TY - THES A1 - Yadav, Himanshu T1 - A computational evaluation of feature distortion and cue weighting in sentence comprehension T1 - Eine komputationale Evaluation von Feature-Verfälschung und Cue-Gewichtung in der Satzverarbeitung N2 - Successful sentence comprehension requires the comprehender to correctly figure out who did what to whom. For example, in the sentence John kicked the ball, the comprehender has to figure out who did the action of kicking and what was being kicked. This process of identifying and connecting the syntactically-related words in a sentence is called dependency completion. What are the cognitive constraints that determine dependency completion? A widely-accepted theory is cue-based retrieval. The theory maintains that dependency completion is driven by a content-addressable search for the co-dependents in memory. The cue-based retrieval explains a wide range of empirical data from several constructions including subject-verb agreement, subject-verb non-agreement, plausibility mismatch configurations, and negative polarity items. However, there are two major empirical challenges to the theory: (i) Grammatical sentences’ data from subject-verb number agreement dependencies, where the theory predicts a slowdown at the verb in sentences like the key to the cabinet was rusty compared to the key to the cabinets was rusty, but the data are inconsistent with this prediction; and, (ii) Data from antecedent-reflexive dependencies, where a facilitation in reading times is predicted at the reflexive in the bodybuilder who worked with the trainers injured themselves vs. the bodybuilder who worked with the trainer injured themselves, but the data do not show a facilitatory effect. The work presented in this dissertation is dedicated to building a more general theory of dependency completion that can account for the above two datasets without losing the original empirical coverage of the cue-based retrieval assumption. In two journal articles, I present computational modeling work that addresses the above two empirical challenges. To explain the grammatical sentences’ data from subject-verb number agreement dependencies, I propose a new model that assumes that the cue-based retrieval operates on a probabilistically distorted representation of nouns in memory (Article I). This hybrid distortion-plus-retrieval model was compared against the existing candidate models using data from 17 studies on subject-verb number agreement in 4 languages. I find that the hybrid model outperforms the existing models of number agreement processing suggesting that the cue-based retrieval theory must incorporate a feature distortion assumption. To account for the absence of facilitatory effect in antecedent-reflexive dependen� cies, I propose an individual difference model, which was built within the cue-based retrieval framework (Article II). The model assumes that individuals may differ in how strongly they weigh a syntactic cue over a number cue. The model was fitted to data from two studies on antecedent-reflexive dependencies, and the participant-level cue-weighting was estimated. We find that one-fourth of the participants, in both studies, weigh the syntactic cue higher than the number cue in processing reflexive dependencies and the remaining participants weigh the two cues equally. The result indicates that the absence of predicted facilitatory effect at the level of grouped data is driven by some, not all, participants who weigh syntactic cues higher than the number cue. More generally, the result demonstrates that the assumption of differential cue weighting is important for a theory of dependency completion processes. This differential cue weighting idea was independently supported by a modeling study on subject-verb non-agreement dependencies (Article III). Overall, the cue-based retrieval, which is a general theory of dependency completion, needs to incorporate two new assumptions: (i) the nouns stored in memory can undergo probabilistic feature distortion, and (ii) the linguistic cues used for retrieval can be weighted differentially. This is the cumulative result of the modeling work presented in this dissertation. The dissertation makes an important theoretical contribution: Sentence comprehension in humans is driven by a mechanism that assumes cue-based retrieval, probabilistic feature distortion, and differential cue weighting. This insight is theoretically important because there is some independent support for these three assumptions in sentence processing and the broader memory literature. The modeling work presented here is also methodologically important because for the first time, it demonstrates (i) how the complex models of sentence processing can be evaluated using data from multiple studies simultaneously, without oversimplifying the models, and (ii) how the inferences drawn from the individual-level behavior can be used in theory development. N2 - Bei der Satzverarbeitung muss der Leser richtig herausfinden, wer wem was angetan hat. Zum Beispiel muss der Leser in dem Satz „John hat den Ball getreten“ herausfinden, wer tat die Aktion des Tretens und was getreten wurde. Dieser Prozess des Identifizierens und Verbindens der syntaktisch verwandte Wörter in einem Satz nennt man Dependency-Completion. Was sind die kognitiven Mechanismen, die Dependency-Completion bestimmen? Eine weithin akzeptierte Theorie ist der Cue-based retrieval. Die Theorie besagt, dass die Dependency-Completion durch eine inhaltsadressierbare Suche nach der vorangetrieben wird Co-Abhängige im Gedächtnis. Der Cue-basierte Abruf erklärt ein breites Spektrum an empirischen Daten mehrere Konstruktionen, darunter Subjekt-Verb-Übereinstimmung, Subjekt-Verb-Nichtübereinstimmung, Plausibilität Mismatch-Konfigurationen und Elemente mit negativer Polarität. Es gibt jedoch zwei große empirische Herausforderungen für die Theorie: (i) Grammatische Sätze Daten aus Subjekt-Verb-Nummer-Dependency, bei denen die Theorie eine Verlangsamung vorhersagt das Verb in Sätzen wie „the key to the cabinet was rusty“ im Vergleich zu „the key to the cabinets was rusty“, aber die Daten stimmen nicht mit dieser Vorhersage überein; und (ii) Daten von Antezedenz-Reflexiv Strukturen, wo eine Leseerleichterung beim reflexiven „the bodybuilder who worked with the trainers injured themselves“ vs. „the bodybuilder who worked with the trainers injured themselves", aber die Daten zeigen keine vermittelnde Wirkung. Die in dieser Dissertation vorgestellte Arbeit widmet sich dem Aufbau einer allgemeineren Theorie von Dependency-Completion, die die beiden oben genannten Datensätze berücksichtigen kann, ohne das Original zu verlieren empirische Abdeckung der Cue-based Retrieval-Annahme. In zwei Zeitschriftenartikeln stelle ich Arbeiten zur Computermodellierung vor, die sich mit den beiden oben genannten empirischen Herausforderungen befassen. Um die Daten der grammatikalischen Sätze aus den Abhängigkeiten der Subjekt-Verb-Nummer-Übereinstimmung zu erklären, schlage ich ein neues Modell vor, das davon ausgeht, dass der Cue-basierte Abruf probabilistisch funktioniert verzerrte Darstellung von Substantiven im Gedächtnis (Artikel I). Dieses hybride Distortion-plus-Retrieval-Modell wurde anhand von Daten aus 17 Studien zu Subjekt-Verb mit den bestehenden Kandidatenmodellen verglichen Nummernvereinbarung in 4 Sprachen. Ich finde, dass das Hybridmodell die bestehenden Modelle übertrifft der Nummernvereinbarungsverarbeitung, was darauf hindeutet, dass die Cue-based Retrieval-Theorie Folgendes umfassen muss: a Annahme von Feature-Verfälschung. Um das Fehlen eines unterstützenden Effekts in antezedens-reflexiven Abhängigkeiten zu berücksichtigen, schlage ich ein individuelles Differenzmodell vor, das innerhalb des Cue-based Retrieval-Frameworks erstellt wurde (Artikel II). Das Modell geht davon aus, dass Individuen sich darin unterscheiden können, wie stark sie eine Syntax gewichten Cue über einem Nummern-Cue. Das Modell wurde an Daten aus zwei Studien zum Antezedenz-Reflexiv angepasst Abhängigkeiten, und die Cue-Gewichtung auf Teilnehmerebene wurde geschätzt. Wir finden, dass ein Viertel von Die Teilnehmer in beiden Studien gewichten bei der Verarbeitung den syntaktischen Cue höher als den numerischen Cue reflexive Abhängigkeiten und die verbleibenden Teilnehmer gewichten die beiden Cue gleichermaßen. Das Ergebnis weist darauf hin, dass das Fehlen des prognostizierten Erleichterungseffekts auf der Ebene der gruppierten Daten von einigen, nicht alle Teilnehmer, die syntaktische Cue höher gewichten als Zahlenhinweise. Allgemeiner gesagt, die Das Ergebnis zeigt, dass die Annahme einer differentiellen Hinweisgewichtung wichtig für eine Theorie von ist Dependency-Completion. Diese Idee der differentiellen Cue-Gewichtung wurde unabhängig unterstützt durch eine Modellierungsstudie zu Subjekt-Verb-Nichteinigungsabhängigkeiten (Artikel III). Insgesamt benötigt der Cue-basierte Abruf, der eine allgemeine Theorie der Abhängigkeitsvervollständigung ist um zwei neue Annahmen aufzunehmen: (i) die im Gedächtnis gespeicherten Substantive können einer Wahrscheinlichkeitsanalyse unterzogen werden Feature-Verfälschung, und (ii) die für den Abruf verwendeten sprachlichen Cue können unterschiedlich gewichtet werden. Das ist das kumulative Ergebnis der in dieser Dissertation vorgestellten Modellierungsarbeit.Die Dissertation leistet einen wichtigen theoretischen Beitrag: Satzverständnis in Der Mensch wird von einem Mechanismus getrieben, der einen hinweisbasierten Abruf, eine probabilistische Merkmalsverzerrung und eine differentielle Hinweisgewichtung annimmt. Diese Einsicht ist theoretisch wichtig, weil es einige gibt unabhängige Unterstützung für diese drei Annahmen in der Satzverarbeitung und im weiteren Gedächtnis Literatur. Die hier vorgestellten Modellierungsarbeiten sind auch methodisch wichtig, weil für die Zum ersten Mal wird gezeigt, (i) wie die komplexen Modelle der Satzverarbeitung evaluiert werden können Daten aus mehreren Studien gleichzeitig zu verwenden, ohne die Modelle zu stark zu vereinfachen, und (ii) wie die Schlussfolgerungen aus dem Verhalten auf individueller Ebene können in der Theorieentwicklung verwendet werden. KW - sentence comprehension KW - individual differences KW - cue-based retrieval KW - memory distortion KW - Approximate Bayesian Computation KW - cue reliability KW - ungefähre Bayessche Komputation KW - Cue-Gewichtung KW - Cue-basierter Retrieval KW - individuelle Unterschiede KW - Darstellung Verfälschung KW - Satzverarbeitung Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-585055 ER - TY - THES A1 - Hasl, Andrea T1 - Time matters: Adopting a lifespan developmental perspective on individual differences in skills, cumulative advantages, and the role of dynamic modeling approaches T1 - Die Relevanz von Zeit: Eine Lebensspannenperspektive auf individuelle Unterschiede in Fähigkeiten, kumulative Vorteile, und die Rolle dynamischer Modellierungsansätze N2 - The impact of individual differences in cognitive skills and socioeconomic background on key educational, occupational, and health outcomes, as well as the mechanisms underlying inequalities in these outcomes across the lifespan, are two central questions in lifespan psychology. The contextual embeddedness of such questions in ontogenetic (i.e., individual, age-related) and historical time is a key element of lifespan psychological theoretical frameworks such as the HIstorical changes in DEvelopmental COntexts (HIDECO) framework (Drewelies et al., 2019). Because the dimension of time is also a crucial part of empirical research designs examining developmental change, a third central question in research on lifespan development is how the timing and spacing of observations in longitudinal studies might affect parameter estimates of substantive phenomena. To address these questions in the present doctoral thesis, I applied innovative state-of-the-art methodology including static and dynamic longitudinal modeling approaches, used data from multiple international panel studies, and systematically simulated data based on empirical panel characteristics, in three empirical studies. The first study of this dissertation, Study I, examined the importance of adolescent intelligence (IQ), grade point average (GPA), and parental socioeconomic status (pSES) for adult educational, occupational, and health outcomes over ontogenetic and historical time. To examine the possible impact of historical changes in the 20th century on the relationships between adolescent characteristics and key adult life outcomes, the study capitalized on data from two representative US cohort studies, the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth 1979 and 1997, whose participants were born in the late 1960s and 1980s, respectively. Adolescent IQ, GPA, and pSES were positively associated with adult educational attainment, wage levels, and mental and physical health. Across historical time, the influence of IQ and pSES for educational, occupational, and health outcomes remained approximately the same, whereas GPA gained in importance over time for individuals born in the 1980s. The second study of this dissertation, Study II, aimed to examine strict cumulative advantage (CA) processes as possible mechanisms underlying individual differences and inequality in wage development across the lifespan. It proposed dynamic structural equation models (DSEM) as a versatile statistical framework for operationalizing and empirically testing strict CA processes in research on wages and wage dynamics (i.e., wage levels and growth rates). Drawing on longitudinal representative data from the US National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, the study modeled wage levels and growth rates across 38 years. Only 0.5 % of the sample revealed strict CA processes and explosive wage growth (autoregressive coefficients AR > 1), with the majority of individuals following logarithmic wage trajectories across the lifespan. Adolescent intelligence (IQ) and adult highest educational level explained substantial heterogeneity in initial wage levels and long-term wage growth rates over time. The third study of this dissertation, Study III, investigated the role of observation timing variability in the estimation of non-experimental intervention effects in panel data. Although longitudinal studies often aim at equally spaced intervals between their measurement occasions, this goal is hardly ever met. Drawing on continuous time dynamic structural equation models, the study examines the –seemingly counterintuitive – potential benefits of measurement intervals that vary both within and between participants (often called individually varying time intervals, IVTs) in a panel study. It illustrates the method by modeling the effect of the transition from primary to secondary school on students’ academic motivation using empirical data from the German National Educational Panel Study (NEPS). Results of a simulation study based on this real-life example reveal that individual variation in time intervals can indeed benefit the estimation precision and recovery of the true intervention effect parameters. N2 - Die Auswirkung individueller Unterschiede in kognitiven Fähigkeiten und sozioökonomischem Hintergrund für Bildung, Beschäftigung, und Gesundheit im Erwachsenenalter, sowie die Mechanismen, die Ungleichheiten in diesen Lebensbereichen zugrunde liegen, sind zwei zentrale Fragen der Lebensspannenpsychologie. Die kontextuelle Einbettung solcher Fragen in ontogenetische (d.h. individuelle, altersbezogene) und historische Zeit ist ein Schlüsselelement lebensspannenpsychologischer Modelle wie dem HIstorical changes in DEvelopmental Contexts (HIDECO) Framework (Drewelies et al., 2019). Die Zeitdimension ist zudem entscheidend für die Gestaltung empirischer Forschungsdesigns, um Veränderung und Entwicklung über die Lebensspanne hinweg zu untersuchen. Eine dritte zentrale Frage ist daher, welchen Einfluss die Auswahl von Messzeitpunkten und vor allem die Auswahl der Abstände zwischen solchen Messzeitpunkten in längsschnittlichen Studien bei der Erforschung interessierender Merkmale haben. Um diese Fragen in der vorliegenden Doktorarbeit zu beantworten, werden im Rahmen von drei wissenschaftlichen Studien innovative statistische Methoden wie statische und dynamische longitudinale Modellierungsansätze angewendet, Daten aus mehreren internationalen Panelstudien herangezogen, sowie Daten simuliert. Die erste Studie, Studie I, untersuchte die Bedeutung jugendlicher Intelligenz (IQ), Noten (GPA) und des sozioökonomischen Status der Eltern (pSES) für Bildung, Beschäftigung und Gesundheit im Erwachsenenalter über ontogenetische und historische Zeit hinweg. Um mögliche Auswirkungen historischer Veränderungen im 20. Jahrhundert auf diese Beziehungen zu untersuchen, zog die Studie Daten aus zwei repräsentativen amerikanischen Kohortenstudien, den National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth 1979 und 1997, deren Teilnehmer in den späten 1960er bzw. 1980er Jahren geboren wurden, heran. Höhere Intelligenz, bessere Noten und ein höherer sozioökonomischer Status hatten einen positiven Einfluss auf den Bildungsstand, Einkommen sowie psychische und physische Gesundheit im Erwachsenenalter. Im Laufe der historischen Zeit blieb der Einfluss von IQ und pSES für die verschiedenen Lebensbereiche im Erwachsenenalter relativ gleich, während Schulnoten für die jüngere Kohorte an Bedeutung gewannen. Die zweite Studie, Studie II, hatte zum Ziel, die Akkumulation früher Vorteile als Mechanismus für die Entwicklung individueller Unterschiede und Ungleichheiten über die Lebensspanne hinweg zu untersuchen. Dynamische Strukturgleichungsmodelle (DSEM) werden als vielseitiges und flexibles statistisches Rahmenmodell vorgeschlagen, um Akkumulationsprozesse in Bezug auf Gehaltsniveaus und Gehaltswachstum zu operationalisieren und sie damit empirisch testbar zu machen. Gestützt auf repräsentative Längsschnittdaten der US National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 modellierte die Studie Gehälter und deren Wachstumsraten über 38 Jahre hinweg. Nur 0,5 % der Stichprobe zeigten explosives Wachstum (autoregressive Koeffizienten AR > 1), die Mehrheit der Personen wies logarithmische Gehaltsverläufe über die Lebensspanne hinweg auf. Jugendliche Intelligenz und das höchste Bildungsniveau im Erwachsenenalter erklärten erhebliche Heterogenität im Einstiegsgehalt und langfristigem Gehaltswachstum. Die dritte Studie, Studie III, untersuchte die Rolle von variierenden Zeitintervallen zwischen Messzeitpunkten für die Schätzung nicht-experimenteller Interventionseffekte in Paneldaten. Obwohl Längsschnittstudien oft gleichmäßig verteilte Intervalle zwischen ihren Messzeitpunkten anstreben, wird dieses Ziel kaum erreicht. Basierend auf zeitkontinuierlichen, dynamischen Strukturgleichungsmodellen untersuchte die Studie daher den potenziellen Nutzen von Messintervallen, die sowohl innerhalb als auch zwischen Teilnehmenden einer Studie variieren. Die Methode wurde anhand empirischer Daten des deutschen Nationalen Bildungspanels (NEPS) und der Modellierung des Effekts des Übergangs von der Grundschule in die Sekundarstufe (als nicht-experimentelle Intervention) auf die akademische Motivation der Schülerinnen und Schüler veranschaulicht. Die Ergebnisse einer Simulationsstudie, die auf diesem realen Beispiel basiert, zeigen, dass individuelle Variation in Zeitintervallen einen positiven Einfluss auf die Schätzgenauigkeit der wahren Interventionseffektparameter haben kann. KW - individual differences KW - cognitive skills KW - socioeconomic background KW - lifespan psychology KW - longitudinal studies KW - dynamic modeling KW - individuelle Unterschiede KW - kognitive Fähigkeiten KW - sozioökonomischer Hintergrund KW - Lebensspannenpsychologie KW - längschnittliche Studien KW - dynamische Modellierung Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-595112 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Butkovic, Ana A1 - Galesic, Mirta T1 - Relationship between COVID-19 threat beliefs and individual differences in demographics, personality, and related beliefs JF - Frontiers in psychology N2 - Individual differences in demographics, personality, and other related beliefs are associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) threat beliefs. However, the relative contributions of these different types of individual differences to COVID-19 threat beliefs are not known. In this study, a total of 1,700 participants in Croatia (68% female; age 18-86 years) completed a survey that included questions about COVID-19 risks, questions about related beliefs including vaccination beliefs, trust in the health system, trust in scientists, and trust in the political system, the HEXACO 60 personality inventory, as well as demographic questions about gender, age, chronic diseases, and region. We used hierarchical regression analyses to examine the proportion of variance explained by demographics, personality, and other related beliefs. All three types of individual differences explained a part of the variance of COVID-19 threat beliefs, with related beliefs explaining the largest part. Personality facets explained a slightly larger amount of variance than personality factors. These results have implications for communication about COVID-19. KW - COVID-19 threat beliefs KW - individual differences KW - personality KW - trust; KW - vaccination Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.831199 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 13 PB - Frontiers Media CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mazza, Valeria A1 - Günther, Anja T1 - City mice and country mice BT - innovative problem solving in rural and urban noncommensal rodents JF - Animal behaviour N2 - The ability to produce innovative behaviour is a key determinant in the successful coping with environmental challenges and changes. The expansion of human-altered environments presents wildlife with multiple novel situations in which innovativeness could be beneficial. A better understanding of the drivers of within-species variation in innovation propensity and its consequences will provide insights into the traits enabling animals to thrive in the face of human-induced rapid environmental change. We compared problem-solving performance of 31 striped field mice, Apodemus agrarius, originating from rural or urban environments in a battery of eight foraging extraction tasks. We tested whether differences in problem-solving performance were mediated by the extent and duration of the animal's exploration of the experimental set-ups, the time required to solve the tasks, and their persistence. In addition, we tested the influence of the diversity of motor responses, as well as of behavioural traits boldness and activity on problem-solving performance. Urban individuals were better problem solvers despite rural individuals approaching faster and interacting longer with the test set-ups. Participation rates and time required to solve a task did not differ between rural and urban individuals. However, in case of failure to solve a task, rural mice were more persistent. The best predictors of solving success, aside from the area of origin, were the time spent exploring the set-ups and boldness, while activity and diversity of motor responses did not explain it. Problem-solving ability could thus be a contributing factor to the successful coping with the rapid and recent expansion of human-altered environments. KW - animal personality KW - anthropogenic environment KW - Apodemus agrarius KW - HIREC KW - individual differences KW - innovation KW - problem solving KW - rodent KW - urbanization Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2020.12.007 SN - 0003-3472 SN - 1095-8282 VL - 172 SP - 197 EP - 210 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rabe, Maximilian Michael A1 - Chandra, Johan A1 - Krügel, André A1 - Seelig, Stefan A. A1 - Vasishth, Shravan A1 - Engbert, Ralf T1 - A bayesian approach to dynamical modeling of eye-movement control in reading of normal, mirrored, and scrambled texts JF - Psychological Review N2 - In eye-movement control during reading, advanced process-oriented models have been developed to reproduce behavioral data. So far, model complexity and large numbers of model parameters prevented rigorous statistical inference and modeling of interindividual differences. Here we propose a Bayesian approach to both problems for one representative computational model of sentence reading (SWIFT; Engbert et al., Psychological Review, 112, 2005, pp. 777-813). We used experimental data from 36 subjects who read the text in a normal and one of four manipulated text layouts (e.g., mirrored and scrambled letters). The SWIFT model was fitted to subjects and experimental conditions individually to investigate between- subject variability. Based on posterior distributions of model parameters, fixation probabilities and durations are reliably recovered from simulated data and reproduced for withheld empirical data, at both the experimental condition and subject levels. A subsequent statistical analysis of model parameters across reading conditions generates model-driven explanations for observable effects between conditions. KW - reading eye movements KW - dynamical models KW - Bayesian inference KW - oculomotor KW - control KW - individual differences Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/rev0000268 SN - 0033-295X SN - 1939-1471 VL - 128 IS - 5 SP - 803 EP - 823 PB - American Psychological Association CY - Washington ER - TY - GEN A1 - Kowalski, Gabriele Joanna A1 - Grimm, Volker A1 - Herde, Antje A1 - Guenther, Anja A1 - Eccard, Jana T1 - Does Animal Personality Affect Movement in Habitat Corridors? BT - Experiments with Common Voles (Microtus arvalis) Using Different Corridor Widths T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - Animal personality may affect an animal’s mobility in a given landscape, influencing its propensity to take risks in an unknown environment. We investigated the mobility of translocated common voles in two corridor systems 60 m in length and differing in width (1 m and 3 m). Voles were behaviorally phenotyped in repeated open field and barrier tests. Observed behavioral traits were highly repeatable and described by a continuous personality score. Subsequently, animals were tracked via an automated very high frequency (VHF) telemetry radio tracking system to monitor their movement patterns in the corridor system. Although personality did not explain movement patterns, corridor width determined the amount of time spent in the habitat corridor. Voles in the narrow corridor system entered the corridor faster and spent less time in the corridor than animals in the wide corridor. Thus, landscape features seem to affect movement patterns more strongly than personality. Meanwhile, site characteristics, such as corridor width, could prove to be highly important when designing corridors for conservation, with narrow corridors facilitating faster movement through landscapes than wider corridors. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 747 KW - activity KW - animal personality KW - wildlife corridors KW - habitat connectivity KW - individual differences KW - rodents Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-435770 SN - 1866-8372 IS - 747 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kowalski, Gabriele Joanna A1 - Grimm, Volker A1 - Herde, Antje A1 - Guenther, Anja A1 - Eccard, Jana T1 - Does Animal Personality Affect Movement in Habitat Corridors? BT - Experiments with Common Voles (Microtus arvalis) Using Different Corridor Widths JF - Animals N2 - Animal personality may affect an animal’s mobility in a given landscape, influencing its propensity to take risks in an unknown environment. We investigated the mobility of translocated common voles in two corridor systems 60 m in length and differing in width (1 m and 3 m). Voles were behaviorally phenotyped in repeated open field and barrier tests. Observed behavioral traits were highly repeatable and described by a continuous personality score. Subsequently, animals were tracked via an automated very high frequency (VHF) telemetry radio tracking system to monitor their movement patterns in the corridor system. Although personality did not explain movement patterns, corridor width determined the amount of time spent in the habitat corridor. Voles in the narrow corridor system entered the corridor faster and spent less time in the corridor than animals in the wide corridor. Thus, landscape features seem to affect movement patterns more strongly than personality. Meanwhile, site characteristics, such as corridor width, could prove to be highly important when designing corridors for conservation, with narrow corridors facilitating faster movement through landscapes than wider corridors. KW - activity KW - animal personality KW - wildlife corridors KW - habitat connectivity KW - individual differences KW - rodents Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9060291 SN - 2076-2615 VL - 9 IS - 6 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - GEN A1 - Dolcos, Florin A1 - Katsumi, Yuta A1 - Moore, Matthew A1 - Berggren, Nick A1 - de Gelder, Beatrice A1 - Derakshan, Nazanin A1 - Hamm, Alfons O. A1 - Koster, Ernst H. W. A1 - Ladouceur, Cecile D. A1 - Okon-Singer, Hadas A1 - Ventura-Bort, Carlos A1 - Weymar, Mathias T1 - Neural correlates of emotion-attention interactions BT - From perception, learning, and memory to social cognition, individual differences, and training interventions T2 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - Due to their ability to capture attention, emotional stimuli tend to benefit from enhanced perceptual processing, which can be helpful when such stimuli are task-relevant but hindering when they are task-irrelevant. Altered emotion-attention interactions have been associated with symptoms of affective disturbances, and emerging research focuses on improving emotion-attention interactions to prevent or treat affective disorders. In line with the Human Affectome Project's emphasis on linguistic components, we also analyzed the language used to describe attention-related aspects of emotion, and highlighted terms related to domains such as conscious awareness, motivational effects of attention, social attention, and emotion regulation. These terms were discussed within a broader review of available evidence regarding the neural correlates of (1) Emotion-Attention Interactions in Perception, (2) Emotion-Attention Interactions in Learning and Memory, (3) Individual Differences in Emotion-Attention Interactions, and (4) Training and Interventions to Optimize Emotion-Attention Interactions. This comprehensive approach enabled an integrative overview of the current knowledge regarding the mechanisms of emotion-attention interactions at multiple levels of analysis, and identification of emerging directions for future investigations. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 862 KW - emotion KW - attention KW - perception KW - learning and memory KW - individual differences KW - training interventions KW - psychophysiology KW - neuroimaging KW - affective neuroscience KW - health and well-being KW - linguistics Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-516213 SN - 1866-8364 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dolcos, Florin A1 - Katsumi, Yuta A1 - Moore, Matthew A1 - Berggren, Nick A1 - de Gelder, Beatrice A1 - Derakshan, Nazanin A1 - Hamm, Alfons O. A1 - Koster, Ernst H. W. A1 - Ladouceur, Cecile D. A1 - Okon-Singer, Hadas A1 - Ventura-Bort, Carlos A1 - Weymar, Mathias T1 - Neural correlates of emotion-attention interactions BT - From perception, learning, and memory to social cognition, individual differences, and training interventions JF - Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews N2 - Due to their ability to capture attention, emotional stimuli tend to benefit from enhanced perceptual processing, which can be helpful when such stimuli are task-relevant but hindering when they are task-irrelevant. Altered emotion-attention interactions have been associated with symptoms of affective disturbances, and emerging research focuses on improving emotion-attention interactions to prevent or treat affective disorders. In line with the Human Affectome Project's emphasis on linguistic components, we also analyzed the language used to describe attention-related aspects of emotion, and highlighted terms related to domains such as conscious awareness, motivational effects of attention, social attention, and emotion regulation. These terms were discussed within a broader review of available evidence regarding the neural correlates of (1) Emotion-Attention Interactions in Perception, (2) Emotion-Attention Interactions in Learning and Memory, (3) Individual Differences in Emotion-Attention Interactions, and (4) Training and Interventions to Optimize Emotion-Attention Interactions. This comprehensive approach enabled an integrative overview of the current knowledge regarding the mechanisms of emotion-attention interactions at multiple levels of analysis, and identification of emerging directions for future investigations. KW - emotion KW - attention KW - perception KW - learning and memory KW - individual differences KW - training interventions KW - psychophysiology KW - neuroimaging KW - affective neuroscience KW - health and well-being KW - linguistics Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.08.017 SN - 0149-7634 SN - 1873-7528 VL - 108 SP - 559 EP - 601 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Miller, Jeff A1 - Schwarz, Wolfgang T1 - Implications of Individual Differences in On-Average Null Effects JF - Journal of experimental psychology : General N2 - Most psychological models are intended to describe processes that operate within each individual. In many research areas, however, models are tested by looking at results averaged across many individuals, despite the fact that such averaged results may give a misleading picture of what is true for each one. We consider this conundrum with respect to the interpretation of on-average null effects. Specifically, even though an experimental manipulation might have no effect on average across individuals, it might still have demonstrable effects-albeit in opposite directions-for many or all of the individuals tested. We discuss several examples of research questions for which it would be theoretically crucial to determine whether manipulations really have no effect at the individual level, and we present a method of testing for individual-level effects. KW - null effects KW - individual differences KW - hypothesis testing KW - psychological models Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0000367 SN - 0096-3445 SN - 1939-2222 VL - 147 IS - 3 SP - 377 EP - 397 PB - American Psychological Association CY - Washington ER -