TY  - JOUR
A1  - Behzadnia, Ali
A1  - Rad, Mehdi Mehrani
T1  - Young children’s activity involvement and responses to yes/no questions
JF  - Journal of psycholinguistic research
N2  - In the present study, we investigated younger and older Persian preschoolers' response tendency and accuracy toward yes/no questions about a coloring activity. Overall, 107 three- to four-year-olds and five- to six-year-old children were asked positive and negative yes/no questions about a picture coloring activity. The questions focused on three question contents namely, actions, environment and person. As for children's response tendency, they showed a compliance tendency. That is, they provided yes and no responses to positively and negatively formed questions respectively. Children especially younger ones were more compliant toward positive questions and their tendency decreased by age. In addition, the results revealed children's highest rate of compliance tendency toward environment inquiries. Concerning response accuracy, the effects of age and question content were significant. Specifically, older children provided more accurate responses than their younger counterparts, especially to yes/no questions asked about the actions performed during the activity. The findings suggest that depending on the format and the content of yes/no questions younger and older children's response accuracy and tendency differ.
KW  - compliance tendency
KW  - response accuracy
KW  - suggestibility
KW  - yes
KW  - no
KW  - questions
KW  - young children
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10936-019-09685-4
SN  - 0090-6905
SN  - 1573-6555
VL  - 49
IS  - 3
SP  - 401
EP  - 414
PB  - Springer
CY  - New York
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Vogel, Ralf
T1  - Yet another Theta-System
Y1  - 2002
SN  - 0301-4428
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Nicenboim, Bruno
A1  - Vasishth, Shravan
A1  - Gattei, Carolina
A1  - Sigman, Mariano
A1  - Kliegl, Reinhold
T1  - Working memory differences in long-distance dependency resolution
JF  - Frontiers in psychology
N2  - There is a wealth of evidence showing that increasing the distance between an argument and its head leads to more processing effort, namely, locality effects: these are usually associated with constraints in working memory (DLT: Gibson, 2000: activation-based model: Lewis and Vasishth, 2005). In SOV languages, however, the opposite effect has been found: antilocality (see discussion in Levy et al., 2013). Antilocality effects can be explained by the expectation based approach as proposed by Levy (2008) or by the activation-based model of sentence processing as proposed by Lewis and Vasishth (2005). We report an eye-tracking and a self-paced reading study with sentences in Spanish together with measures of individual differences to examine the distinction between expectation- and memory based accounts, and within memory-based accounts the further distinction between DLT and the activation-based model. The experiments show that (i) antilocality effects as predicted by the expectation account appear only for high-capacity readers; (ii) increasing dependency length by interposing material that modifies the head of the dependency (the verb) produces stronger facilitation than increasing dependency length with material that does not modify the head; this is in agreement with the activation-based model but not with the expectation account; and (iii) a possible outcome of memory load on low-capacity readers is the increase in regressive saccades (locality effects as predicted by memory-based accounts) or, surprisingly, a speedup in the self-paced reading task; the latter consistent with good-enough parsing (Ferreira et al., 2002). In sum, the study suggests that individual differences in working memory capacity play a role in dependency resolution, and that some of the aspects of dependency resolution can be best explained with the activation-based model together with a prediction component.
KW  - locality
KW  - antilocality
KW  - working memory capacity
KW  - individual differences
KW  - Spanish
KW  - activation
KW  - DLT
KW  - expectation
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00312
SN  - 1664-1078
VL  - 6
PB  - Frontiers Research Foundation
CY  - Lausanne
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Nicenboim, Bruno
A1  - Vasishth, Shravan
A1  - Gattei, Carolina
A1  - Sigman, Mariano
A1  - Kliegl, Reinhold
T1  - Working memory differences in long-distance dependency resolution
JF  - Frontiers in psychology
N2  - There is a wealth of evidence showing that increasing the distance between an argument and its head leads to more processing effort, namely, locality effects; these are usually associated with constraints in working memory (DLT: Gibson, 2000; activation-based model: Lewis and Vasishth, 2005). In SOV languages, however, the opposite effect has been found: antilocality (see discussion in Levy et al., 2013). Antilocality effects can be explained by the expectation-based approach as proposed by Levy (2008) or by the activation-based model of sentence processing as proposed by Lewis and Vasishth (2005). We report an eye-tracking and a self-paced reading study with sentences in Spanish together with measures of individual differences to examine the distinction between expectation- and memory-based accounts, and within memory-based accounts the further distinction between DLT and the activation-based model. The experiments show that (i) antilocality effects as predicted by the expectation account appear only for high-capacity readers; (ii) increasing dependency length by interposing material that modifies the head of the dependency (the verb) produces stronger facilitation than increasing dependency length with material that does not modify the head; this is in agreement with the activation-based model but not with the expectation account; and (iii) a possible outcome of memory load on low-capacity readers is the increase in regressive saccades (locality effects as predicted by memory-based accounts) or, surprisingly, a speedup in the self-paced reading task; the latter consistent with good-enough parsing (Ferreira et al., 2002). In sum, the study suggests that individual differences in working memory capacity play a role in dependency resolution, and that some of the aspects of dependency resolution can be best explained with the activation-based model together with a prediction component.
KW  - locality
KW  - antilocality
KW  - working memory capacity
KW  - individual differences
KW  - Spanish
KW  - activation
KW  - DLT
KW  - expectation
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00312
SN  - 1664-1078
VL  - 6
IS  - 312
PB  - Frontiers Research Foundation
CY  - Lausanne
ER  - 
TY  - GEN
A1  - Nicenboim, Bruno
A1  - Vasishth, Shravan
A1  - Gattei, Carolina
A1  - Sigman, Mariano
A1  - Kliegl, Reinhold
T1  - Working memory differences in long-distance dependency resolution
N2  - There is a wealth of evidence showing that increasing the distance between an argument and its head leads to more processing effort, namely, locality effects; these are usually associated with constraints in working memory (DLT: Gibson, 2000; activation-based model: Lewis and Vasishth, 2005). In SOV languages, however, the opposite effect has been found: antilocality (see discussion in Levy et al., 2013). Antilocality effects can be explained by the expectation-based approach as proposed by Levy (2008) or by the activation-based model of sentence processing as proposed by Lewis and Vasishth (2005). We report an eye-tracking and a self-paced reading study with sentences in Spanish together with measures of individual differences to examine the distinction between expectation- and memory-based accounts, and within memory-based accounts the further distinction between DLT and the activation-based model. The experiments show that (i) antilocality effects as predicted by the expectation account appear only for high-capacity readers; (ii) increasing dependency length by interposing material that modifies the head of the dependency (the verb) produces stronger facilitation than increasing dependency length with material that does not modify the head; this is in agreement with the activation-based model but not with the expectation account; and (iii) a possible outcome of memory load on low-capacity readers is the increase in regressive saccades (locality effects as predicted by memory-based accounts) or, surprisingly, a speedup in the self-paced reading task; the latter consistent with good-enough parsing (Ferreira et al., 2002). In sum, the study suggests that individual differences in working memory capacity play a role in dependency resolution, and that some of the aspects of dependency resolution can be best explained with the activation-based model together with a prediction component.
T3  - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 273 
KW  - locality
KW  - antilocality
KW  - working memory capacity
KW  - individual differences
KW  - Spanish
KW  - activation
KW  - DLT
KW  - expectation
Y1  - 2015
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-75694
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Schad, Daniel
A1  - Nicenboim, Bruno
A1  - Bürkner, Paul-Christian
A1  - Betancourt, Michael
A1  - Vasishth, Shravan
T1  - Workflow techniques for the robust use of bayes factors
JF  - Psychological methods
N2  - Inferences about hypotheses are ubiquitous in the cognitive sciences. Bayes factors provide one general way to compare different hypotheses by their compatibility with the observed data. Those quantifications can then also be used to choose between hypotheses. While Bayes factors provide an immediate approach to hypothesis testing, they are highly sensitive to details of the data/model assumptions and it's unclear whether the details of the computational implementation (such as bridge sampling) are unbiased for complex analyses. Hem, we study how Bayes factors misbehave under different conditions. This includes a study of errors in the estimation of Bayes factors; the first-ever use of simulation-based calibration to test the accuracy and bias of Bayes factor estimates using bridge sampling; a study of the stability of Bayes factors against different MCMC draws and sampling variation in the data; and a look at the variability of decisions based on Bayes factors using a utility function. We outline a Bayes factor workflow that researchers can use to study whether Bayes factors are robust for their individual analysis. Reproducible code is available from haps://osf.io/y354c/. <br /> Translational Abstract <br /> In psychology and related areas, scientific hypotheses are commonly tested by asking questions like "is [some] effect present or absent." Such hypothesis testing is most often carried out using frequentist null hypothesis significance testing (NIIST). The NHST procedure is very simple: It usually returns a p-value, which is then used to make binary decisions like "the effect is present/abscnt." For example, it is common to see studies in the media that draw simplistic conclusions like "coffee causes cancer," or "coffee reduces the chances of geuing cancer." However, a powerful and more nuanced alternative approach exists: Bayes factors. Bayes factors have many advantages over NHST. However, for the complex statistical models that arc commonly used for data analysis today, computing Bayes factors is not at all a simple matter. In this article, we discuss the main complexities associated with computing Bayes factors. This is the first article to provide a detailed workflow for understanding and computing Bayes factors in complex statistical models. The article provides a statistically more nuanced way to think about hypothesis testing than the overly simplistic tendency to declare effects as being "present" or "absent".
KW  - Bayes factors
KW  - Bayesian model comparison
KW  - prior
KW  - posterior
KW  - simulation-based calibration
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000472
SN  - 1082-989X
SN  - 1939-1463
VL  - 28
IS  - 6
SP  - 1404
EP  - 1426
PB  - American Psychological Association
CY  - Washington
ER  - 
TY  - GEN
A1  - Miklashevsky, Alex A.
T1  - Words as social tools
BT  - the old and the new. Bridging cognition and communication Comment on "Words as social tools: Language, sociality and inner grounding in abstract concepts" by Anna M. Borghi et al.
T2  - Physics of life reviews
Y1  - 2019
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plrev.2019.04.002
SN  - 1571-0645
SN  - 1873-1457
VL  - 29
SP  - 164
EP  - 165
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Amsterdam
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Marimon Tarter, Mireia
T1  - Word segmentation in German-learning infants and German-speaking adults
T1  - Wortsegmentierung bei deutschsprachigen Kindern und Erwachsenen
BT  - prosodic and statistical cues
BT  - prosodische und statitistische Hinweisreize
N2  - There is evidence that infants start extracting words from fluent speech around 7.5 months of age (e.g., Jusczyk & Aslin, 1995) and that they use at least two mechanisms to segment words forms from fluent speech: prosodic information (e.g., Jusczyk, Cutler & Redanz, 1993) and statistical information (e.g., Saffran, Aslin & Newport, 1996). However, how these two mechanisms interact and whether they change during development is still not fully understood. 
The main aim of the present work is to understand in what way different cues to word segmentation are exploited by infants when learning the language in their environment, as well as to explore whether this ability is related to later language skills. In Chapter 3 we pursued to determine the reliability of the method used in most of the experiments in the present thesis (the Headturn Preference Procedure), as well as to examine correlations and individual differences between infants’ performance and later language outcomes. In Chapter 4 we investigated how German-speaking adults weigh statistical and prosodic information for word segmentation. We familiarized adults with an auditory string in which statistical and prosodic information indicated different word boundaries and obtained both behavioral and pupillometry responses. Then, we conducted further experiments to understand in what way different cues to word segmentation are exploited by 9-month-old German-learning infants (Chapter 5) and by 6-month-old German-learning infants (Chapter 6). In addition, we conducted follow-up questionnaires with the infants and obtained language outcomes at later stages of development. 
Our findings from this thesis revealed that (1) German-speaking adults show a strong weight of prosodic cues, at least for the materials used in this study and that (2) German-learning infants weight these two kind of cues differently depending on age and/or language experience. We observed that, unlike English-learning infants, 6-month-old infants relied more strongly on prosodic cues. Nine-month-olds do not show any preference for either of the cues in the word segmentation task. From the present results it remains unclear whether the ability to use prosodic cues to word segmentation relates to later language vocabulary. We speculate that prosody provides infants with their first window into the specific acoustic regularities in the signal, which enables them to master the specific stress pattern of German rapidly. Our findings are a step forwards in the understanding of an early impact of the native prosody compared to statistical learning in early word segmentation.
N2  - Es gibt Beweise, dass Babys im Alter um 7.5 Monate anfangen, Wörter aus flüssiger Sprache zu extrahieren (z.B., Jusczyk & Aslin, 1995), dabei werden mindestens zwei Mechanismen angewandt, um  Wörter aus dem Sprachfluss zu segmentieren: prosodische Information (z.B. Jusczyk, Cutler & Redanz, 1993) und statistische Information (z.B., Saffran, Aslin & Newport, 1996). Aber wie diese zwei Mechanismen zusammenwirken und ob sie sich während der Entwicklung verändern, wurde noch nicht vollständig geklärt. 
Das Hauptziel dieser Dissertation ist es zu verstehen, inwiefern sich Kleinkinder die verschiedenen Hinweisreize für die Segmentierung von Wörtern erschließen, wenn sie die Sprache ihres Umfelds lernen, sowie ob diese Fähigkeit in Verbindung mit späteren Sprachfähigkeiten steht. In Kapitel 3 wurde die Zuverlässigkeit der in dieser Dissertation benutzten Methode (the Headturn Preference Procedure) eruiert, sowie die Korrelationen und individuellen Differenzen zwischen den Ergebnissen einzelner Babys und späteren Sprachfähigkeiten untersucht. Im Kapitel 4 wurde untersucht, wie deutschsprachige Erwachsene auf statistische und prosodische Informationen für Wortsegmentierung reagieren. Wir haben Erwachsene mit einer akustischen Sequenz familiarisiert, bei der die statistischen und prosodischen Informationen verschiedene Wortgrenzen anzeigen, und Verhaltens- und Pupillometriedaten erhoben. Anschließend haben wir weitere Experimente durchgeführt, um zu verstehen, wie verschiedene Hinweisreize von 9-Monate (Kapitel 5) und 6-Monate alten deutschsprachigen Säuglingen (Kapitel 6) aufgenommen werden. Außerdem haben wir nach den Versuchen mit Fragebögen Daten über die Sprachfähigkeiten in späteren Entwicklungsstadien gesammelt. 
Unsere Ergebnisse lassen darauf schließen, dass (1) deutschsprachige Erwachsene eine hohe Gewichtung der prosodischen Hinweisreize zeigen, zumindest bei dem für die Studie genutzten akustischen Material, und dass (2) bei deutschsprachigen Babys in Abhängigkeit von Alter und/oder Spracherfahrung diese zwei Hinweisreize unterschiedlich gewichtet werden. Wir stellen fest, dass sich 6-Monate alte deutschsprachige Babys stärker auf die prosodichen Hinweisreize verlassen haben als die englischsprachigen Babys. Neun Monate alte Babys haben bei der Wortsegmentierung der Audiosequenz gescheitert und haben keine Vorliebe für einen der beiden Hinweisreize gezeigt. Mit den momentanen Ergebnissen bleibt weiterhin unklar, ob die Fähigkeit, prosodische Hinweisreize für die Wortsegmentierung zu nutzen, in Verbindung mit der späteren Weiterentwicklung des Wortschatzes steht. Wir vermuten, dass Prosodie den Babys einen ersten Einblick in die spezifischen akustischen Regelmäßigkeiten des Signals verschafft, was ihnen dabei hilft, das Betonungsmuster der deutsche Sprache schnell zu erlernen. Unsere Ergebnisse sind  ein weiterer Schritt vorwärts was das Verständnis eines frühen Einflusses von muttersprachlicher Prosodie im Vergleich zu statistischem Erlernen in der frühen Wortsegmentierung betrifft.
KW  - word segmentation
KW  - prosody
KW  - statistical learning
KW  - Wortsegmentierung
KW  - Prosodie
Y1  - 2019
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-437400
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Höhle, Barbara
A1  - van de Vijver, Ruben
A1  - Weisenborn, J.
T1  - Word processing at 19 months at its relation to language performance at 30 months : a retrospective analysis of data from German learning children
Y1  - 2006
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Garcia, Rowena
A1  - Dery, Jeruen E.
A1  - Roeser, Jens
A1  - Höhle, Barbara
T1  - Word order preferences of Tagalog-speaking adults and children
JF  - First language
N2  - This article investigates the word order preferences of Tagalog-speaking adults and five- and seven-year-old children. The participants were asked to complete sentences to describe pictures depicting actions between two animate entities. Adults preferred agent-initial constructions in the patient voice but not in the agent voice, while the children produced mainly agent-initial constructions regardless of voice. This agent-initial preference, despite the lack of a close link between the agent and the subject in Tagalog, shows that this word order preference is not merely syntactically-driven (subject-initial preference). Additionally, the children’s agent-initial preference in the agent voice, contrary to the adults’ lack of preference, shows that children do not respect the subject-last principle of ordering Tagalog full noun phrases. These results suggest that language-specific optional features like a subject-last principle take longer to be acquired.
KW  - Child language acquisition
KW  - sentence production
KW  - Tagalog acquisition
KW  - voice
KW  - word order
Y1  - 2018
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1177/0142723718790317
SN  - 0142-7237
SN  - 1740-2344
VL  - 38
IS  - 6
SP  - 617
EP  - 640
PB  - Sage Publ.
CY  - London
ER  -