TY - JOUR A1 - Meyners, Christian A1 - Mertens, Monique A1 - Wessig, Pablo A1 - Meyer-Almes, Franz-Josef T1 - A Fluorescence-Lifetime-Based Binding Assay for Class IIa Histone Deacetylases JF - Chemistry - a European journal N2 - Class IIa histone deacetylases (HDACs) show extremely low enzymatic activity and no commonly accepted endogenous substrate is known today. Increasing evidence suggests that these enzymes exert their effect rather through molecular recognition of acetylated proteins and recruiting other proteins like HDAC3 to the desired target location. Accordingly, class IIa HDACs like bromodomains have been suggested to act as “Readers” of acetyl marks, whereas enzymatically active HDACs of class I or IIb are called “Erasers” to highlight their capability to remove acetyl groups from acetylated histones or other proteins. Small-molecule ligands of class IIa histone deacetylases (HDACs) have gained tremendous attention during the last decade and have been suggested as pharmaceutical targets in several indication areas such as cancer, Huntington's disease and muscular atrophy. Up to now, only enzyme activity assays with artificial chemically activated trifluoroacetylated substrates are in use for the identification and characterization of new active compounds against class IIa HDACs. Here, we describe the first binding assay for this class of HDAC enzymes that involves a simple mix-and-measure procedure and an extraordinarily robust fluorescence lifetime readout based on [1,3]dioxolo[4,5-f]benzodioxole-based ligand probes. The principle of the assay is generic and can also be transferred to class I HDAC8. KW - drug discovery KW - enzymes KW - fluorescent probes KW - high-throughput screening KW - hydrolases Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201605140 SN - 0947-6539 SN - 1521-3765 VL - 23 IS - 13 SP - 3107 EP - 3116 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yarman, Aysu A1 - Scheller, Frieder W. T1 - Coupling biocatalysis with molecular imprinting in a biomimetic sensor JF - Angewandte Chemie : a journal of the Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker ; International edition KW - biomimetic sensors KW - electropolymers KW - enzymes KW - hierarchical structures KW - molecularly imprinted polymers Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201305368 SN - 1433-7851 SN - 1521-3773 VL - 52 IS - 44 SP - 11521 EP - 11525 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim ER - TY - THES A1 - Riedel, Marc T1 - Photonic wiring of enzymatic reactions to photoactive entities for the construction of biohybrid electrodes T1 - Photonische Kontaktierung von enzymatischen Reaktionen mit photoaktiven Entitäten für den Aufbau von biohybriden Elektroden N2 - In this work, different strategies for the construction of biohybrid photoelectrodes are investigated and have been evaluated according to their intrinsic catalytic activity for the oxidation of the cofactor NADH or for the connection with the enzymes PQQ glucose dehydrogenase (PQQ-GDH), FAD-dependent glucose dehydrogenase (FAD-GDH) and fructose dehydrogenase (FDH). The light-controlled oxidation of NADH has been analyzed with InGaN/GaN nanowire-modified electrodes. Upon illumination with visible light the InGaN/GaN nanowires generate an anodic photocurrent, which increases in a concentration-dependent manner in the presence of NADH, thus allowing determination of the cofactor. Furthermore, different approaches for the connection of enzymes to quantum dot (QD)-modified electrodes via small redox molecules or redox polymers have been analyzed and discussed. First, interaction studies with diffusible redox mediators such as hexacyanoferrate(II) and ferrocenecarboxylic acid have been performed with CdSe/ZnS QD-modified gold electrodes to build up photoelectrochemical signal chains between QDs and the enzymes FDH and PQQ-GDH. In the presence of substrate and under illumination of the electrode, electrons are transferred from the enzyme via the redox mediators to the QDs. The resulting photocurrent is dependent on the substrate concentration and allows a quantification of the fructose and glucose content in solution. A first attempt with immobilized redox mediator, i.e. ferrocenecarboxylic acid chemically coupled to PQQ-GDH and attached to QD-modified gold electrodes, reveal the potential to build up photoelectrochemical signal chains even without diffusible redox mediators in solution. However, this approach results in a significant deteriorated photocurrent response compared to the situation with diffusing mediators. In order to improve the photoelectrochemical performance of such redox mediator-based, light-switchable signal chains, an osmium complex-containing redox polymer has been evaluated as electron relay for the electronic linkage between QDs and enzymes. The redox polymer allows the stable immobilization of the enzyme and the efficient wiring with the QD-modified electrode. In addition, a 3D inverse opal TiO2 (IO-TiO2) electrode has been used for the integration of PbS QDs, redox polymer and FAD-GDH in order to increase the electrode surface. This results in a significantly improved photocurrent response, a quite low onset potential for the substrate oxidation and a broader glucose detection range as compared to the approach with ferrocenecarboxylic acid and PQQ-GDH immobilized on CdSe/ZnS QD-modified gold electrodes. Furthermore, IO-TiO2 electrodes are used to integrate sulfonated polyanilines (PMSA1) and PQQ-GDH, and to investigate the direct interaction between the polymer and the enzyme for the light-switchable detection of glucose. While PMSA1 provides visible light excitation and ensures the efficient connection between the IO-TiO2 electrode and the biocatalytic entity, PQQ-GDH enables the oxidation of glucose. Here, the IO-TiO2 electrodes with pores of approximately 650 nm provide a suitable interface and morphology, which is required for a stable and functional assembly of the polymer and enzyme. The successful integration of the polymer and the enzyme can be confirmed by the formation of a glucose-dependent anodic photocurrent. In conclusion, this work provides insights into the design of photoelectrodes and presents different strategies for the efficient coupling of redox enzymes to photoactive entities, which allows for light-directed sensing and provides the basis for the generation of power from sun light and energy-rich compounds. N2 - In dieser Arbeit werden verschiedene Strategien für den Aufbau biohybrider Photoelektroden untersucht und hinsichtlich ihrer intrinsischen katalytischen Aktivität für die Oxidation des Kofaktors NADH oder für die Kontaktierung mit den Enzymen PQQ Glukosedehydrogenase (PQQ-GDH), FAD-abhängige Glukosedehydrogenase (FAD-GDH) und Fruktosedehydrogenase (FDH) evaluiert. Der Licht-gesteuerten Nachweis von NADH wurde mittels InGaN/GaN Nanodraht-modifizierten Elektroden untersucht. Bei Beleuchtung mit sichtbarem Licht generieren die InGaN/GaN Nanodrähte einen anodischen Photostrom, welcher in der Anwesenheit von NADH konzentrationsabhängig ansteigt und somit eine Bestimmung des Kofaktors erlaubt. Des Weiteren werden verschiedene Ansätze für die Kontaktierung von Enzymen mit Quantum Dot (QD)-modifizierten Elektroden unter Verwendung von kleinen Redoxmolekülen oder Redoxpolymeren analysiert und diskutiert. Zunächst wurden Interaktionsstudien mit den Redoxmediatoren Kaliumhexacyanoferrat(II) und Ferrocencarbonsäure in Lösung an CdSe/ZnS QD-modifizierten Goldelektroden durchgeführt um darauf aufbauend photoelektrochemische Signalketten zwischen QDs und den Enzymen FDH und PQQ-GDH aufzubauen und für den Nachweis von Fruktose und Glukose zu nutzen. In Anwesenheit von Substrat und unter Beleuchtung der Elektrode werden Elektronen von dem Enzym über die Redoxmediatoren zu den QDs übertragen. Der daraus resultierende Photostrom ist abhängig von der Substratkonzentration und erlaubt eine Bestimmung des Fruktose- und Glukosegehalts in Lösung. Ein erster Ansatz mit immobilisierten Redoxmediatoren, d.h. Ferrocencarbonsäure kovalent an PQQ-GDH gebunden und auf QD-modifizierten Goldelektroden immobilisiert, zeigt das Potential photoelektrochemische Signalketten auch ohne Redoxmediatoren in Lösung aufzubauen. Jedoch resultierte dieser Ansatz in einer deutlichen Verschlechterung der Photostromantwort im Vergleich zum Ansatz mit Mediatoren in Lösung. Um die photoelektrochemische Leistungsfähigkeit Redoxmediator-basierter, Licht-schaltbarer Signalketten zu verbessern, wurde ein Osmiumkomplex-Redoxpolymer für die elektronische Kontaktierung zwischen QDs und Enzymen untersucht. Das Redoxpolymer erlaubt eine stabile Immobilisierung des Enzymes und eine effiziente Kontaktierung mit der QD-modifizierten Elektrode. Zusätzlich wurde eine 3D „inverse opale“ TiO2 (IO-TiO2) Elektrode für die Integration der PbS QDs, des Redoxpolymers und der FAD-GDH verwendet um die Elektrodenoberfläche zu vergrößern. Dies führt zu einer deutlich verbesserten Leistungsfähigkeit hinsichtlich der Photostromantwort, des Startpotentials für die Substratoxidation und des Nachweisbereiches für Glukose im Vergleich zu dem Ansatz mit Ferrocencarbonsäure und PQQ-GDH immobilisiert auf CdSe/ZnS QD-modifizierten Goldelektroden. Des Weiteren wurden IO-TiO2 Elektroden verwendet um sulfonierte Polyaniline (PMSA1) und PQQ-GDH zu integrieren und die direkte Interaktion zwischen dem Polymer und dem Enzym für den Licht-schaltbaren Nachweis von Glukose zu untersuchen. Während PMSA1 eine Anregung mit sichtbaren Licht ermöglicht und die effiziente Verbindung zwischen der IO-TiO2-Elektrode und der biokatalytischen Einheit sicherstellt, ermöglicht die PQQ-GDH die Oxidation von Glukose. Hierbei bieten die IO-TiO2-Elektroden mit Poren von ca. 650 nm eine geeignete Schnittstelle und Morphologie, welche für eine stabile und funktionelle Assemblierung des Polymers und Enzyms benötigt wird. Die erfolgreiche Integration des Polymers und des Enzyms kann durch die Ausbildung eines Glukose-abhängigen anodischen Photostroms bestätigt werden. Zusammenfassend gibt diese Arbeit Einblicke in den Aufbau von Photoelektroden und präsentiert verschiedene, effiziente Kopplungsstrategien zwischen Redoxenzymen und photoaktiven Komponenten, welche einen Licht-gesteuerten Nachweis von Analyten ermöglichen und die Grundlage für die Energieerzeugung aus Licht und energiereichen Verbindungen bilden. KW - biocatalysis KW - photocatalysis KW - quantum dots KW - photoelectrochemical sensor KW - enzymes KW - Biokatalyse KW - Photokatalyse KW - Quantum Dots KW - Photoelektrchemischer Sensor KW - Enzyme Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-417280 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dai, Xiaolin A1 - Mate, Diana M. A1 - Glebe, Ulrich A1 - Garakani, Tayebeh Mirzaei A1 - Körner, Andrea A1 - Schwaneberg, Ulrich A1 - Böker, Alexander T1 - Sortase-mediated ligation of purely artificial building blocks JF - Polymers N2 - Sortase A (SrtA) from Staphylococcus aureus has been often used for ligating a protein with other natural or synthetic compounds in recent years. Here we show that SrtA-mediated ligation (SML) is universally applicable for the linkage of two purely artificial building blocks. Silica nanoparticles (NPs), poly(ethylene glycol) and poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) are chosen as synthetic building blocks. As a proof of concept, NP-polymer, NP-NP, and polymer-polymer structures are formed by SrtA catalysis. Therefore, the building blocks are equipped with the recognition sequence needed for SrtA reaction-the conserved peptide LPETG-and a pentaglycine motif. The successful formation of the reaction products is shown by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-ToF MS), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The sortase catalyzed linkage of artificial building blocks sets the stage for the development of a new approach to link synthetic structures in cases where their synthesis by established chemical methods is complicated. KW - sortase-mediated ligation KW - enzymes KW - block copolymers KW - nanoparticles Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10020151 SN - 2073-4360 VL - 10 IS - 2 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hahn, Aaron A1 - Engelhard, Christopher A1 - Reschke, Stefan A1 - Teutloff, Christian A1 - Bittl, Robert A1 - Leimkühler, Silke A1 - Risse, Thomas T1 - Structural Insights into the Incorporation of the Mo Cofactor into Sulfite Oxidase from Site-Directed Spin Labeling JF - Angewandte Chemie : a journal of the Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker ; International edition N2 - Mononuclear molybdoenzymes catalyze a broad range of redox reactions and are highly conserved in all kingdoms of life. This study addresses the question of how the Mo cofactor (Moco) is incorporated into the apo form of human sulfite oxidase (hSO) by using site-directed spin labeling to determine intramolecular distances in the nanometer range. Comparative measurements of the holo and apo forms of hSO enabled the localization of the corresponding structural changes, which are localized to a short loop (residues 263-273) of the Moco-containing domain. A flap-like movement of the loop provides access to the Moco binding-pocket in the apo form of the protein and explains the earlier studies on the in vitro reconstitution of apo-hSO with Moco. Remarkably, the loop motif can be found in a variety of structurally similar molybdoenzymes among various organisms, thus suggesting a common mechanism of Moco incorporation. KW - biocatalysis KW - cofactors KW - enzymes KW - EPR spectroscopy KW - protein structures Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201504772 SN - 1433-7851 SN - 1521-3773 VL - 54 IS - 40 SP - 11865 EP - 11869 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Senf, Deborah A1 - Ruprecht, Colin A1 - Kishani, Saina A1 - Matic, Aleksandar A1 - Toriz, Guillermo A1 - Gatenholm, Paul A1 - Wagberg, Lars A1 - Pfrengle, Fabian T1 - Tailormade polysaccharides with defined branching patterns BT - Enzymatic polymerization of arabinoxylan oligosaccharides JF - Angewandte Chemie : a journal of the Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker ; International edition N2 - The heterogeneous nature of non-cellulosic polysaccharides, such as arabinoxylan, makes it difficult to correlate molecular structure with macroscopic properties. To study the impact of specific structural features of the polysaccharides on crystallinity or affinity to other cell wall components, collections of polysaccharides with defined repeating units are required. Herein, a chemoenzymatic approach to artificial arabinoxylan polysaccharides with systematically altered branching patterns is described. The polysaccharides were obtained by glycosynthase-catalyzed polymerization of glycosyl fluorides derived from arabinoxylan oligosaccharides. X-ray diffraction and adsorption experiments on cellulosic surfaces revealed that the physicochemical properties of the synthetic polysaccharides strongly depend on the specific nature of their substitution patterns. The artificial polysaccharides allow structure-property relationship studies that are not accessible by other means. KW - carbohydrates KW - enzymes KW - glycosynthases KW - structure elucidation KW - synthetic methods Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201806871 SN - 1433-7851 SN - 1521-3773 VL - 57 IS - 37 SP - 11987 EP - 11992 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim ER -