitual media violence exposure, aggressive cognitions, and aggressive behavior JF - Journal of personality and social psychology N2 - This study examined the links between desensitization to violent media stimuli and habitual media violence exposure as a predictor and aggressive cognitions and behavior as outcome variables. Two weeks after completing measures of habitual media violence exposure, trait aggression, trait arousability, and normative beliefs about aggression, undergraduates (N = 303) saw a violent film clip and a sad or a funny comparison clip. Skin conductance level (SCL) was measured continuously, and ratings of anxious and pleasant arousal were obtained after each clip. Following the clips, participants completed a lexical decision task to measure accessibility of aggressive cognitions and a competitive reaction time task to measure aggressive behavior. Habitual media violence exposure correlated negatively with SCL during violent clips and positively with pleasant arousal, response times for aggressive words, and trait aggression, but it was unrelated to anxious arousal and aggressive responding during the reaction time task. In path analyses controlling for trait aggression, normative beliefs, and trait arousability, habitual media violence exposure predicted faster accessibility of aggressive cognitions, partly mediated by higher pleasant arousal. Unprovoked aggression during the reaction time task was predicted by lower anxious arousal. Neither habitual media violence usage nor anxious or pleasant arousal predicted provoked aggression during the laboratory task, and SCL was unrelated to aggressive cognitions and behavior. No relations were found between habitual media violence viewing and arousal in response to the sad and funny film clips, and arousal in response to the sad and funny clips did not predict aggressive cognitions or aggressive behavior on the laboratory task. This suggests that the observed desensitization effects are specific to violent content. KW - media violence KW - desensitization KW - physiological arousal KW - aggressive cognitions KW - aggressive behavior Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021711 SN - 0022-3514 VL - 100 IS - 4 SP - 630 EP - 646 PB - American Psychological Association CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Neyer, Franz J. A1 - Felber, Juliane A1 - Gebhardt, Claudia T1 - Development and validation of a brief measure of technology commitment JF - Diagnostica N2 - The authors propose a model of technology commitment that describes individual differences in the willingness of technology use in terms of three facets: technology acceptance, technology competence, technology control. It is assumed that technology commitment predicts adaptive technology use especially in old age. Data from three studies (N = 825 participants) support the conceptual distinction of the constructs and confirm the psychometric properties of the newly constructed scale. Construct validity was established via correlations with theoretically related constructs (technology use, personality, successful aging, health) as well as concurrently vis-a-vis other measures of technology acceptance. KW - technology commitment KW - technology acceptance KW - technology competence KW - technology control KW - technology use Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1026/0012-1924/a000067 SN - 0012-1924 VL - 58 IS - 2 SP - 87 EP - 99 PB - Hogrefe CY - Göttingen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krahé, Barbara A1 - Abraham, Charles A1 - Felber, Juliane A1 - Helbig, M. K. T1 - Perceived discrimination of international visitors to universities in Germany and the UK N2 - The extent to which international students and academics feel discriminated against in the host country was explored in three samples from two countries: students in Germany (N = 161), students in the UK (N = 139), and academics in Germany (N = 79). Respondents completed a measure of perceived discrimination of increasing severity, comprising antilocution (verbal derogation), avoidance, behavioural discrimination, and physical assault. Physical discernibility as foreigner, quality of private contacts with host nationals, and language proficiency were explored as predictors of perceived discrimination. Across the three samples, respondents who were identifiable as foreigners by their appearance reported more discrimination. Positive contacts with host nationals were associated with lower levels of perceived discrimination. Language proficiency predicted perceived antilocution in the two German samples. All samples perceived their personal level of discrimination to be lower than that of their respective in-groups (international students/ academics), but the tendency was moderated by visibility and contact quality Y1 - 2005 SN - 0007-1269 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krahé, Barbara A1 - Möller, Ingrid A1 - Berger, Anja A1 - Felber, Juliane T1 - Repression versus sensitization in response to media violence as predictors of cognitive avoidance and vigilance JF - Journal of personality N2 - Repression and sensitization as situational modes of coping with anxiety were examined as predictors of trait measures of cognitive avoidance and vigilance. In this study, 303 undergraduates saw a violent film clip to elicit anxiety. Increases in skin conductance level (SCL) and state anxiety (STA) from baseline were measured to identify repressors (high SCL, low STA) and contrast them with sensitizers (low SCL, high STA) and genuinely low anxious individuals (low SCL, low STA). State anger was also recorded. Trait measures of vigilance and cognitive avoidance were collected 2 weeks earlier. Significant SCL x STA interactions indicated that repressors scored higher on cognitive avoidance and lower on vigilance compared to sensitizers and low anxious participants. Repressors were less likely than sensitizers to report gaze avoidance during the clip. The anger by SCL interaction was nonsignificant, suggesting that repressors and sensitizers differ specifically in the processing of anxiety rather than negative affect in general. Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00674.x SN - 0022-3506 VL - 79 IS - 1 SP - 165 EP - 190 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Malden ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Knoll, Nina A1 - Wiedemannm, A. U. A1 - Heckhausen, Juliane A1 - Burkert, Silke A1 - Felber, Juliane A1 - Schrader, M. T1 - The interplay of autonomy goals and spousal support a prospective study with couples facing cancer T2 - Psychology & health : official journal of the European Health Psychology Society Y1 - 2012 SN - 0887-0446 VL - 27 IS - 33 SP - 70 EP - 71 PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group CY - Abingdon ER -