TY - JOUR A1 - Esser, Günter A1 - Reich, Stefanie A1 - Wagener, Nina A1 - Hösch, Ingrid A1 - Ihle, Wolfgang A1 - Laucht, Manfred T1 - PoKI: Potsdamer Kinder-Interview für 6- bis 12-Jährige BT - Manual Y1 - 2017 PB - Hogrefe CY - Göttingen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Plener, Paul L. A1 - Zohsel, Katrin A1 - Hohm, Erika A1 - Buchmann, Arlette F. A1 - Banaschewski, T. A1 - Zimmermann, Ulrich S. A1 - Laucht, Manfred T1 - Lower cortisol level in response to a psychosocial stressor in young females with self-harm JF - Psychoneuroendocrinology N2 - Background: Self-harm is highly prevalent in adolescence, often serving an emotion regulation function. Social stressors such as bullying are associated with self-harm. The neurobiological background of the relationship between social stressors and self-harm needs to be further understood to inform prevention and therapy. Methods: Participants were members of an epidemiological cohort study. 130 female participants underwent the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) at age 19. Of them, 21 reported a history of self-harm as assessed by the Youth Self Report. Psychiatric diagnoses were recorded. Results: Participants with a history of self-harm showed significantly lower blood cortisol levels throughout the TSST. Early psychosocial adversity did not significantly differ between groups with and without self-harm, with self-harming participants reporting more childhood adversities. Conclusion: These results add to the limited field of studies showing an altered HPA axis activity in females with self-harm. Future studies need to address the causal mechanisms behind this association. KW - Self-harm KW - Trier Social Stress Test KW - TSST KW - Cortisol KW - Nonsuicidal self-injury Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.11.009 SN - 0306-4530 VL - 76 SP - 84 EP - 87 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zohsel, Katrin A1 - Holz, Nathalie E. A1 - Hohm, Erika A1 - Schmidt, Martin H. A1 - Esser, Günter A1 - Brandeis, Daniel A1 - Banaschewski, Tobias A1 - Laucht, Manfred T1 - Fewer self-reported depressive symptoms in young adults exposed to maternal depressed mood during pregnancy JF - Journal of Affective Disorders N2 - Background: Depressed mood is prevalent during pregnancy, with accumulating evidence suggesting an impact on developmental outcome in the offspring. However, the long-term effects of prenatal maternal depression regarding internalizing psychopathology in the offspring are as yet unclear. Results: In n=85 young adults exposed to prenatal maternal depressed mood, no significantly higher risk for a diagnosis of depressive disorder was observed. However, they reported significantly lower levels of depressive symptoms. This association was especially pronounced when prenatal maternal depressed mood was present during the first trimester of pregnancy and when maternal mood was depressed pre- as well as postnatally. At an uncorrected level only, prenatal maternal depressed mood was associated with decreased amygdala volume. Limitations: Prenatal maternal depressed mood was not assessed during pregnancy, but shortly after childbirth. No diagnoses of maternal clinical depression during pregnancy were available. Conclusions: Self-reported depressive symptoms do not imply increased, but rather decreased symptom levels in young adults who were exposed to prenatal maternal depressed mood. A long-term perspective may be important when considering consequences of prenatal risk factors. Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.08.059 SN - 0165-0327 SN - 1573-2517 VL - 209 SP - 155 EP - 162 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Holz, Nathalie E. A1 - Boecker-Schlier, Regina A1 - Buchmann, Arlette F. A1 - Blomeyer, Dorothea A1 - Jennen-Steinmetz, Christine A1 - Baumeister, Sarah A1 - Plichta, Michael M. A1 - Cattrell, Anna A1 - Schumann, Gunter A1 - Esser, Günter A1 - Schmidt, Martin A1 - Buitelaar, Jan A1 - Meyer-Lindenberg, Andreas A1 - Banaschewski, Tobias A1 - Brandeis, Daniel A1 - Laucht, Manfred T1 - Ventral striatum and amygdala activity as convergence sites for early adversity and conduct disorder JF - Frontiers in human neuroscience N2 - Childhood family adversity (CFA) increases the risk for conduct disorder (CD) and has been associated with alterations in regions of affective processing like ventral striatum (VS) and amygdala. However, no study so far has demonstrated neural converging effects of CFA and CD in the same sample. At age 25 years, functional MRI data during two affective tasks, i.e. a reward (N = 171) and a face-matching paradigm (N = 181) and anatomical scans (N = 181) were acquired in right-handed currently healthy participants of an epidemiological study followed since birth. CFA during childhood was determined using a standardized parent interview. Disruptive behaviors and CD diagnoses during childhood and adolescence were obtained by diagnostic interview (2–19 years), temperamental reward dependence was assessed by questionnaire (15 and 19 years). CFA predicted increased CD and amygdala volume. Both exposure to CFA and CD were associated with a decreased VS response during reward anticipation and blunted amygdala activity during face-matching. CD mediated the effect of CFA on brain activity. Temperamental reward dependence was negatively correlated with CFA and CD and positively with VS activity. These findings underline the detrimental effects of CFA on the offspring's affective processing and support the importance of early postnatal intervention programs aiming to reduce childhood adversity factors. KW - childhood adversity KW - conduct disorder KW - amygdala KW - ventral striatum KW - fMRI Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsw120 SN - 1749-5016 SN - 1749-5024 VL - 12 IS - 2 SP - 261 EP - 272 PB - Oxford Univ. Press CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pitzer, Martina A1 - Esser, Günter A1 - Schmidt, Martin H. A1 - Hohm, Erika A1 - Banaschewski, Tobias A1 - Laucht, Manfred T1 - Child regulative temperament as a mediator of parenting in the development of depressive symptoms BT - a longitudinal study from early childhood to preadolescence JF - Journal of neural transmission N2 - Child temperament as well as parenting behaviors have been linked to adolescent depression. Beyond their main effects, the interplay between these factors is of interest. For example, in an interactive model, a differential susceptibility of temperamental variants to parenting has been suggested. However, so far, the differential susceptibility hypothesis has mostly been studied with a focus on externalizing disorders. On the other hand, parenting may shape the child’s temperament and vice versa in a transactional process. In a prospective, longitudinal at-risk sample (163 boys, 176 girls), we assessed emotional (easy–difficult) and regulative (self-control) temperament at ages 4.5, and 8 years, respectively, as well as parenting quality at age 4.5 years using the HOME inventory. Hierarchical linear regression analysis was used to investigate the prediction of depressive symptoms at age 11, measured by the Child Depression Inventory, including interaction terms between the temperament variable and parenting. We additionally tested whether parenting was mediated by child temperament. As previously reported, both self-control and parenting were longitudinally associated with preadolescent depressive symptoms. There were no interactive effects between temperament and parenting. However, the effects of parenting were partly mediated by self-control. Our data do not support a differential susceptibility of temperamental variants in the development of preadolescent depression. However, our results are in line with the assumption that parenting may shape young children’s temperament, with positive parenting in the early childhood fostering the development of regulative temperament. KW - Temperament KW - Parenting KW - Children KW - Depression KW - Parent-child-interaction Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-017-1682-2 SN - 0300-9564 SN - 1435-1463 VL - 124 SP - 631 EP - 641 PB - Springer CY - Wien ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wolf, Isabell Ann-Cathrin A1 - Gilles, Maria A1 - Peus, Verena A1 - Scharnholz, Barbara A1 - Seibert, Julia A1 - Jennen-Steinmetz, Christine A1 - Krumm, Bertram A1 - Rietschel, Marcella A1 - Deuschle, Michael A1 - Laucht, Manfred T1 - Impact of prenatal stress on mother-infant dyadic behavior during the still-face paradigm JF - Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation : the official journal of the National Education Alliance for Borderline Personality Disorder (NEA.BPD) and Dachverband Dialektisch Behaviorale Therapie (DDBT) N2 - Background: Mother-infant interaction provides important training for the infant’s ability to cope with stress and the development of resilience. Prenatal stress (PS) and its impact on the offspring’s development have long been a focus of stress research, with studies highlighting both harmful and beneficial effects. The aim of the current study was to examine the possible influence of both psychological stress and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity during pregnancy with mother-child dyadic behavior following stress exposure. Methods: The behavior of 164 mother-infant dyads during the still-face situation was filmed at six months postpartum and coded into three dyadic patterns: 1) both positive, 2) infant protesting-mother positive, and 3) infant protesting-mother negative. PS exposure was assessed prenatally according to psychological measures (i.e., psychopathological, perceived and psychosocial PS; n = 164) and HPA axis activity measures (maternal salivary cortisol, i.e., cortisol decline and area under the curve with respect to ground (AUCg); n = 134). Results: Mother-infant dyads in both the high- and low-stress groups showed decreasing positive and increasing negative dyadic behavior in the reunion episode, which is associated with the well-known “still-face” and “carry-over” effect. Furthermore, mother-infant dyads with higher psychosocial PS exhibited significantly more positive dyadic behavior than the low psychosocial PS group in the first play episode, but not in the reunion episode. Similarly, mother-infant dyads with high HPA axis activity (i.e. high AUCg) but steeper diurnal cortisol decline (i.e. cortisol decline) displayed significantly less negative behavior in the reunion episode than dyads with low HPA axis activity. No significant results were found for psychopathological stress and perceived stress. Conclusions: The results suggest a beneficial effect of higher psychosocial PS and higher prenatal maternal HPA axis activity in late gestation, which is in line with “stress inoculation” theories. KW - Prenatal stress KW - Face-to-face still-face paradigm KW - Resilience KW - Psychosocial stress KW - Cortisol Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1186/s40479-018-0078-8 SN - 2051-6673 VL - 5 PB - BioMed Central CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Witt, Stephanie H. A1 - Frank, Josef A1 - Gilles, Maria A1 - Lang, Maren A1 - Treutlein, Jens A1 - Streit, Fabian A1 - Wolf, Isabell A. C. A1 - Peus, Verena A1 - Scharnholz, Barbara A1 - Send, Tabea S. A1 - Heilmann-Heimbach, Stefanie A1 - Sivalingam, Sugirthan A1 - Dukal, Helene A1 - Strohmaier, Jana A1 - Sütterlin, Marc A1 - Arloth, Janine A1 - Laucht, Manfred A1 - Nöthen, Markus M. A1 - Deuschle, Michael A1 - Rietschel, Marcella T1 - Impact on birth weight of maternal smoking throughout pregnancy mediated by DNA methylation JF - BMC genomics N2 - Background: Cigarette smoking has severe adverse health consequences in adults and in the offspring of mothers who smoke during pregnancy. One of the most widely reported effects of smoking during pregnancy is reduced birth weight which is in turn associated with chronic disease in adulthood. Epigenome-wide association studies have revealed that smokers show a characteristic "smoking methylation pattern", and recent authors have proposed that DNA methylation mediates the impact of maternal smoking on birth weight. The aims of the present study were to replicate previous reports that methylation mediates the effect of maternal smoking on birth weight, and for the first time to investigate whether the observed mediation effects are sex-specific in order to account for known sex-specific differences in methylation levels. Methods: Methylation levels in the cord blood of 313 newborns were determined using the Illumina HumanMethylation450K Beadchip. A total of 5,527 CpG sites selected on the basis of evidence from the literature were tested. To determine whether the observed association between maternal smoking and birth weight was attributable to methylation, mediation analyses were performed for significant CpG sites. Separate analyses were then performed in males and females. Results: Following quality control, 282 newborns eventually remained in the analysis. A total of 25 mothers had smoked consistently throughout the pregnancy. The birthweigt of newborns whose mothers had smoked throughout pregnancy was reduced by >200g. After correction for multiple testing, 30 CpGs showed differential methylation in the maternal smoking subgroup including top "smoking methylation pattern" genes AHRR, MYO1G, GFI1, CYP1A1, and CNTNAP2. The effect of maternal smoking on birth weight was partly mediated by the methylation of cg25325512 (PIM1); cg25949550 (CNTNAP2); and cg08699196 (ITGB7). Sex-specific analyses revealed a mediating effect for cg25949550 (CNTNAP2) in male newborns. Conclusion: The present data replicate previous findings that methylation can mediate the effect of maternal smoking on birth weight. The analysis of sex-dependent mediation effects suggests that the sex of the newborn may have an influence. Larger studies are warranted to investigate the role of both the identified differentially methylated loci and the sex of the newborn in mediating the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and birth weight. KW - DNA methylation KW - Smoking KW - Birth weight KW - Mediation analysis Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-018-4652-7 SN - 1471-2164 VL - 19 PB - BMC CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hohm, Erika A1 - Laucht, Manfred A1 - Zohsel, Katrin A1 - Schmidt, Martin H. A1 - Esser, Günter A1 - Brandeis, Daniel A1 - Banaschewski, Tobias T1 - Resilienz und Ressourcen im Verlauf der Entwicklung T1 - Resilience and Resources During Development BT - Von der frühen Kindheit bis zum Erwachsenenalter BT - From Early Childhood to Adulthood JF - Kindheit und Entwicklung N2 - Anhand von Daten der Mannheimer Risikokinderstudie, die sich mit der langfristigen Entwicklung von Kindern mit unterschiedlichen Risikobelastungen beschäftigt, wird gezeigt, wie Schutzfaktoren aufseiten des Kindes und seines familiären Umfelds im Verlauf der Entwicklung wirksam werden und zur Entstehung von Resilienz beitragen können. Eine besondere Rolle kommt dabei positiven frühen Eltern-Kind-Beziehungen zu (sowohl Mutter- als auch Vater-Kind-Interaktionen). Daneben spielen auch Interaktionserfahrungen im Alter von zwei Jahren des Kindes eine bedeutsame Rolle; diese schützen Risikokinder davor, eine ungünstige Entwicklung zu nehmen und tragen dazu bei, dass sich Kinder, die in psychosozialen Hochrisikofamilien aufwachsen, trotz ungünstiger „Startbedingungen“ positiv entwickeln. Neben Merkmalen der sozialen Umwelt nehmen auch sprachliche, sozial-emotionale und internale Kompetenzen des Kindes im Entwicklungsverlauf eine wichtige Rolle ein. Diese Kompetenzen ermöglichen es Risikokindern auch unter widrigen Lebensumständen (psychosoziale Hochrisikofamilien, Aufwachsen in Armutsverhältnissen) erfolgreich zu bestehen. Darüber hinaus zeigt die Arbeit, dass Resilienz ein Persönlichkeitsmerkmal ist, das ab dem frühen Erwachsenenalter eine hohe Stabilität besitzt. Mit diesen Befunden verweist die Arbeit auf die große Bedeutung der Resilienz bei der Vorhersage der langfristigen Entwicklung von Risikokindern. N2 - Resilience refers to the ability to successfully deal with stressful life circumstances and experiences and to cope with them. Based on data from the Mannheim Study of Children at Risk, which follows a sample of children at risk from birth to adulthood, the present paper provides convincing evidence demonstrating how protective factors in the child and his/her family environment operate during the course of development to contribute to the development of resilience. As shown, a major role is assigned to positive early parent–child relationships (both mother– and father–child interactions). Moreover, positive interactive experiences at the child’s age of 2 years play a significant role. These experiences consistently contribute to a positive child development in the face of adversity. In addition to characteristics of the social environment of the child, cognitive, social–emotional, and internal competencies during childhood, youth, and young adulthood play a major role in the development of resilience. These competencies enable children at risk who are growing up in psychosocial high-risk families or in poverty to successfully cope with conditions of high adversity. Moreover, the findings presented here demonstrate that resilience may be conceived as a personal characteristic that exhibits high stability since young adulthood. With these findings, the present study points to the significance of resilience in predicting the long-term outcome of children at risk. KW - protective factors KW - risk factors KW - longitudinal study KW - Mannheim Study of Children at Risk KW - early parent-child relationship KW - Schutzfaktoren KW - Risikofaktoren KW - Längsschnittstudie KW - Mannheimer Risikokinderstudie KW - frühe Eltern-Kind-Beziehung Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1026/0942-5403/a000236 SN - 0942-5403 SN - 2190-6246 VL - 26 SP - 230 EP - 239 PB - Hogrefe CY - Göttingen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zohsel, Katrin A1 - Hohm, Erika A1 - Schmidt, Martin H. A1 - Brandeis, Daniel A1 - Banaschewski, Tobias A1 - Laucht, Manfred T1 - Die langfristigen Auswirkungen von Frühgeburtlichkeit auf kognitive Entwicklung und Schulerfolg T1 - Long-term consequences of preterm birth on cognitive development and academic achievement BT - Gibt es einen protektiven Effekt mütterlicher Responsivität? BT - Is there a protective effect of maternal responsiveness? JF - Kindheit und Entwicklung N2 - In einer prospektiven Längsschnittstudie wurde der Zusammenhang zwischen früher Responsivität der Mutter und kognitiver Entwicklung ihrer früh- bzw. reifgeborenen Kinder untersucht. Im Alter von drei Monaten wurde dafür die Mutter-Kind-Interaktion mittels Verhaltensbeobachtung erfasst. Bei n=351 der teilnehmenden Kinder (101 frühgeboren) wurde die allgemeine Intelligenz (IQ) im Alter von 11 Jahren und bei n=313 (85 frühgeboren) zusätzlich der höchste erreichte Schulabschluss bis 25 Jahren erhoben. Frühgeborene wiesen mit 11 Jahren einen signifikant niedrigeren IQ als Reifgeborene auf, nachdem für mögliche konfundierende Faktoren kontrolliert worden war. Nur bei Früh-, nicht aber bei Reifgeborenen zeigte sich ein signifikanter positiver Zusammenhang zwischen mütterlicher Responsivität und IQ. Für die Wahrscheinlichkeit einen höheren Schulabschluss (mind. Fachabitur) zu erreichen, fand sich weder ein signifikanter Effekt von Frühgeburtlichkeit noch von mütterlicher Responsivität. N2 - Preterm birth is associated with adverse long-term consequences regarding cognitive development. Whereas children born very preterm represent a subgroup at special risk, so-called late preterms are also affected to a lesser degree. Effects of prematurity can be observed until adulthood. For example, decreased wealth was reported in adults born preterm, which was mediated by decreased intelligence during childhood and lower educational qualifications during young adulthood. Hence, it is highly relevant to examine whether certain factors can buffer against the adverse effects of preterm birth on cognitive development. Parenting might play an important role here. There is evidence suggesting a protective effect of sensitive parenting during childhood on later cognitive outcome in preterms. In the current study, we examined whether early responsive maternal care was associated with later intelligence and academic achievement in children born preterm versus full term. As part of an ongoing cohort study, early maternal responsiveness was assessed at the child’s age of 3 months (adjusted for gestational age) during a nursing and playing situation. At age 11 years, general intelligence (IQ) was determined in n = 351 children (101 born preterm; 168 male). Until age 25 years, educational qualification was assessed in n = 313 participants (85 born preterm; 145 male). IQ at age 11 was significantly lower in preterms compared with full-term subjects after adjusting for potential confounders like maternal educational background and early psychosocial risk. A significant interaction between preterm birth and early maternal responsiveness was detected. In preterms only, higher levels of early maternal responsiveness were significantly associated with higher child IQ. Lower IQs in children born preterm as compared with those born full term were observed in the subaverage-to-average range of maternal responsiveness. Interestingly, preterms exposed to very high levels of maternal responsiveness showed slightly higher IQs when compared with children born at term. With regard to academic achievement, neither a significant effect of preterm birth nor of early maternal responsiveness occurred after adjusting for potential confounders. The results of the current study replicate and extend earlier findings with regard to a protective effect of sensitive parenting on childhood cognitive outcome in preterms. The lacking impact of prematurity on academic achievement may be explained by the exclusion of participants with IQs outside the normal range in the current study. Interventions enhancing early responsive care in parents of preterms may be advisable. More studies on long-term outcomes of such interventions on cognitive development are encouraged. KW - preterm birth KW - parental quality KW - cognitive development KW - longitudinal study KW - Mannheim Study of Children at Risk KW - Frühgeburt KW - Elternverhalten KW - kognitive Entwicklung KW - Längsschnittstudie KW - Mannheimer Risikokinderstudie Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1026/0942-5403/a000235 SN - 0942-5403 SN - 2190-6246 VL - 26 SP - 221 EP - 229 PB - Hogrefe CY - Göttingen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hohm, Erika A1 - Zohsel, Katrin A1 - Schmidt, Martin H. A1 - Esser, Günter A1 - Brandeis, Daniel A1 - Banaschewski, Tobias A1 - Laucht, Manfred T1 - Beeinträchtigter Start ins Leben T1 - Impaired Start into Life BT - Langfristige Auswirkungen der postpartalen Depression und der Einfluss des mütterlichen Interaktionsverhaltens BT - Long-Term Effects of Postpartum Depression and the Role of Maternal Interactional Behavior JF - Kindheit und Entwicklung N2 - Postpartale Depressionen sind häufige und schwerwiegende psychische Erkrankungen mit ungünstigem Einfluss auf die kindliche Entwicklung. Als Haupttransmissionsweg gilt die frühe Mutter-Kind-Interaktion. Über die langfristigen Auswirkungen auf die Kinder im Erwachsenenalter und die Rolle der Interaktion liegen kaum Ergebnisse vor. Im Rahmen der Mannheimer Risikokinderstudie wurden postpartale Depressionen bis zwei Jahre nach der Geburt erfasst. Die kindliche Entwicklung wurde fortlaufend und die Mutter-Kind-Interaktion im Alter von 3 Monaten standardisiert erhoben. 28 Kinder postpartal depressiver und 107 Kinder gesunder Mütter konnten mit 25 Jahren untersucht werden. Beeinträchtigungen der kognitiven und psychischen Entwicklung bei Kindern postpartal depressiver Mütter waren bis ins Erwachsenenalter nachweisbar. Responsives bzw. sensitives mütterliches Verhalten wirkte der negativen Entwicklung entgegen. Dies betont die Bedeutung einer hohen Qualität der Mutter-Kind-Interaktion für die Entwicklung von Risikokindern. N2 - Postpartum depression (PPD) is a common and serious mental health problem with prevalence rates ranging from 13% to 19%, and is associated with an increased risk of adverse child development. PPD is characterized by symptoms common of depression, particularly by impairments of maternity, parenting, and mother-infant interactions. Several reviews suggest an impact on attachment, cognitive, behavioral, and health-related outcome in the offspring. However, the long-term effects of PPD regarding cognitive and mental development into adulthood and the underlying mechanisms, especially the role of maternal interactional behavior, are not yet well understood. In the Mannheim Study of Children at Risk, maternal depression was assessed when the child was 3 months and 2 years old. Development from infancy to young adulthood (25 years) was assessed at regular intervals in 28 children of postnatally depressed mothers and 107 children born to mentally healthy mothers. Cognitive outcome up to age 11 was measured using standardized instruments; in adulthood, school outcome was used approximately. Psychiatric diagnosis as well as symptom scores served as psychological outcome. At age 3 months, mothers and infants were videotaped during a nursing and a playing situation. Videotapes of the 10-min session were recorded and evaluated by trained raters (kappa > .83) using the Category System for Microanalysis of Early Mother Child Interaction (Esser, Scheven, et al., 1989). The cognitive as well as social-emotional outcome of children of mothers suffering from PPD was significantly poorer than in the children of mentally healthy mothers. The adverse effects were more pronounced during childhood. The offspring of postnatally depressed mothers who interacted in a responsive manner with their infant exhibited a better prognosis in contrast to those with mothers interacting less sensitively. This effect was observed with regard to cognitive development and symptoms of externalizing behavior at age 19 years. Regarding internalizing behavior, no impact of maternal behavior was detected. These findings emphasize the importance of high-quality early mother-child interaction in the development of children at risk. Furthermore, convincing arguments are given for very early specialized treatment of impaired mother-child interactions in mothers suffering from PPD. The PPD treatment should always comprise treatment of depression as well as treatment of the disturbed mother-child interaction. KW - postpartum depression KW - development KW - longitudinal study KW - Mannheim Study of Children at Risk KW - mother-child interaction KW - Postpartale+Depression KW - Entwicklung KW - Längsschnittstudie KW - Mannheimer+Risikokinderstudie KW - Mutter-Kind-Interaktion Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1026/0942-5403/a000234 SN - 0942-5403 SN - 2190-6246 VL - 26 SP - 210 EP - 220 PB - Hogrefe CY - Göttingen ER -