TY  - JOUR
A1  - Wiemers, Michael
A1  - Bekkering, Harold
A1  - Lindemann, Oliver
T1  - Spatial interferences in mental arithmetic: Evidence from the motion-arithmetic compatibility effect
JF  - The quarterly journal of experimental psychology
N2  - Recent research on spatial number representations suggests that the number space is not necessarily horizontally organized and might also be affected by acquired associations between magnitude and sensory experiences in vertical space. Evidence for this claim is, however, controversial. The present study now aims to compare vertical and horizontal spatial associations in mental arithmetic. In Experiment 1, participants solved addition and subtraction problems and indicated the result verbally while moving their outstretched right arm continuously left-, right-, up-, or downwards. The analysis of the problem-solving performances revealed a motion-arithmetic compatibility effect for spatial actions along both the horizontal and the vertical axes. Performances in additions was impaired while making downward compared to upward movements as well as when moving left compared to right and vice versa in subtractions. In Experiment 2, instead of being instructed to perform active body movements, participants calculated while the problems moved in one of the four relative directions on the screen. For visual motions, only the motion-arithmetic compatibility effect for the vertical dimension could be replicated. Taken together, our findings provide first evidence for an impact of spatial processing on mental arithmetic. Moreover, the stronger effect of the vertical dimension supports the idea that mental calculations operate on representations of numerical magnitude that are grounded in a vertically organized mental number space.
KW  - Mental arithmetic
KW  - Numerical cognition
KW  - Spatial-numerical associations
KW  - Embodied cognition
Y1  - 2014
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2014.889180
SN  - 1747-0218
SN  - 1747-0226
VL  - 67
IS  - 8
SP  - 1557
EP  - 1570
PB  - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group
CY  - Abingdon
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Hartmann, Matthias
A1  - Martarelli, Corinna S.
A1  - Mast, Fred W.
A1  - Stocker, Kurt
T1  - Eye movements during mental time travel follow a diagonal line
JF  - Consciousness and cognition
N2  - Recent research showed that past events are associated with the back and left side, whereas future events are associated with the front and right side of space. These spatial-temporal associations have an impact on our sensorimotor system: thinking about one's past and future leads to subtle body sways in the sagittal dimension of space (Miles, Nind, & Macrae, 2010). In this study we investigated whether mental time travel leads to sensorimotor correlates in the horizontal dimension of space. Participants were asked to mentally displace themselves into the past or future while measuring their spontaneous eye movements on a blank screen. Eye gaze was directed more rightward and upward when thinking about the future than when thinking about the past. Our results provide further insight into the spatial nature of temporal thoughts, and show that not only body, but also eye movements follow a (diagonal) "time line" during mental time travel. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
KW  - Mental time travel
KW  - Eye movements
KW  - Mental time line
KW  - Spatial-temporal association
KW  - Future
KW  - Past
KW  - Embodied cognition
KW  - Metaphors
KW  - Mental number line
Y1  - 2014
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2014.09.007
SN  - 1053-8100
SN  - 1090-2376
VL  - 30
SP  - 201
EP  - 209
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - San Diego
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Fischer, Martin H.
A1  - Shaki, Samuel
T1  - Spatial associations in numerical cognition-From single digits to arithmetic
JF  - The quarterly journal of experimental psychology
N2  - The literature on spatial associations during number processing is dominated by the SNARC (spatial-numerical association of response codes) effect. We describe spatial biases found for single digits and pairs of numbers, first in the "original" speeded parity task and then extending the scope to encompass different tasks, a range of measures, and various populations. Then we review theoretical accounts before surveying the emerging evidence for similar spatial associations during mental arithmetic. We conclude that the mental number line hypothesis and an embodied approach are useful frameworks for further studies.
KW  - Embodied cognition
KW  - Mental arithmetic
KW  - Numerical cognition
KW  - Operational momentum
KW  - Spatial-numerical association of response codes
KW  - SNARC
Y1  - 2014
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2014.927515
SN  - 1747-0218
SN  - 1747-0226
VL  - 67
IS  - 8
SP  - 1461
EP  - 1483
PB  - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group
CY  - Abingdon
ER  -