TY - JOUR A1 - Sibly, Richard M. A1 - Grimm, Volker A1 - Martin, Benjamin T. A1 - Johnston, Alice S. A. A1 - Kulakowska, Katarzyna A1 - Topping, Christopher J. A1 - Calow, Peter A1 - Nabe-Nielsen, Jacob A1 - Thorbek, Pernille A1 - DeAngelis, Donald L. T1 - Representing the acquisition and use of energy by individuals in agent-based models of animal populations JF - Methods in ecology and evolution : an official journal of the British Ecological Society N2 - Agent-based models (ABMs) are widely used to predict how populations respond to changing environments. As the availability of food varies in space and time, individuals should have their own energy budgets, but there is no consensus as to how these should be modelled. Here, we use knowledge of physiological ecology to identify major issues confronting the modeller and to make recommendations about how energy budgets for use in ABMs should be constructed. Our proposal is that modelled animals forage as necessary to supply their energy needs for maintenance, growth and reproduction. If there is sufficient energy intake, an animal allocates the energy obtained in the order: maintenance, growth, reproduction, energy storage, until its energy stores reach an optimal level. If there is a shortfall, the priorities for maintenance and growth/reproduction remain the same until reserves fall to a critical threshold below which all are allocated to maintenance. Rates of ingestion and allocation depend on body mass and temperature. We make suggestions for how each of these processes should be modelled mathematically. Mortality rates vary with body mass and temperature according to known relationships, and these can be used to obtain estimates of background mortality rate. If parameter values cannot be obtained directly, then values may provisionally be obtained by parameter borrowing, pattern-oriented modelling, artificial evolution or from allometric equations. The development of ABMs incorporating individual energy budgets is essential for realistic modelling of populations affected by food availability. Such ABMs are already being used to guide conservation planning of nature reserves and shell fisheries, to assess environmental impacts of building proposals including wind farms and highways and to assess the effects on nontarget organisms of chemicals for the control of agricultural pests. KW - bioenergetics KW - energy budget KW - individual-based models KW - population dynamics Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210x.12002 SN - 2041-210X VL - 4 IS - 2 SP - 151 EP - 161 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sorge, Arndt T1 - Disintegrating Democracy at Work: Labor Unions and the Future of Good Jobs in the Service Economy JF - British journal of industrial relations : an international journal of employment relations Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/0094306113514539i SN - 0007-1080 VL - 51 IS - 1 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sodoudi, Forough A1 - Yuan, Xiaohui A1 - Kind, Rainer A1 - Lebedev, Sergei A1 - Adam, Joanne M-C. A1 - Kästle, Emanuel A1 - Tilmann, Frederik T1 - Seismic evidence for stratification in composition and anisotropic fabric within the thick lithosphere of Kalahari Craton JF - Geochemistry, geophysics, geosystems N2 - Based on joint consideration of S receiver functions and surface-wave anisotropy we present evidence for the existence of a thick and layered lithosphere beneath the Kalahari Craton. Our results show that frozen-in anisotropy and compositional changes can generate sharp Mid-Lithospheric Discontinuities (MLD) at depths of 85 and 150-200 km, respectively. We found that a 50 km thick anisotropic layer, containing 3% S wave anisotropy and with a fast-velocity axis different from that in the layer beneath, can account for the first MLD at about 85 km depth. Significant correlation between the depths of an apparent boundary separating the depleted and metasomatised lithosphere, as inferred from chemical tomography, and those of our second MLD led us to characterize it as a compositional boundary, most likely due to the modification of the cratonic mantle lithosphere by magma infiltration. The deepening of this boundary from 150 to 200 km is spatially correlated with the surficial expression of the Thabazimbi-Murchison Lineament (TML), implying that the TML isolates the lithosphere of the Limpopo terrane from that of the ancient Kaapvaal terrane. The largest velocity contrast (3.6-4.7%) is observed at a boundary located at depths of 260-280 km beneath the Archean domains and the older Proterozoic belt. This boundary most likely represents the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary, which shallows to about 200 km beneath the younger Proterozoic belt. Thus, the Kalahari lithosphere may have survived multiple episodes of intense magmatism and collisional rifting during the billions of years of its history, which left their imprint in its internal layering. KW - lithospheric layering KW - S receiver functions Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/2013GC004955 SN - 1525-2027 VL - 14 IS - 12 SP - 5393 EP - 5412 PB - American Geophysical Union CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Scheiner, Ricarda A1 - Abramson, Charles I. A1 - Brodschneider, Robert A1 - Crailsheim, Karl A1 - Farina, Walter M. A1 - Fuchs, Stefan A1 - Grünewald, Bernd A1 - Hahshold, Sybille A1 - Karrer, Marlene A1 - Koeniger, Gudrun A1 - Königer, Niko A1 - Menzel, Randolf A1 - Mujagic, Samir A1 - Radspieler, Gerald A1 - Schmickl, Thomas A1 - Schneider, Christof A1 - Siegel, Adam J. A1 - Szopek, Martina A1 - Thenius, Ronald T1 - Standard methods for behavioural studies of Apis mellifera JF - Journal of apicultural research N2 - In this BEEBOOK paper we present a set of established methods for quantifying honey bee behaviour. We start with general methods for preparing bees for behavioural assays. Then we introduce assays for quantifying sensory responsiveness to gustatory, visual and olfactory stimuli. Presentation of more complex behaviours like appetitive and aversive learning under controlled laboratory conditions and learning paradigms under free-flying conditions will allow the reader to investigate a large range of cognitive skills in honey bees. Honey bees are very sensitive to changing temperatures. We therefore present experiments which aim at analysing honey bee locomotion in temperature gradients. The complex flight behaviour of honey bees can be investigated under controlled conditions in the laboratory or with sophisticated technologies like harmonic radar or RFID in the field. These methods will be explained in detail in different sections. Honey bees are model organisms in behavioural biology for their complex yet plastic division of labour. To observe the daily behaviour of individual bees in a colony, classical observation hives are very useful. The setting up and use of typical observation hives will be the focus of another section. The honey bee dance language has important characteristics of a real language and has been the focus of numerous studies. We here discuss the background of the honey bee dance language and describe how it can be studied. Finally, the mating of a honey bee queen with drones is essential to survival of the entire colony. We here give detailed and structured information how the mating behaviour of drones and queens can be observed and experimentally manipulated. The ultimate goal of this chapter is to provide the reader with a comprehensive set of experimental protocols for detailed studies on all aspects of honey bee behaviour including investigation of pesticide and insecticide effects. KW - COLOSS KW - BEEBOOK KW - honey bee KW - behaviour KW - gustatory responsiveness KW - olfactory responsiveness KW - phototaxis KW - non-associative learning KW - associative learning KW - appetitive learning KW - aversive learning KW - locomotion KW - temperature sensing KW - honey bee flight KW - observation hive KW - honey bee dance KW - honey bee navigation KW - harmonic radar KW - BeeScan KW - RFID KW - honey bee mating KW - free-flying honey bees Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3896/IBRA.1.52.4.04 SN - 0021-8839 SN - 2078-6913 VL - 52 IS - 4 PB - International Bee Research Association CY - Cardiff ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stecker, Christian T1 - Parliaments and coalitions: - the role of legislative institutions in multiparty governance JF - Politische Vierteljahresschrift : Zeitschrift der Deutschen Vereinigung für Politische Wissenschaft Y1 - 2013 SN - 0032-3470 VL - 54 IS - 2 SP - 383 EP - 385 PB - Nomos CY - Hannover ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sharma, Tripti A1 - Dreyer, Ingo A1 - Riedelsberger, Janin T1 - The role of K+ channels in uptake and redistribution of potassium in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana JF - Frontiers in plant science N2 - Potassium (K+) is inevitable for plant growth and development. It plays a crucial role in the regulation of enzyme activities, in adjusting the electrical membrane potential and the cellular turgor, in regulating cellular homeostasis and in the stabilization of protein synthesis. Uptake of K+ from the soil and its transport to growing organs is essential for a healthy plant development. Uptake and allocation of K+ are performed by K+ channels and transporters belonging to different protein families. In this review we summarize the knowledge on the versatile physiological roles of plant K+ channels and their behavior under stress conditions in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. KW - plant potassium channel KW - Shaker KW - TPK KW - K-ir-like KW - Arabidopsis thaliana KW - voltage-dependent KW - voltage-independent Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2013.00224 SN - 1664-462X VL - 4 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jolivet, Laurent A1 - Faccenna, Claudio A1 - Huet, Benjamin A1 - Labrousse, Loic A1 - Le Pourhiet, Laetitia A1 - Lacombe, Olivier A1 - Lecomte, Emmanuel A1 - Burov, Evguenii A1 - Denele, Yoann A1 - Brun, Jean-Pierre A1 - Philippon, Melody A1 - Paul, Anne A1 - Salaue, Gwenaelle A1 - Karabulut, Hayrullah A1 - Piromallo, Claudia A1 - Monie, Patrick A1 - Gueydan, Frederic A1 - Okay, Aral I. A1 - Oberhänsli, Roland A1 - Pourteau, Amaury A1 - Augier, Romain A1 - Gadenne, Leslie A1 - Driussi, Olivier T1 - Aegean tectonics strain localisation, slab tearing and trench retreat JF - Tectonophysics : international journal of geotectonics and the geology and physics of the interior of the earth N2 - We review the geodynamic evolution of the Aegean-Anatolia region and discuss strain localisation there over geological times. From Late Eocene to Present, crustal deformation in the Aegean backarc has localised progressively during slab retreat. Extension started with the formation of the Rhodope Metamorphic Core Complex (Eocene) and migrated to the Cyclades and the northern Menderes Massif (Oligocene and Miocene), accommodated by crustal-scale detachments and a first series of core complexes (MCCs). Extension then localised in Western Turkey, the Corinth Rift and the external Hellenic arc after Messinian times, while the North Anatolian Fault penetrated the Aegean Sea. Through time the direction and style of extension have not changed significantly except in terms of localisation. The contributions of progressive slab retreat and tearing, basal drag, extrusion tectonics and tectonic inheritance are discussed and we favour a model (I) where slab retreat is the main driving engine, (2) successive slab tearing episodes are the main causes of this stepwise strain localisation and (3) the inherited heterogeneity of the crust is a major factor for localising detachments. The continental crust has an inherited strong heterogeneity and crustal-scale contacts such as major thrust planes act as weak zones or as zones of contrast of resistance and viscosity that can localise later deformation. The dynamics of slabs at depth and the asthenospheric flow due to slab retreat also have influence strain localisation in the upper plate. Successive slab ruptures from the Middle Miocene to the late Miocene have isolated a narrow strip of lithosphere, still attached to the African lithosphere below Crete. The formation of the North Anatolian Fault is partly a consequence of this evolution. The extrusion of Anatolia and the Aegean extension are partly driven from below (asthenospheric flow) and from above (extrusion of a lid of rigid crust). KW - Backarc extension KW - Slab retreat KW - Asthenospheric flow KW - Strain localisation KW - Aegean Sea KW - Metamorphic core complex Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2012.06.011 SN - 0040-1951 VL - 597 SP - 1 EP - 33 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Entrich, Steve R. T1 - Education and equal opportunity in Japan. Asia Pacific Studies, v. 4. JF - Pacific affairs Y1 - 2013 SN - 0030-851X VL - 86 IS - 2 SP - 411 EP - 413 PB - University of British Columbia CY - Vancouver ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Haußig, Hans-Michael T1 - Ben-Yehuda, N., Theocratic democracy, the social construction of religious and secular extremism; Univ. Press, Oxford, 2010 BT - Theocratic democracy, the social construction of religious and secular extremism Y1 - 2013 SN - 1614-6492 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Omrani, H. A1 - Moazzen, Mohssen A1 - Oberhänsli, Roland A1 - Tsujimori, T. A1 - Bousquet, Romain A1 - Moayyed, M. T1 - Metamorphic history of glaucophane-paragonite-zoisite eclogites from the Shanderman area, northern Iran JF - Journal of metamorphic geology N2 - The Shanderman eclogites and related metamorphosed oceanic rocks mark the site of closure of the Palaeotethys ocean in northern Iran. The protolith of the eclogites was an oceanic tholeiitic basalt with MORB composition. Eclogite occurs within a serpentinite matrix, accompanied by mafic rocks resembling a dismembered ophiolite. The eclogitic mafic rocks record different stages of metamorphism during subduction and exhumation. Minerals formed during the prograde stages are preserved as inclusions in peak metamorphic garnet and omphacite. The rocks experienced blueschist facies metamorphism on their prograde path and were metamorphosed in eclogite facies at the peak of metamorphism. The peak metamorphic mineral paragenesis of the rocks is omphacite, garnet (pyrope-rich), glaucophane, paragonite, zoisite and rutile. Based on textural relations, post-peak stages can be divided into amphibolite and greenschist facies. Pressure and temperature estimates for eclogite facies minerals (peak of metamorphism) indicate 15-20kbar at similar to 600 degrees C. The pre-peak blueschist facies assemblage yields <11kbar and 400-460 degrees C. The average pressure and temperature of the post-peak amphibolite stage was 5-6kbar, similar to 470 degrees C. The Shanderman eclogites were formed by subduction of Palaeotethys oceanic crust to a depth of no more than 75km. Subduction was followed by collision between the Central Iran and Turan blocks, and then exhumation of the high pressure rocks in northern Iran. KW - eclogite KW - late Palaeozoic KW - North Iran KW - Palaeotethys KW - P-T path KW - Shanderman Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/jmg.12045 SN - 0263-4929 VL - 31 IS - 8 SP - 791 EP - 812 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken ER -