TY - JOUR A1 - Brinkmann, Kai Oliver A1 - Becker, Tim A1 - Zimmermann, Florian A1 - Kreusel, Cedric A1 - Gahlmann, Tobias A1 - Theisen, Manuel A1 - Haeger, Tobias A1 - Olthof, Selina A1 - Tückmantel, Christian A1 - Günster, M. A1 - Maschwitz, Timo A1 - Göbelsmann, Fabian A1 - Koch, Christine A1 - Hertel, Dirk A1 - Caprioglio, Pietro A1 - Peña-Camargo, Francisco A1 - Perdigón-Toro, Lorena A1 - Al-Ashouri, Amran A1 - Merten, Lena A1 - Hinderhofer, Alexander A1 - Gomell, Leonie A1 - Zhang, Siyuan A1 - Schreiber, Frank A1 - Albrecht, Steve A1 - Meerholz, Klaus A1 - Neher, Dieter A1 - Stolterfoht, Martin A1 - Riedl, Thomas T1 - Perovskite-organic tandem solar cells with indium oxide interconnect JF - Nature N2 - Multijunction solar cells can overcome the fundamental efficiency limits of single-junction devices. The bandgap tunability of metal halide perovskite solar cells renders them attractive for multijunction architectures(1). Combinations with silicon and copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS), as well as all-perovskite tandem cells, have been reported(2-5). Meanwhile, narrow-gap non-fullerene acceptors have unlocked skyrocketing efficiencies for organic solar cells(6,7). Organic and perovskite semiconductors are an attractive combination, sharing similar processing technologies. Currently, perovskite-organic tandems show subpar efficiencies and are limited by the low open-circuit voltage (V-oc) of wide-gap perovskite cells(8) and losses introduced by the interconnect between the subcells(9,10). Here we demonstrate perovskite-organic tandem cells with an efficiency of 24.0 per cent (certified 23.1 per cent) and a high V-oc of 2.15 volts. Optimized charge extraction layers afford perovskite subcells with an outstanding combination of high V-oc and fill factor. The organic subcells provide a high external quantum efficiency in the near-infrared and, in contrast to paradigmatic concerns about limited photostability of non-fullerene cells(11), show an outstanding operational stability if excitons are predominantly generated on the non-fullerene acceptor, which is the case in our tandems. The subcells are connected by an ultrathin (approximately 1.5 nanometres) metal-like indium oxide layer with unprecedented low optical/electrical losses. This work sets a milestone for perovskite-organic tandems, which outperform the best p-i-n perovskite single junctions(12) and are on a par with perovskite-CIGS and all-perovskite multijunctions(13). Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04455-0 SN - 0028-0836 SN - 1476-4687 VL - 604 IS - 7905 SP - 280 EP - 286 PB - Nature Research CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schwarze, Martin A1 - Schellhammer, Karl Sebastian A1 - Ortstein, Katrin A1 - Benduhn, Johannes A1 - Gaul, Christopher A1 - Hinderhofer, Alexander A1 - Perdigón-Toro, Lorena A1 - Scholz, Reinhard A1 - Kublitski, Jonas A1 - Roland, Steffen A1 - Lau, Matthias A1 - Poelking, Carl A1 - Andrienko, Denis A1 - Cuniberti, Gianaurelio A1 - Schreiber, Frank A1 - Neher, Dieter A1 - Vandewal, Koen A1 - Ortmann, Frank A1 - Leo, Karl T1 - Impact of molecular quadrupole moments on the energy levels at organic heterojunctions JF - Nature Communications N2 - The functionality of organic semiconductor devices crucially depends on molecular energies, namely the ionisation energy and the electron affinity. Ionisation energy and electron affinity values of thin films are, however, sensitive to film morphology and composition, making their prediction challenging. In a combined experimental and simulation study on zinc-phthalocyanine and its fluorinated derivatives, we show that changes in ionisation energy as a function of molecular orientation in neat films or mixing ratio in blends are proportional to the molecular quadrupole component along the p-p-stacking direction. We apply these findings to organic solar cells and demonstrate how the electrostatic interactions can be tuned to optimise the energy of the charge-transfer state at the donor-acceptor interface and the dissociation barrier for free charge carrier generation. The confirmation of the correlation between interfacial energies and quadrupole moments for other materials indicates its relevance for small molecules and polymers. Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-10435-2 SN - 2041-1723 VL - 10 PB - Nature Publ. Group CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Weber, Cornelia A1 - Frank, C. A1 - Bommel, Sebastian A1 - Rukat, Tammo A1 - Leitenberger, Wolfram A1 - Schäfer, Peter A1 - Schreiber, Frank A1 - Kowarik, Stefan T1 - Chain-length dependent growth dynamics of n-alkanes on silica investigated by energy-dispersive x-ray reflectivity in situ and in real-time JF - The journal of chemical physics : bridges a gap between journals of physics and journals of chemistr N2 - We compare the growth dynamics of the three n-alkanes C36H74, C40H82, and C44H90 on SiO2 using real-time and in situ energy-dispersive x-ray reflectivity. All molecules investigated align in an upright-standing orientation on the substrate and exhibit a transition from layer-by-layer growth to island growth after about 4 monolayers under the conditions employed. Simultaneous fits of the reflected intensity at five distinct points in reciprocal space show that films formed by longer n-alkanes roughen faster during growth. This behavior can be explained by a chain-length dependent height of the Ehrlich-Schwoebel barrier. Further x-ray diffraction measurements after growth indicate that films consisting of longer n-alkanes also incorporate more lying-down molecules in the top region. While the results reveal behavior typical for chain-like molecules, the findings can also be useful for the optimization of organic field effect transistors where smooth interlayers of n-alkanes without coexistence of two or more molecular orientations are required. Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4719530 SN - 0021-9606 VL - 136 IS - 20 PB - American Institute of Physics CY - Melville ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kowarik, Stefan A1 - Gerlach, Andreas A1 - Leitenberger, Wolfram A1 - Hu J, Witte A1 - Wöll, Christoph A1 - Schreiber, Frank T1 - Energy-dispersive X-ray reflectivity and GID for real-time growth studies of pentacene thin films N2 - We use energy-dispersive X-ray reflectivity and grazing incidence diffraction (GID) to follow the growth of the crystalline organic semiconductor pentacene on silicon oxide in-situ and in real-time. The technique allows for monitoring Bragg reflections and measuring X-ray growth oscillations with a time resolution of 1 min in a wide q-range in reciprocal space extending over 0.25-0.80 angstrom(-1), i.e. sampling a large number of Fourier components simultaneously. A quantitative analysis of growth oscillations at several q-points yields the evolution of the surface roughness, showing a marked transition from layer-by-layer growth to strong roughening after four monolayers of pentacene have been deposited. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Y1 - 2007 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00406090 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2006.12.020 SN - 0040-6090 ER -