TY - JOUR A1 - Mackert, Jürgen ED - Endreß, Martin ED - Rampp, Benjamin T1 - Citizenship JF - Politische Soziologie: Handbuch für Wissenschaft und Studium Y1 - 2024 SN - 978-3-8487-4836-5 PB - Nomos CY - Baden-Baden ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Mackert, Jürgen ED - Müller, Hans-Peter ED - Sigmund, Steffen T1 - Schließung, soziale T2 - Max Weber-Handbuch N2 - In Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft führt Weber das Konzept »offener« und »geschlossener« sozialer Beziehungen (s. Kap. II.4) als § 10 der Soziologischen Grundbegriffe systematisch nach der Unterscheidung von »Vergemeinschaftung « und »Vergesellschaftung« (WuG, 21 § 9) ein. Während das soziale Handeln (s. Kap. II.16) bei der ersten dieser beiden Formen sozialer Beziehungen auf affektuell oder traditional begründeter Zusammengehörigkeit von Individuen beruht, gründet es bei der zweiten auf der wert- oder zweckrationalen Orientierung ihres Handelns. Trotz dieser wichtigen, anhand seiner Handlungstypen getroffenen Unterscheidung, macht Weber dann allerdings zugleich deutlich, dass im Hinblick auf Prozesse sozialer Schließung kein Unterschied darin besteht, ob es sich um subjektiv gefühlte oder rational motivierte Zusammengehörigkeiten dreht. Vielmehr gilt jegliche soziale Beziehung nach außen hin als »offen«, »wenn und insoweit die Teilnahme an dem an ihrem Sinngehalt orientierten gegenseitigen Handeln, welches sie konstituiert, nach ihren geltenden Ordnungen niemand verwehrt wird, der dazu tatsächlich in der Lage und geneigt ist« (ebd., 23). Y1 - 2020 SN - 978-3-476-05141-7 SN - 978-3-476-05142-4 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-476-05142-4_39 SP - 156 EP - 158 PB - J.B. Metzler CY - Stuttgart ET - 2., aktualisierte und erweiterte Auflage ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mackert, Jürgen T1 - Soziale Schließung JF - Politische Soziologie : Handbuch für Wissenschaft und Studium Y1 - 2023 SN - 978-3-8487-4836-5 PB - Nomos CY - Baden-Baden ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mackert, Jürgen T1 - Social life as collective struggle BT - closure theory and the problem of solidarity JF - sozialpolitik.ch N2 - In recent years, all over the globe we have seen intensifying economic exploitation, political disenfranchisement, social marginalization and cultural repression in all kinds of political regimes, from liberal democratic to authoritarian and dictatorial. Although the strategies vary with regard to regime and context, in all of them we observe that while a growing number of social groups are speaking out and rising against them, a presumably much higher number of groups do not. In this article, I argue that all these processes can be conceived as aspects of ongoing closure struggles in social life. However, in order to understand why some social groups are able to fight against closure strategies while others are not, closure theory in its current state of elaboration is not of any help. While it operates with the term solidarization, it does not offer any explanation of how such acting in solidarity may become possible in closure struggles. The article is a mainly theoretical contribution of how to solve this problem. KW - social closure KW - struggle KW - solidarization KW - democracy Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.18753/2297-8224-174 SN - 2297-8224 IS - 1 PB - Universität CY - Freiburg ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mackert, Jürgen A1 - Hartmann, Eddie T1 - Violence JF - Oxford Bibliographies sociology Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/obo/9780199756384-0137 PB - Oxford University Press CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wolf, Hannah A1 - Mackert, Jürgen ED - Mackert, Jürgen ED - Turner, Bryan S. ED - Wolf, Hannah T1 - Introduction BT - Urban warfare – neo-liberalism’s assault on democratic life in the city JF - Urban Change and Citizenship in Times of Crisis Vol. 2. Urban Neo-liberalisation N2 - The processes of neo-liberalisation, coined as ‘actually existing neo-liberalism’ are by their very nature variegated and context-specific and can appear in multi-faceted and contradictory forms. Consequentially, sociological reflection has tried to conceptualise ongoing processes of transforming the city under the concept of urban neo-liberalism which is generally understood as the contextually specific and path-dependent realisation of neo-liberal restructuration projects, embedded in varying social, political, economic, and cultural ‘regulatory landscapes’. As much as neo-liberalism as ideology and political programme aims at erasing any democratic participation in society, its proponents have taken sides pushing ahead the re-conceptualisation of the city as a market with the right of the stronger ‘to do down the weaker’. The city has become a focal point for neo-liberalism’s war against democracy and citizens. Turning social relations into market transactions in order to restructure cities is not a new idea from the neo-liberals but one of the non-negotiable dogmas of their religion called science. Y1 - 2020 SN - 978-0-42926-228-9 SN - 978-0-429-55288-5 SN - 978-0-429-56182-5 SN - 978-0-429-55735-4 SP - 1 EP - 14 PB - Routledge CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmidt-Wellenburg, Christian A1 - Mackert, Jürgen T1 - EU-Citizenship JF - Europasoziologie : Handbuch für Wissenschaft und Studium Y1 - 2018 SN - 978-3-8487-2456-7 SN - 978-3-8452-6615-2 SP - 120 EP - 129 PB - Nomos CY - Baden-Baden ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mackert, Jürgen T1 - The secret society and the social dynamics of terrorist behavior T1 - La société secrète et les dynamiques sociales de l’action terroriste T1 - Die Geheime Gesellschaft und die sozialen Dynamiken terroristischen Handelns JF - Revue de Synthèse N2 - The article argues that individualist accounts cannot adequately explain the social dynamics of terrorist behavior as they turn analyses of terrorism into analyses of terrorists. A relational approach that concentrates on the social relations between terrorist organizations and their members would be able to do this, however. Therefore, the article presents a formal analysis that makes the “secret society” of terrorists the lynchpin of an explanation of how terrorist organizations shape the behavioral conditions of volunteers and suicide terrorists in a manner that triggers a type of behavior we might call terrorism. N2 - Les approches individualistes ne parviennent pas à produire d’explications satisfaisantes des dynamiques sociales qui sous-tendent les actes terroristes puisqu’elles ne fournissent pas d’analyses du terrorisme, mais des analyses sur les terroristes. C’est pourquoi cet article s’appuie sur l’analyse formelle de la « société secrète » telle que l’entend Simmel pour développer une explication sociologique qui éclaire la manière dont les relations sociales au sein des groupes terroristes façonne des structures d’opportunité de sorte à déclencher un acte qui peut être caractérisé de terroriste. N2 - Individualistische Ansätze können die sozialen Dynamiken terroristischen Handelns nur unzureichend erklären, da sie keine Terrorismusanalysen, sondern Analysen von Terroristen liefern. Der Aufsatz geht deshalb von Georg Simmels formaler Analyse der „Geheimen Gesellschaft“ aus und entwickelt auf dieser Grundlage eine soziologische Erklärung dafür, wie die sozialen Beziehungen innerhalb solcher Gruppierungen die Opportunitätsstrukturen ihrer Mitglieder so strukturieren, dass ein Handeln entsteht, das wir als terroristisch bezeichnen können. Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11873-014-0261-z SN - 1955-2343 SN - 0035-1776 VL - 135 SP - 331 EP - 359 PB - Brill CY - Leiden ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mackert, Jürgen T1 - Reorganiszation and Stabilization BT - social mechanisms in ́Emile Durkheim’s professional ethics and civicMorals: a contribution to the explanation of social processes JF - Journal of classical sociology N2 - The consequences of economic globalization have created a new interest in ́EmileDurkheim’s conception of an institutional and moral reorganization of modernsociety that he developed in Professional Ethics and Civic Morals. Contrary toexisting attempts to explain these political processes towards democratization, thisarticle argues for a causal analysis of social change and concentrates on the socialmechanisms that trigger the reorganization process of modern society. Two thesesare entertained. The first thesis argues that the programme of an institutional andmoral reorganization of modern society can be reanalysed as a causal process ofdemocratization. This process takes two steps. While social mechanisms of reorgan-izationbring about the institutional and moral reorganization of modern society,social mechanisms of stabilizationguarantee the functioning of the emergingdemocratic system. Further, the second thesis argues that this kind of explanationcan be applied to Durkheim’s vision of a European confederation. The analysisreveals that his idea of a ‘post-national’ constellation refers to crucial problems ofthe recent debate regarding a democratic deficit in the European Union, and itshows that Durkheim’s contribution to both political sociology and historical-comparative research has been misconceived and prematurely repudiated. Y1 - 2004 UR - https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/epdf/10.1177/1468795X04046970 SN - 1468-795X SN - 1741-2897 VL - 4 IS - 3 SP - 311 EP - 336 PB - Sage Publ. CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mackert, Jürgen T1 - Social Closure JF - Oxford Bibliographies N2 - “Social closure” is one of the most basic terms and concepts in sociology. Basically, closure refers to processes of drawing boundaries, constructing identities, and building communities in order to monopolize scarce resources for one’s own group, thereby excluding others from using them. Society is not a homogenous entity but is instead internally structured and subdivided by processes of social closure. Some social formations, such as groups, organizations, or institutions, may be open to everybody, provided they are capable of participation, while access to most others is limited due to certain criteria that either allow people to become members or exclude them from membership. Therefore, social closure is a ubiquitous, everyday phenomenon that can be observed in almost every sphere and place in the social world. Members of societies experience closure from the very beginning of their social life. To be excluded from certain groups starts at school, where presumably homogenous classes begin to subdivide into distinct peer groups or sports teams. Here, exclusion may be rather arbitrary, but the experience of having a door slammed in one’s face proceeds in cases, where inclusion depends on formal rules or preconditions. Access to private schools follows explicit rules and depends on financial capacities; access to university depends on a certificate or diploma, eventually from certain schools only; membership in a highly prestigious club depends on economic and social capital and the respective social networks; and finally, in the case of migration, people will have to be eligible for citizenship and pass the thorny path of naturalization. However, it is not just the enormous plurality of forms that makes social closure crucial for sociology. Rather, the process of closure of social relations—of groups, organizations, institutions, and even national societies—is the fundamental process of both “communal” (Vergemeinschaftung) and “associative” relationships (Vergesellschaftung), and neither would be possible without social closure. In this broad and fundamental sense, social closure is not restricted to processes in national societies. It even allows for understanding crucial processes of the way the social world is organized at the regional or global level. Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/obo/9780199756384-0084 PB - Oxford University CY - Oxford ER -