TY - GEN A1 - Ślęzak, Jakub A1 - Metzler, Ralf A1 - Magdziarz, Marcin T1 - Superstatistical generalised Langevin equation BT - non-Gaussian viscoelastic anomalous diffusion N2 - Recent advances in single particle tracking and supercomputing techniques demonstrate the emergence of normal or anomalous, viscoelastic diffusion in conjunction with non-Gaussian distributions in soft, biological, and active matter systems. We here formulate a stochastic model based on a generalised Langevin equation in which non-Gaussian shapes of the probability density function and normal or anomalous diffusion have a common origin, namely a random parametrisation of the stochastic force. We perform a detailed analysis demonstrating how various types of parameter distributions for the memory kernel result in exponential, power law, or power-log law tails of the memory functions. The studied system is also shown to exhibit a further unusual property: the velocity has a Gaussian one point probability density but non-Gaussian joint distributions. This behaviour is reflected in the relaxation from a Gaussian to a non-Gaussian distribution observed for the position variable. We show that our theoretical results are in excellent agreement with stochastic simulations. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 413 KW - anomalous diffusion KW - generalised langevin equation KW - superstatistics KW - non-Gaussian diffusion Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-409315 ER - TY - THES A1 - Öztürk, Ugur T1 - Learning more to predict landslides T1 - Ein verbessertes Wissen zur Prognose von Hangrutschungen N2 - Landslides are frequent natural hazards in rugged terrain, when the resisting frictional force of the surface of rupture yields to the gravitational force. These forces are functions of geological and morphological factors, such as angle of internal friction, local slope gradient or curvature, which remain static over hundreds of years; whereas more dynamic triggering events, such as rainfall and earthquakes, compromise the force balance by temporarily reducing resisting forces or adding transient loads. This thesis investigates landslide distribution and orientation due to landslide triggers (e.g. rainfall) at different scales (6-4∙10^5 km^2) and aims to link rainfall movement with the landslide distribution. It additionally explores the local impacts of the extreme rainstorms on landsliding and the role of precursory stability conditions that could be induced by an earlier trigger, such as an earthquake. Extreme rainfall is a common landslide trigger. Although several studies assessed rainfall intensity and duration to study the distribution of thus triggered landslides, only a few case studies quantified spatial rainfall patterns (i.e. orographic effect). Quantifying the regional trajectories of extreme rainfall could aid predicting landslide prone regions in Japan. To this end, I combined a non-linear correlation metric, namely event synchronization, and radial statistics to assess the general pattern of extreme rainfall tracks over distances of hundreds of kilometers using satellite based rainfall estimates. Results showed that, although the increase in rainfall intensity and duration positively correlates with landslide occurrence, the trajectories of typhoons and frontal storms were insufficient to explain landslide distribution in Japan. Extreme rainfall trajectories inclined northwestwards and were concentrated along some certain locations, such as coastlines of southern Japan, which was unnoticed in the landslide distribution of about 5000 rainfall-triggered landslides. These landslides seemed to respond to the mean annual rainfall rates. Above mentioned findings suggest further investigation on a more local scale to better understand the mechanistic response of landscape to extreme rainfall in terms of landslides. On May 2016 intense rainfall struck southern Germany triggering high waters and landslides. The highest damage was reported at the Braunsbach, which is located on the tributary-mouth fan formed by the Orlacher Bach. Orlacher Bach is a ~3 km long creek that drains a catchment of about ~6 km^2. I visited this catchment in June 2016 and mapped 48 landslides along the creek. Such high landslide activity was not reported in the nearby catchments within ~3300 km^2, despite similar rainfall intensity and duration based on weather radar estimates. My hypothesis was that several landslides were triggered by rainfall-triggered flash floods that undercut hillslope toes along the Orlacher Bach. I found that morphometric features such as slope and curvature play an important role in landslide distribution on this micro scale study site (<10 km^2). In addition, the high number of landslides along the Orlacher Bach could also be boosted by accumulated damages on hillslopes due karst weathering over longer time scales. Precursory damages on hillslopes could also be induced by past triggering events that effect landscape evolution, but this interaction is hard to assess independently from the latest trigger. For example, an earthquake might influence the evolution of a landscape decades long, besides its direct impacts, such as landslides that follow the earthquake. Here I studied the consequences of the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake (MW 7.1) that triggered some 1500 landslides in an area of ~4000 km^2 in central Kyushu, Japan. Topography, i.e. local slope and curvature, both amplified and attenuated seismic waves, thus controlling the failure mechanism of those landslides (e.g. progressive). I found that topography fails in explaining the distribution and the preferred orientation of the landslides after the earthquake; instead the landslides were concentrated around the northeast of the rupture area and faced mostly normal to the rupture plane. This preferred location of the landslides was dominated mainly by the directivity effect of the strike-slip earthquake, which is the propagation of wave energy along the fault in the rupture direction; whereas amplitude variations of the seismic radiation altered the preferred orientation. I suspect that the earthquake directivity and the asymmetry of seismic radiation damaged hillslopes at those preferred locations increasing landslide susceptibility. Hence a future weak triggering event, e.g. scattered rainfall, could further trigger landslides at those damaged hillslopes. N2 - Hangrutschungen treten häufig in steilem Gelände auf, wenn die Erdanziehungskraft die Scherkräfte an der Oberfläche übersteigt. Diese Kräfte beinhalten geologische und geomorphologische Faktoren wie den Reibungswinkel oder die Neigung und Krümmung von Hängen, die über Jahrhunderte statisch bleiben können. Dynamische Ereignisse wie Regenfälle und Erdbeben können hingegen das Kräftegleichgewicht beeinträchtigen, indem sie Widerstandskräfte vorübergehend reduzieren oder Lasten temporär hinzufügen. Diese Arbeit untersucht die Verteilung und Orientierung von Hangrutschungen in Abhängigkeit von Auslösern (z.B. Niederschlag) auf verschiedenen Skalenebenen (6-4∙10^5 km^2) und verknüpft die Bewegung des Niederschlagssystems mit der Hangrutschungsverteilung. Zudem werden lokale Auswirkungen von extremen Gewittern auf Hangrutschungen untersucht, sowie vorausgehende Stabilitätsbedingungen, die durch ein früheres Ereignis, beispielsweise ein Erdbeben, verändert werden können. Extremer Niederschlag ist ein weithin bekannter Auslöser für Hangrutschungen. Obwohl mehrere Studien die Verteilung von Hangrutschungen mit der Niederschlagsintensität und -dauer verglichen haben, beachteten nur wenige Fallstudien das räumliche Bewegungsmuster des Niederschlags, i.e. den orographischen Effekt. Eine solche Quantifizierung könnte die Vorhersage von hangrutschungsgefährdete Regionen in Japan verbessern. Hierfür habe ich ein nicht-lineares Korrelationsmaß (event synchronization) auf regionale Sturmbahnen in Japan angewendet, um deren räumliche Verteilung durch satellitengestützen Regenschätzungen nachzuvollziehen. Die durchgeführten Untersuchungen zeigten, dass sich die Verteilung von Hangrutschungen nur unzureichend mit den Zugbahnen von Taifunen und Sturmtiefen erklären lässt. Die Stabilität von Hängen scheint mehr durch mittlere Jahresniederschlagsmengen beeinflusst zu werden. Erzielte Ergebnisse zeigen, dass weitere Untersuchungen auf lokaler Ebene nötig sind, um die unmittelbare Auswirkungen von Extremniederschlägen auf Hangstabilität und -rutschungen besser zu verstehen. Im Mai 2016 kam es in Süddeutschland zu einem heftigen Gewitter, das Hochwasser und Hangrutschungen ausgelöst hat. Der höchste Schaden wurde in Braunsbach, dessen Zentrum sich am Zufluss des Orlacher Bachs befindet, gemeldet. Der Orlacher Bach ist ~3 lang und hat ein Einzugsgebiet von etwa ~6 km^2. Ich habe dieses Einzugsgebiet im Juni 2016 besucht und 48 Hangrutschungen entlang des Baches kartiert. Ich vermutete, dass mehrere Hangrutschungen durch Sturzfluten ausgelöst wurden, welche die Hänge entlang des Orlacher Baches unterspülten. Ich stellte fest, dass morphometrische Merkmale wie die lokale Hangneigung und -krümmung eine wichtige Rolle bei der Hangrutschungsverteilung auf dieser Mikroskala spielen (<10 km^2). Darüber hinaus könnte die hohe Anzahl von Hangrutschungen am Orlacher Bach auch durch Karstverwitterung über längere Zeiträume verstärkt werden. Zahlreiche in der Vergangenheit liegende Ereignisse können die Stabilität eines Hanges beeinflussen. Der Einfluss solcher Ereignisse ist nur sehr schwer unabhängig voneinander abschätzbar. Beispielseise könnte ein Erdbeben die Entwicklung einer Landschaft über Jahrzehnte hin beeinflussen. Hier erforsche ich die Folgen des Kumamoto-Erdbebens 2016 (MW 7.1) das im Zentrum von Kyushu, Japan, ca. 1500 Hangrutschungen in einem Gebiet von ~4000 km^2 ausgelöst hat. Die Topographie (Hangneigung und -krümmung) verstärkte schwächte seismische Wellen gleichermaßen ab, wodurch der Auslösemechanismus dieser Hangrutschungen (z.B. progressiv) gesteuert wird. Ich konnte belegen, dass die Topographie die Verteilung und die bevorzugte Ausrichtung der Hangrutsche nach dem Erdbeben nicht erklären kann; stattdessen waren die Hangrutschungen um den Nordosten des Bruchgebiets herum konzentriert und standen meist senkrecht zur Bruchfläche. Diese bevorzugte Lage der Erdrutsche wurde hauptsächlich durch den Richtwirkungseffekt des Blattverschiebung-Erdbebens dominiert. Bei diesem handelt es sich um die Ausbreitung der Wellenenergie entlang des Bruches in Bruchrichtung, während Amplitudenvariationen der seismischen Strahlung die bevorzugte Orientierung ändern. Ich vermute, dass die Richtwirkung des Erdbebens und die Asymmetrie der seismischen Strahlung die Hangneigung an diesen bevorzugten Stellen schädigten und die Anfälligkeit für Hangrutschungen erhöhten. Daher könnte ein zukünftiges schwaches Ereignis wie z.B. ein unbedeutender Niederschlag an diesen beschädigten Hängen weitere Hangrutschungen auslösen. KW - landslides KW - complex networks KW - event synchronization KW - typhoons KW - Kumamoto earthquake KW - Braunsbach flash flood KW - Hangrutschungen KW - komplexes Netzwerk KW - Synchronisation von Ereignissen KW - Taifune KW - Kumamoto Erdbeben KW - Braunsbach Sturzflut Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-426439 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zühlsdorf, Felix A1 - Winkler, Iris T1 - Jenaer Kooperationsseminare aus Fachwissenschaft und Fachdidaktik BT - Ein Modell – viele Varianten JF - Kohärenz in der universitären Lehrerbildung Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-418638 SP - 219 EP - 235 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - GEN A1 - Zwieback, Simon A1 - Kokelj, Steven V. A1 - Günther, Frank A1 - Boike, Julia A1 - Grosse, Guido A1 - Hajnsek, Irena T1 - Sub-seasonal thaw slump mass wasting is not consistently energy limited at the landscape scale T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - Predicting future thaw slump activity requires a sound understanding of the atmospheric drivers and geomorphic controls on mass wasting across a range of timescales. On sub-seasonal timescales, sparse measurements indicate that mass wasting at active slumps is often limited by the energy available for melting ground ice, but other factors such as rainfall or the formation of an insulating veneer may also be relevant. To study the sub-seasonal drivers, we derive topographic changes from single-pass radar interferometric data acquired by the TanDEM-X satellites. The estimated elevation changes at 12m resolution complement the commonly observed planimetric retreat rates by providing information on volume losses. Their high vertical precision (around 30 cm), frequent observations (11 days) and large coverage (5000 km(2)) allow us to track mass wasting as drivers such as the available energy change during the summer of 2015 in two study regions. We find that thaw slumps in the Tuktoyaktuk coastlands, Canada, are not energy limited in June, as they undergo limited mass wasting (height loss of around 0 cm day 1) despite the ample available energy, suggesting the widespread presence of early season insulating snow or debris veneer. Later in summer, height losses generally increase (around 3 cm day 1), but they do so in distinct ways. For many slumps, mass wasting tracks the available energy, a temporal pattern that is also observed at coastal yedoma cliffs on the Bykovsky Peninsula, Russia. However, the other two common temporal trajectories are asynchronous with the available energy, as they track strong precipitation events or show a sudden speed-up in late August respectively. The observed temporal patterns are poorly related to slump characteristics like the headwall height. The contrasting temporal behaviour of nearby thaw slumps highlights the importance of complex local and temporally varying controls on mass wasting. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 926 KW - ground-ice KW - Tandem-X KW - Northeast Siberia KW - thermal regime KW - Peel Plateau KW - permafrost KW - erosion KW - Island KW - delta KW - yedoma Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-445688 SN - 1866-8372 IS - 926 SP - 549 EP - 564 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Zwickel, Theresa A1 - Kahl, Sandra M. A1 - Rychlik, Michael A1 - Müller, Marina E. H. T1 - Chemotaxonomy of mycotoxigenic small-spored Alternaria fungi BT - do multitoxin mixtures act as an indicator for species differentiation? T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - Necrotrophic as well as saprophytic small-spored Altemaria (A.) species are annually responsible for major losses of agricultural products, such as cereal crops, associated with the contamination of food and feedstuff with potential health-endangering Altemaria toxins. Knowledge of the metabolic capabilities of different species-groups to form mycotoxins is of importance for a reliable risk assessment. 93 Altemaria strains belonging to the four species groups Alternaria tenuissima, A. arborescens, A. altemata, and A. infectoria were isolated from winter wheat kernels harvested from fields in Germany and Russia and incubated under equal conditions. Chemical analysis by means of an HPLC-MS/MS multi-Alternaria-toxin-method showed that 95% of all strains were able to form at least one of the targeted 17 non-host specific Altemaria toxins. Simultaneous production of up to 15 (modified) Altemaria toxins by members of the A. tenuissima, A. arborescens, A. altemata species-groups and up to seven toxins by A. infectoria strains was demonstrated. Overall tenuazonic acid was the most extensively formed mycotoxin followed by alternariol and alternariol mono methylether, whereas altertoxin I was the most frequently detected toxin. Sulfoconjugated modifications of alternariol, alternariol mono methylether, altenuisol and altenuene were frequently determined. Unknown perylene quinone derivatives were additionally detected. Strains of the species-group A. infectoria could be segregated from strains of the other three species-groups due to significantly lower toxin levels and the specific production of infectopyrone. Apart from infectopyrone, alterperylenol was also frequently produced by 95% of the A. infectoria strains. Neither by the concentration nor by the composition of the targeted Altemaria toxins a differentiation between the species-groups A. altemata, A. tenuissima and A. arborescens was possible. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 696 KW - small-spored Alternaria fungi KW - Alternaria species-groups KW - Alternaria mycotoxins KW - chemotaxonomy KW - secondary metabolite profiling KW - LC-MS/MS KW - wheat KW - perylene quinone derivatives Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-426623 SN - 1866-8372 IS - 696 ER - TY - THES A1 - Zur, Avichai T1 - פרדוקס 'הידיעה והבחירה' במשנת ר' צדוק הכהן מלובלין T1 - The Paradox of Divine Foreknowledge ('Yediah') and Human Free Will ('Bechira') in the Theosophy of Rabbi Zadok Ha-Kohen of Lublin T1 - Das Paradox des göttlichen Vorwissens ('Yediah') und der menschliche freie Wille ('Bechira') in der Theosophie von Rabbi Zadok Ha-Kohen von Lublin N2 - This research deals with R. Zadok's innovative writings. According to most scholars R. Zadok continues the doctrine of his rabbi R. Mordechai Yosef Leiner of Izbica and introduces existential fatalism: man has the freedom to act against the customary law, according to God's will which is revealed in his heart, even in his passions, which exceed the Halacha; however, man does not determine the will that is revealed in the root of his soul, but only uncovers it. Many expressions, in content and form, of this fatalism can be found in R. Zadok's writings; yet, he also introduces many remarks about human free choice and its creative power to establish and determine man's root and re-establish and influence the Divine worlds and this world. This research focuses on these passages whose centrality has been so far neglected by research. Hence, its renewed understanding of his doctrine. R. Zadok's position can be explained by means of the paradoxical perception, which claims the full strength of the two opposites and even a mutual influence between them, which creates a difficult yet fertile tension: as opposed to the a priori intellectual and formal process of fatalism where Divine Foreknowledge eliminates free choice, R. Zadok introduces fatality which identifies in reality itself the Divine foreknowledge and will that exist in all things. In R. Zadok's fatality, Divine foreknowledge does not eliminate free choice; on the contrary, without Divine foreknowledge, nothing has existence. Therefore, only the existence of Divine foreknowledge within free choice enables its true and indeed free fulfillment. R. Zadok's ontological perception is realized not only in the direct content of his words but also indirectly, in the method of his exegesis and the sense he gives to the concepts he discusses. Therefore the fatality is revealed in other areas in which there is a gap between the absolute dimension ('Yedi'ah') and the contingent dimension ('Bechirah'): the lie, imagination, evil, sin, suffering etc., indeed contingent compared with the absoluteness of truth, good, etc.; however, according to R. Zadok, God wants them as such – that is to say, they have an essential existence and actuality that are not absolute, but rather as such: as contingent, temporary and relative. However, these essential existence and actuality do not confirm them as they are but create a transformation within them. For example, evil does not become absolute good or remains evil but rather turns into 'Very Good' (Tov Me'od) which includes evil and according to Rabbi Zadok is greater than regular good. From this, rises also the opposite influence: that of free choice, or contingent Bechira in general, on Divine Foreknowledge, or absolute Yediah in general. According to R. Zadok, when the contingency and relativity of "Bechirah" received its essential existence and actuality, it has the power so to speak, to add dynamism to the permanent Divine absoluteness of the 'Yedi'ah': the affliction (Nega; נגע) of sin or suffering turns by itself, by interchanging its letters, into pleasure (Oneg; ענג) which is greater than regular delight. Man has the power to influence the upper worlds by decreeing decrees or by canceling Divine decrees; he also has the power to influence the daily novelties of this world, by the novellaes of the Oral Law and the sanctification of the new month which is capable of changing the movement of the zodiac. The human creativity of the novellae of the Oral Law is included in the Divine truth which is hidden in the Written Law and it only reveals and interprets the latter; but on the other hand, according to R. Zadok, the source of the dynamic vital novellaes of the Oral Law is higher than the source of the permanent absoluteness of Written Law and they are those which create and determine the latter. R. Zadok introduces two main concepts for his paradox: On the ontological perception – Yichud Gamur, the Ultimate Unification of God, in which the contingent duality (between God and His creation, and the choice it enables) of the Lower Unification paradoxically exists with the absolute unification and Divine Foreknowledge of the Upper Unification. On the perception of man's existential situation – HaShoresh HaNe'elam, The Hidden Root: unlike Rabbi Mordechai Yosef, his rabbi, rabbi Zadok claims that man determines his destiny by his willful contingent actions – yet, simultaneously, like his rabbi, he also claims that the man's permanent root is determined by God and His Foreknowledge and it is what determines his actions for better or worse. But above these R. Zadok points to an additional Hidden Root which is higher than the permanent one: it is indeed an absolute root (Yediah) yet is determined and established by man's willful actions (Bechira), similar to the Divine creation of 'ex nihilo'. N2 - מחקר זה עוסק במשנתו החדשנית של ר' צדוק הכהן מלובלין. לפי רוב החוקרים, ר' צדוק ממשיך את משנת רבו, ר' מרדכי יוסף ליינער מאיזביצה, ומציג פטליזם אקזיסטנציאליסטי: לאדם יש חופש כנגד החוק המקובל, לפי רצון האל הנגלה בליבו, אפילו בתשוקותיו, החורג מההלכה; ואולם, האדם אינו קובע את הרצון המתגלה בשורש נשמתו, אלא חושפו בלבד. בכתבי ר' צדוק ניתן למצוא ביטויים רבים, בתוכן ובצורה, לפטליזם זה; עם זאת, הוא מציג גם התבטאויות רבות בדבר הבחירה האנושית החופשית וכוחה היצירתי לכונן ולקבוע את שורשו של האדם, ולחדש ולהשפיע על העולמות האלוקיים ועל העולם-הזה. מחקר זה מתמקד בקטעים אלו שמרכזיותם הוזנחה במחקר עד כה, ומכאן הבנתו המחודשת במשנתו. את עמדת ר' צדוק ניתן להסביר באמצעות התפיסה הפרדוקסלית, הטוענת לכוחם המלא של שני הקטבים הסותרים ואף להשפעה הדדית ביניהם, היוצרת מתח קשה אך פורה: בניגוד לתהליך הפורמלי, האניטלקטואלי והאפריורי של הפטליזם, שבו 'הידיעה' האלוהית מבטלת את 'הבחירה' האנושית החופשית, ר' צדוק מציג פטאליות, המזהה המציאות עצמה את הידיעה והרצון האלוהיים המצויים בכל. בפטליות זו הידיעה אינה מבטלת את הבחירה; להיפך: ללא הידיעה האלוקית אין לאף דבר קיום, ולכן רק מציאות הידיעה בבחירה היא המאפשרת את קיומה הממשי. תפיסתו האונטולוגית של ר' צדוק מתקיימת לא רק בתוכן הישיר של דבריו, אלא גם בעקיפין, באופן דרשנותו ובמובן שהוא מעניק למושגים שבהם הוא דן; לכן, הפטליות מתגלה גם בתחומים נוספים, שבהם מצוי פער בין הממד המוחלט וההכרחי ('ידיעה') לממד הקונטינגנטי, הארעי והיחסי ('בחירה'): השקר, הדמיון, הרוע, החטא, הייסורים ועוד, אמנם קונטינגנטיים ויחסיים לעומת מוחלטות האמת, הטוב וכו'; אך לפי ר' צדוק, האל רוצה בהם ככאלה – כלומר יש להם ממשות שאינה מוחלטת, אלא ממשות ככאלה, כקונטינגנטיים. אך ממשות זו אינה מאשרת אותם כפי שהם, אלא יוצרת בהם-עצמם טרנספורמציה. למשל, הרוע אינו הופך לטוב מוחלט או נותר כרוע, אלא הופך ל'טוב מאד' שלפי ר' צדוק גדול מהטוב הרגיל. מכאן עולה גם ההשפעה ההפוכה, זו של הבחירה על הידיעה. לפי ר' צדוק, משקבלה הקונטינגנטיות והיחסיות של 'הבחירה' – שהיא למעשה מהות הבריאה ומהות האדם ומעשיו – את ממשותה, בכוחה אף להוסיף כביכול על המוחלטות האלוקית הקבועה של 'הידיעה': 'נגע' החטא או הייסורים הופך בעצמו, בחילוף אותם אותיות, ל'ענג' הגדול מההנאה הרגילה; בכוח האדם להשפיע על העולמות העליונים בגזירת גזירות ובביטול גזירות אלוקיות; בכוחו אף להשפיע על העולם-הזה, בחידושו היומיומי על-ידי חידושי התושב"ע, ובקידוש החודש המסוגל לשנות את תנועת המזלות השמימיים. מצד אחד, היצירתיות האנושית של חידושי התושב"ע כלולה באמת האלוקית הגנוזה בתושב"כ האלוקית והיא רק חושפת אותה; אך לפי ר"צ, מצד אחר מתברר שמקור חידושי התושב"ע דווקא גבוה ממקור התושב"כ והם אלו היוצרים וקובעים אותה. ר' צדוק מציג שני מושגים מרכזיים לפרדוקס שלו: בממד האונטולוגי – 'הייחוד הגמור' של האל, שבו הדואליות הקונטינגנטית (בין האל לנבראיו, והבחירה שהיא מאפשרת) של 'הייחוד התחתון' מתקיימת פרדוקסלית עם האחדות המוחלטת ו'הידיעה' האלוהית של 'הייחוד העליון'. בממד של מצבו האקזיסטנציאלי של האדם – 'השורש הנעלם': בניגוד לר' מרדכי יוסף רבו, ר' צדוק טוען שהאדם קובע את גורלו על-ידי מעשיו הבחיריים והקונטינגנטיים; ואולם, במקביל, בדומה לרבו, הוא טוען גם שהשורש הקבוע של האדם נקבע על-ידי 'הידיעה' האלוהית והיא זו הקובעת את מעשיו לטוב או למוטב. אך מעל אלו מציג ר' צדוק שורש נוסף, 'נעלם' הגבוה מהשורש הקבוע: הוא אכן שורש מוחלט ('ידיעה'), אך הוא נקבע ומכוּנן על-ידי מעשיו הבחיריים של האדם, בדומה לבריאה האלוהית 'יש מאין'. KW - paradox KW - Paradox KW - free choice/ will KW - freie Wahl KW - divine foreknowledge KW - göttliches Vorwissen KW - hassidism KW - Chassidismus KW - Zadok Hakohen of Lublin KW - Zadok Hakohen von Lublin KW - Friedrich Nietzsche KW - Friedrich Nietzsche KW - Kabbalah KW - Kabbala KW - existentialism KW - Existentialismus KW - Sefirot KW - Sephiroth KW - evil KW - Böse KW - sin KW - Sünde KW - determinism KW - Determinismus KW - fatalism KW - Fatalismus KW - predestination KW - Prädestination KW - contingency KW - Kontingenz KW - Maimonides KW - Maimonides KW - Izbica KW - Izbica KW - Lublin KW - Lublin KW - transcendence KW - Transzendenz KW - Immanenz KW - immanence KW - pantheism KW - Pantheismus KW - panentheism KW - Panentheismus KW - the oral Torah/ Law KW - die mündliche Thora KW - compatibilism KW - Kompatibilismus KW - pessimism KW - Pessimismus KW - קומפטיביליזם KW - קונטינגנטיות KW - דטרמיניזם KW - ידיעה אלוהית מוקדמת KW - רוע KW - אקזיסטנציאליזם KW - פטאליזם KW - רצון/בחירה חופשי/ת KW - פרידריך ניטשה KW - חסידות KW - אימננטיות KW - איזביצה KW - קבלה KW - לובלין KW - הרמב"ם KW - פנתאיזם KW - פרדוקס KW - פסימיזם KW - פרידסטינציה KW - ספירות KW - חטא KW - התורה שבעל-פה KW - טרנסצנדנטיות KW - צדוק הכהן מלובלין KW - פנאנתאיזם Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-412201 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Zivkovic, Velimir T1 - International Rule of Law Through International Investment Law BT - Strengths, Challenges and Opportunities T2 - KFG Working Paper Series N2 - In challenging times for international law, there might be a heightened need for both analysis and prescription. The international rule of law as a connecting thread that goes through the global legal order is a particularly salient topic. By providing a working understanding of the content and contexts of the international rule of law, and by taking the regime of international investment law as a case study, this paper argues that assessing 'rise' or 'decline' motions in this sphere warrants a nuanced approach that should recognise parallel positive and negative developments. Whilst prominent procedural and substantive aspects of international investment law strongly align with the international rule of law requirements, numerous challenges threaten the future existence of the regime and appeal of international rule of law more broadly. At the same time, opportunities exist to adapt the substantive decision-making processes in investor-State disputes so to pursue parallel goals of enhancing rule of law at both international and national levels. Through recognising the specificities of interaction between international and national sphere, arbitrators can further reinvigorate the legitimacy of international rule of law through international investment law - benefitting thus the future of both. T3 - KFG Working Paper Series - 16 Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-422181 SN - 2509-3770 SN - 2509-3762 IS - 16 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Zitzmann, Jana A1 - Warschburger, Petra T1 - Psychometric properties of figure rating scales in children BT - the impact of figure ordering T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - This study examined psychometric properties of figure rating scales, particularly the effects of ascending silhouette ordering, in 153 children, 9 to 13 years old. Two versions of Collins’s (1991) figural rating scale were presented: the original scale (figures arranged ascendingly) and a modified version (randomized figure ordering. Ratings of current and ideal figure were elicited and body dissatisfaction was calculated. All children were randomly assigned to one of two subgroups and completed both scale versions in a different sequence. There were no significant differences in figure selection and body dissatisfaction between the two figure orderings. Regarding the selection of the current figure, results showed that girls are more affected by the silhouette ordering than boys. Our results suggest that figure rating scales are both valid and reliable, whereby correlation coefficients reveal greater stability for ideal figure selections and body dissatisfaction ratings when using the scale with ascending figure ordering. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 487 Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-416871 SN - 1866-8364 IS - 487 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zimmermann, Matthias A1 - Scholz, Jana A1 - Eckardt, Barbara A1 - Kampe, Heike A1 - Görlich, Petra A1 - Horn-Conrad, Antje T1 - Portal Wissen = Language BT - The Research Magazine of the University of Potsdam N2 - Language is perhaps the most universal tool of human beings. It enables us to express ourselves, to communicate and understand, to help and get help, to create and share togetherness. However, that does not completely capture the value of language. “Language belongs to the character of man,” said the English philosopher Sir Francis Bacon. If you believe the poet Johann Gottfried von Herder, a human is “only a human through language”. Ultimately, this means that we live in our world not with, but in, language. We not only describe our reality by means of language, but language is the device through which we open up the world in the first place. It is always there and shapes and influences us and the way we perceive, analyze, describe and ultimately determine everything around us. Since it is so deeply connected with human nature, it is hardly surprising that our language has always been in the center of academic research – and not only in those fields that bear the name linguistics. Philosophy and media studies, neurology and psychology, computer science and semiotics – all of them are based on linguistic structures and their premises and possibilities. Since July 2017, a scientific network at the University of Potsdam has been working on exactly this interface: the Collaborative Research Center “Limits of Variability in Language” (SFB 1287), funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG). Linguists, computer scientists, psychologists, and neurologists examine where language is or is not flexible. They hope to find out more about individual languages and their connections. In this issue of Portal Wissen, we asked SFB spokeswoman Isabell Wartenburger and deputy spokesman Malte Zimmermann to talk about language, its variability and limits, and how they investigate these aspects. We also look over the shoulders of two researchers who are working on sub-projects: Germanist Heike Wiese and her team examine whether the pandemonium of the many different languages spoken at a weekly market in Berlin is creating a new language with its own rules. Linguist Doreen Georgi embarks on a typological journey around the world comparing about 30 languages to find out if they have common limits. We also want to introduce other research projects at the University of Potsdam and the people behind them. We talk to biologists about biodiversity and ecological dynamics, and the founders of the startup “visionYOU” explain how entrepreneurship can be combined with social responsibility. Other discussions center round the effective production of antibodies and the question of whether the continued use of smartphones will eventually make us speechless. But do not worry: we did not run out of words – the magazine is full of them! Enjoy your reading! The Editors T3 - Portal Wissen: The research magazine of the University of Potsdam [Englische Ausgabe] - 01/2018 Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-441666 SN - 2198-9974 IS - 01/2018 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zimmermann, Matthias A1 - Scholz, Jana A1 - Eckardt, Barbara A1 - Kampe, Heike A1 - Görlich, Petra A1 - Horn-Conrad, Antje T1 - Portal Wissen = Sprache BT - Das Forschungsmagazin der Universität Potsdam N2 - Sprache ist das vielleicht universellste Werkzeug, über das wir Menschen verfügen. Mit ihr können wir uns ausdrücken und mitteilen, verständigen und verstehen, helfen und Hilfe bekommen, ein Miteinander schaffen und daran teilhaben. Doch damit ist der Wert von Sprache keineswegs vollständig erfasst. „Die Sprache gehört zum Charakter des Menschen“, meinte der englische Philosoph Sir Francis Bacon. Und glaubt man dem Dichter Johann Gottfried von Herder, ist der Mensch gar „Mensch nur durch Sprache“. Das bedeutet letztlich, wir sind in der Welt nicht mit, sondern in Sprache. Wir beschreiben unsere Wirklichkeit nicht allein mithilfe sprachlicher Mittel, Sprache ist die Brille, durch die wir uns die Welt überhaupt erschließen. Sie ist immer schon da und prägt uns und die Weise, wie wir alles um uns herum wahrnehmen und analysieren, beschreiben und letztlich auch bestimmen. Derart tief mit dem Wesen des Menschen verbunden, wundert es kaum, dass unsere Sprache seit jeher im Fokus wissenschaftlicher Forschung steht. Und zwar nicht nur jener, die sich dem Namen nach als Sprachwissenschaft zu erkennen gibt. Philosophie und Medienwissenschaft, Neurologie und Psychologie, Informatik und Semiotik – sie alle gehen sprachlichen Strukturen, ihren Voraussetzungen und ihren Möglichkeiten nach. Seit Juli 2017 arbeitet an genau dieser Schnittstelle an der Universität Potsdam ein wissenschaftliches Netzwerk: der von der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) geförderte Sonderforschungsbereich „Grenzen der Variabilität in der Sprache“ (SFB 1287). Gemeinsam untersuchen darin Linguisten, Informatiker, Psychologen und Neurologen, wo Sprache flexibel ist – und wo nicht. Dadurch hoffen sie, nicht nur mehr über einzelne Sprachen herauszufinden, sondern auch, was sie verbindet. In der vorliegenden Ausgabe der Portal Wissen haben wir die Sprecherin des SFB Isabell Wartenburger und ihrem Stellvertreter Malte Zimmermann gebeten, mit uns ins Gespräch zu kommen – über Sprache, ihre Variabilität, deren Grenzen und wie man beides erforscht. Außerdem haben wir zwei Wissenschaftlerinnen bei der Arbeit an ihren Teilprojekten über die Schulter geschaut: Die Germanistin Heike Wiese untersucht mit ihrem Team, ob auf einem Berliner Wochenmarkt, wo Sprachen aus fast allen Teilen der Welt zu hören sind, aus einem wilden Durcheinander eine neue Sprache mit eigenen Regeln entsteht. Und die Linguistin Doreen Georgi begibt sich auf eine typologische Weltreise, bei der sie rund 30 Sprachen miteinander vergleicht, um herauszufinden, ob sie gemeinsame Grenzen haben. Zugleich wollen wir auch auf andere Forschungsprojekte an der Universität Potsdam und die Menschen dahinter zu sprechen kommen. So ließ uns ein Mathematiker erkennen, was Fußball mit Mathematik zu tun hat und warum diese Verbindung in der Schule gut ankommt. Außerdem sprachen wir mit einer Anglistin über afroamerikanische Literatur im 19. Jahrhundert, führte uns ein Chemiker durch das Gebiet der Angewandten Analytischen Photonik und eine Juristin erklärte uns den Unterschied zwischen dem französischen und dem deutschen Strafrecht. Wir diskutierten mit zwei Medienwissenschaftlern und einem Religionswissenschaftler über Computer- und Videospiele von ihren Anfängen bis heute und lernten von den Gründern des Start-ups „visionYOU“, wie sich Unternehmertum mit sozialer Verantwortung verbinden lässt. In vielen weiteren Gesprächen ging es unter anderem um Fernsehen 4.0, Artenvielfalt und ökologische Dynamik, ein Training zum achtsamen Essen, die effektive Produktion von Antikörpern und die Frage, ob uns die Dauernutzung von Smartphones am Ende sprachlos macht. Aber keine Angst: Uns sind die Worte nicht ausgegangen – das Heft ist voll davon! Viel Vergnügen beim Lesen! Die Redaktion T3 - Portal Wissen: Das Forschungsmagazin der Universität Potsdam [Deutsche Ausgabe] - 01/2018 Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-440921 SN - 2194-4237 IS - 01/2018 ER -