TY - JOUR A1 - Holz, Nathalie E. A1 - Boecker-Schlier, Regina A1 - Buchmann, Arlette F. A1 - Blomeyer, Dorothea A1 - Jennen-Steinmetz, Christine A1 - Baumeister, Sarah A1 - Plichta, Michael M. A1 - Cattrell, Anna A1 - Schumann, Gunter A1 - Esser, Günter A1 - Schmidt, Martin A1 - Buitelaar, Jan A1 - Meyer-Lindenberg, Andreas A1 - Banaschewski, Tobias A1 - Brandeis, Daniel A1 - Laucht, Manfred T1 - Ventral striatum and amygdala activity as convergence sites for early adversity and conduct disorder JF - Frontiers in human neuroscience N2 - Childhood family adversity (CFA) increases the risk for conduct disorder (CD) and has been associated with alterations in regions of affective processing like ventral striatum (VS) and amygdala. However, no study so far has demonstrated neural converging effects of CFA and CD in the same sample. At age 25 years, functional MRI data during two affective tasks, i.e. a reward (N = 171) and a face-matching paradigm (N = 181) and anatomical scans (N = 181) were acquired in right-handed currently healthy participants of an epidemiological study followed since birth. CFA during childhood was determined using a standardized parent interview. Disruptive behaviors and CD diagnoses during childhood and adolescence were obtained by diagnostic interview (2–19 years), temperamental reward dependence was assessed by questionnaire (15 and 19 years). CFA predicted increased CD and amygdala volume. Both exposure to CFA and CD were associated with a decreased VS response during reward anticipation and blunted amygdala activity during face-matching. CD mediated the effect of CFA on brain activity. Temperamental reward dependence was negatively correlated with CFA and CD and positively with VS activity. These findings underline the detrimental effects of CFA on the offspring's affective processing and support the importance of early postnatal intervention programs aiming to reduce childhood adversity factors. KW - childhood adversity KW - conduct disorder KW - amygdala KW - ventral striatum KW - fMRI Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsw120 SN - 1749-5016 SN - 1749-5024 VL - 12 IS - 2 SP - 261 EP - 272 PB - Oxford Univ. Press CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kernecker, Maria A1 - Fienitz, Meike A1 - Nendel, Claas A1 - Paetzig, Marlene A1 - Walzl, Karin Pirhofer A1 - Raatz, Larissa A1 - Schmidt, Martin A1 - Wulf, Monika A1 - Zscheischler, Jana T1 - Transition zones across agricultural field boundaries for integrated landscape research and management of biodiversity and yields JF - Ecological solutions and evidence N2 - Biodiversity conservation and agricultural production have been largely framed as separate goals for landscapes in the discourse on land use. Although there is an increasing tendency to move away from this dichotomy in theory, the tendency is perpetuated by the spatially explicit approaches used in research and management practice. Transition zones (TZ) have previously been defined as areas where two adjacent fields or patches interact, and so they occur abundantly throughout agricultural landscapes. Biodiversity patterns in TZ have been extensively studied, but their relationship to yield patterns and social-ecological dimensions has been largely neglected. Focusing on European, temperate agricultural landscapes, we outline three areas of research and management that together demonstrate how TZ might be used to facilitate an integrated landscape approach: (i) plant and animal species' use and response to boundaries and the resulting effects on yield, for a deeper understanding of how landscape structure shapes quantity and quality of TZ; (ii) local knowledge on field or patch-level management and its interactions with biodiversity and yield in TZ, and (iii) conflict prevention and collaborative management across land-use boundaries. KW - ecotones KW - field boundaries KW - functional traits KW - landscape complexity; KW - land-use conflicts KW - local knowledge KW - spillovers Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/2688-8319.12122 SN - 2688-8319 VL - 3 IS - 1 PB - Wiley CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Holz, Nathalie E. A1 - Boecker-Schlier, Regina A1 - Hohm, Erika A1 - Zohsel, Katrin A1 - Buchmann, Arlette F. A1 - Blomeyer, Dorothea A1 - Jennen-Steinmetz, Christine A1 - Baumeister, Sarah A1 - Hohmann, Sarah A1 - Wolf, Isabella A1 - Plichta, Michael M. A1 - Esser, Günter A1 - Schmidt, Martin A1 - Meyer-Lindenberg, Andreas A1 - Banaschewski, Tobias A1 - Brandeis, Daniel A1 - Laucht, Manfred T1 - The Long-Term Impact of Early Life Poverty on Orbitofrontal Cortex Volume in Adulthood: Results from a Prospective Study Over 25 Years JF - Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology N2 - Converging evidence has highlighted the association between poverty and conduct disorder (CD) without specifying neurobiological pathways. Neuroimaging research has emphasized structural and functional alterations in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) as one key mechanism underlying this disorder. The present study aimed to clarify the long-term influence of early poverty on OFC volume and its association with CD symptoms in healthy participants of an epidemiological cohort study followed since birth. At age 25 years, voxel-based morphometry was applied to study brain volume differences. Poverty (0 = non-exposed (N = 134), I = exposed (N = 33)) and smoking during pregnancy were determined using a standardized parent interview, and information on maternal responsiveness was derived from videotaped mother infant interactions at the age of 3 months. CD symptoms were assessed by diagnostic interview from 8 to 19 years of age. Information on life stress was acquired at each assessment and childhood maltreatment was measured using retrospective self-report at the age of 23 years. Analyses were adjusted for sex, parental psychopathology and delinquency, obstetric adversity, parental education, and current poverty. Individuals exposed to early life poverty exhibited a lower OFC volume. Moreover, we replicated previous findings of increased CD symptoms as a consequence of childhood poverty. This effect proved statistically mediated by OFC volume and exposure to life stress and smoking during pregnancy, but not by childhood maltreatment and maternal responsiveness. These findings underline the importance of studying the impact of early life adversity on brain alterations and highlight the need for programs to decrease income-related disparities. Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2014.277 SN - 0893-133X SN - 1740-634X VL - 40 IS - 4 SP - 996 EP - 1004 PB - Nature Publ. Group CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Holz, Nathalie E. A1 - Boecker-Schlier, Regina A1 - Jennen-Steinmetz, Christine A1 - Buchmann, Arlette F. A1 - Blomeyer, Dorothea A1 - Baumeister, Sarah A1 - Plichta, Michael M. A1 - Esser, Günter A1 - Schmidt, Martin A1 - Meyer-Lindenberg, Andreas A1 - Banaschewski, Tobias A1 - Brandeis, Daniel A1 - Laucht, Manfred T1 - Positive coping styles and perigenual ACC volume: two related mechanisms for conferring resilience? JF - Frontiers in human neuroscience N2 - Stress exposure has been linked to increased rates of depression and anxiety in adults, particularly in females, and has been associated with maladaptive changes in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), which is an important brain structure involved in internalizing disorders. Coping styles are important mediators of the stress reaction by establishing homeostasis, and may thus confer resilience to stress-related psychopathology. Anatomical scans were acquired in 181 healthy participants at age 25 years. Positive coping styles were determined using a self-report questionnaire (German Stress Coping Questionnaire, SVF78) at age 22 years. Adult anxiety and depression symptoms were assessed at ages 22, 23 and 25 years with the Young Adult Self-Report. Information on previous internalizing diagnoses was obtained by diagnostic interview (2-19 years). Positive coping styles were associated with increased ACC volume. ACC volume and positive coping styles predicted anxiety and depression in a sex-dependent manner with increased positive coping and ACC volume being related to lower levels of psychopathology in females, but not in males. These results remained significant when controlled for previous internalizing diagnoses. These findings indicate that positive coping styles and ACC volume are two linked mechanisms, which may serve as protective factors against internalizing disorders. KW - coping styles KW - perigenual anterior cingulate cortex KW - resilience KW - anxiety disorders KW - mood disorders Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsw005 SN - 1749-5016 SN - 1749-5024 VL - 11 SP - 813 EP - 820 PB - Oxford Univ. Press CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmidt, Martin A1 - Nendel, Claas A1 - Funk, Roger A1 - Mitchell, Matthew G. E. A1 - Lischeid, Gunnar T1 - Modeling Yields Response to Shading in the Field-to-Forest Transition Zones in Heterogeneous Landscapes JF - Agriculture N2 - In crop modeling and yield predictions, the heterogeneity of agricultural landscapes is usually not accounted for. This heterogeneity often arises from landscape elements like forests, hedges, or single trees and shrubs that cast shadows. Shading from forested areas or shrubs has effects on transpiration, temperature, and soil moisture, all of which affect the crop yield in the adjacent arable land. Transitional gradients of solar irradiance can be described as a function of the distance to the zero line (edge), the cardinal direction, and the height of trees. The magnitude of yield reduction in transition zones is highly influenced by solar irradiance-a factor that is not yet implemented in crop growth models on a landscape level. We present a spatially explicit model for shading caused by forested areas, in agricultural landscapes. With increasing distance to forest, solar irradiance and yield increase. Our model predicts that the shading effect from the forested areas occurs up to 15 m from the forest edge, for the simulated wheat yields, and up to 30 m, for simulated maize. Moreover, we estimated the spatial extent of transition zones, to calculate the regional yield reduction caused by shading of the forest edges, which amounted to 5% to 8% in an exemplary region. KW - edge effect KW - transition zone KW - solar irradiance KW - crop growth KW - maize KW - wheat Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture9010006 SN - 2077-0472 VL - 9 IS - 1 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmidt, Martin A1 - Lischeid, Gunnar A1 - Nendel, Claas T1 - Microclimate and matter dynamics in transition zones of forest to arable land JF - Agricultural and forest meteorology N2 - Human-driven fragmentation of landscapes leads to the formation of transition zones between ecosystems that are characterised by fluxes of matter, energy and information. These transition zones may offer rather inhospitable habitats that could jeopardise biodiversity. On the other hand, transition zones are also reported to be hotspots for biodiversity and even evolutionary processes. The general mechanisms and influence of processes in transition zones are poorly understood. Although heterogeneity and diversity of land use of fragments and the transition zones between them play an important role, most studies only refer to forested transition zones. Often, only an extrapolation of measurements in the different fragments themselves is reported to determine gradients in transition zones. This paper contributes to a quantitative understanding of agricultural landscapes beyond individual ecotopes, and towards connected ecosystem mosaics that may be beneficial for the provision of ecosystem services. KW - Edge effects KW - Environmental gradients KW - Fragmentation KW - Ecosystem services KW - Carbon KW - Nitrogen Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2019.01.001 SN - 0168-1923 SN - 1873-2240 VL - 268 SP - 1 EP - 10 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Laucht, Manfred A1 - Treutlein, Jens A1 - Blomeyer, Dorothea A1 - Buchmann, Arlette F. A1 - Schmidt, Martin A1 - Esser, Günter A1 - Jennen-Steinmetz, Christine A1 - Reitschelb, Marcel A1 - Banaschewski, Tobias T1 - Interactive effects of corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1 gene and childhood adversity on depressive symptoms in young adults: Findings from a longitudinal study Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmidt, Martin A1 - Jochheim, Hubert A1 - Kersebaum, Kurt-Christian A1 - Lischeid, Gunnar A1 - Nendel, Claas T1 - Gradients of microclimate, carbon and nitrogen in transition zones of fragmented landscapes - a review JF - Agricultural and forest meteorology N2 - Fragmentation of landscapes creates a transition zone in between natural habitats or different kinds of land use. In forested and agricultural landscapes with transition zones, microclimate and matter cycling are markedly altered. This probably accelerates and is intensified by global warming. However, there is no consensus on defining transition zones and quantifying relevant variables for microclimate and matter cycling across disciplines. This article is an attempt to a) revise definitions and offer a framework for quantitative ecologists, b) review the literature on microclimate and matter cycling in transition zones and c) summarise this information using meta-analysis to better understand bio-geochemical and bio-geophysical processes and their spatial extent in transition zones. We expect altered conditions in soils of transition zones to be 10-20 m with a maximum of 50 m, and 25-50 m for above-ground space with a maximum of 125 m. KW - Edge effects KW - Ecological boundaries KW - Matter cycling KW - Matter dynamics KW - Framework quantitative ecology KW - Ecotone hierarchy Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2016.10.022 SN - 0168-1923 SN - 1873-2240 VL - 232 SP - 659 EP - 671 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Laucht, Manfred A1 - Schmidt, Martin A1 - Esser, Günter T1 - Frühkindliche Regulationsstörungen: Vorläufer von Verhaltensstörungen des späteren Kindesalters? Y1 - 2003 SN - 3- 456-84036-5 ER - TY - THES A1 - Schmidt, Martin T1 - Fragmentation of landscapes: modelling ecosystem services of transition zones T1 - Fragmentierung von Landschaften: Modellierung von Ökosystemleistungen in Übergangszonen N2 - For millennia, humans have affected landscapes all over the world. Due to horizontal expansion, agriculture plays a major role in the process of fragmentation. This process is caused by a substitution of natural habitats by agricultural land leading to agricultural landscapes. These landscapes are characterized by an alternation of agriculture and other land use like forests. In addition, there are landscape elements of natural origin like small water bodies. Areas of different land use are beside each other like patches, or fragments. They are physically distinguishable which makes them look like a patchwork from an aerial perspective. These fragments are each an own ecosystem with conditions and properties that differ from their adjacent fragments. As open systems, they are in exchange of information, matter and energy across their boundaries. These boundary areas are called transition zones. Here, the habitat properties and environmental conditions are altered compared to the interior of the fragments. This changes the abundance and the composition of species in the transition zones, which in turn has a feedback effect on the environmental conditions. The literature mainly offers information and insights on species abundance and composition in forested transition zones. Abiotic effects, the gradual changes in energy and matter, received less attention. In addition, little is known about non-forested transition zones. For example, the effects on agricultural yield in transition zones of an altered microclimate, matter dynamics or different light regimes are hardly researched or understood. The processes in transition zones are closely connected with altered provisioning and regulating ecosystem services. To disentangle the mechanisms and to upscale the effects, models can be used. My thesis provides insights into these topics: literature was reviewed and a conceptual framework for the quantitative description of gradients of matter and energy in transition zones was introduced. The results of measurements of environmental gradients like microclimate, aboveground biomass and soil carbon and nitrogen content are presented that span from within the forest into arable land. Both the measurements and the literature review could not validate a transition zone of 100 m for abiotic effects. Although this value is often reported and used in the literature, it is likely to be smaller. Further, the measurements suggest that on the one hand trees in transition zones are smaller compared to those in the interior of the fragments, while on the other hand less biomass was measured in the arable lands’ transition zone. These results support the hypothesis that less carbon is stored in the aboveground biomass in transition zones. The soil at the edge (zero line) between adjacent forest and arable land contains more nitrogen and carbon content compared to the interior of the fragments. One-year measurements in the transition zone also provided evidence that microclimate is different compared to the fragments’ interior. To predict the possible yield decreases that transition zones might cause, a modelling approach was developed. Using a small virtual landscape, I modelled the effect of a forest fragment shading the adjacent arable land and the effects of this on yield using the MONICA crop growth model. In the transition zone yield was less compared to the interior due to shading. The results of the simulations were upscaled to the landscape level and exemplarily calculated for the arable land of a whole region in Brandenburg, Germany. The major findings of my thesis are: (1) Transition zones are likely to be much smaller than assumed in the scientific literature; (2) transition zones aren’t solely a phenomenon of forested ecosystems, but significantly extend into arable land as well; (3) empirical and modelling results show that transition zones encompass biotic and abiotic changes that are likely to be important to a variety of agricultural landscape ecosystem services. N2 - Seit Jahrtausenden werden Landschaften weltweit maßgeblich durch den Menschen gestaltet. Insbesondere die Landwirtschaft hat durch Fragmentierung, der teilweisen Umwandlung natürlicher Lebensräume in landwirtschaftlich genutzte Flächen, großen Einfluss, so dass Agrarlandschaften entstanden. Diese zeichnen sich durch einen Wechsel von agrarischer und anderer Nutzung, wie beispielsweise Forst, aus. Hinzu kommen Flächen, die auf eine natürliche Entstehung zurückzuführen sind, wie etwa Kleingewässer. Kleinere und größere Flächen der unterschiedlichen Nutzung liegen als Flicken bzw. Fragmente nebeneinander. Durch die physische Differenzierbarkeit der Flächennutzung aus der Vogelperspektive werden Agrarlandschaften oft auch als Flickwerk (“Patchwork”) bezeichnet. Diese Fragmente sind Ökosysteme, die sich in ihren Eigenschaften voneinander unterscheiden. Die Fragmente als Ökosysteme sind offene und komplexe Systeme und stehen im Austausch mit angrenzenden Fragmenten. Die Bereiche, in denen der Austausch von Stoffen, Energie und Informationen stattfindet, sind deren Übergangszonen. Durch den Austausch verändern sich die vorherrschenden Eigenschaften der jeweils angrenzenden Fragmente in den Übergangszonen. Stoffflüsse beeinflussen dabei die in den Übergangszonen lebenden Organismen und können die Artenzusammensetzung und Population verändern. Gleichwohl hat dies Rückkopplungseffekte auf die Flüsse von Stoffen, Informationen und Energie selbst. In der Forschung ist bereits viel über die Auswirkungen auf Organismen in den Übergangszonen bekannt, insbesondere für bewaldete Gebiete. Weniger beforscht sind abiotische Effekte, insbesondere die graduellen Veränderungen von Stoffen und Energie in der Übergangszone. Diese sind jedoch eng verwoben in die Prozesse, die zu regulierenden und bereitstellenden Ökosystemleistungen wie beispielsweise landwirtschaftlichen Erträgen oder Kohlenstoffspeicherung beitragen. Darüber hinaus gibt es wenig Forschung zu den Übergangszonen von nicht-bewaldeten Übergangszonen, wie etwa Äckern. In der vorliegenden Arbeit präsentiere ich die Ergebnisse einer Literaturrecherche und einen Ansatz zur quantitativen Beschreibung von Stoff- und Energieflüssen in Übergangszonen. Darüber hinaus analysiere ich Messungen eben jener abiotischen Effekte in Übergangszonen. Sowohl die Messungen als auch die Auswertung der Literatur ergab, dass viele Autoren die Übergangszone in Bezug auf Umweltgradienten und deren Einfluss auf Ökosystemleistungen mit 100 m überschätzen. Sie ist oft kleiner. Die Messungen ergaben außerdem, dass Bäume in der Übergangszone kleiner sind und dadurch vermutlich weniger Kohlenstoff speichern als vergleichbare Bäume im Inneren dieser Fragmente. An Wald angrenzende Ackerkulturen zeigen ebenfalls einen geringeren Aufwuchs an Biomasse. Im Boden genau an der Grenze zwischen Wald- und Ackerfragmenten waren sowohl Stickstoff als auch Kohlenstoff erhöht. Einjährige Messungen in Brandenburg ergaben, dass das Mikroklima in der Übergangszone im Vergleich zum Inneren der Fragmente ebenfalls verändert war. Um genauer zu verstehen, was die Ertragsminderung in der ackerbaulichen Übergangszone induziert, wurde ein Modellierungsansatz entwickelt. Die Beschattung durch einen virtuellen Wald wurde im agrarischen Simulationsmodell MONICA als Variable benutzt, um eine potentielle Ertragsminderung zu simulieren. Ein Minderertrag in der Übergangszone konnte auf diese Weise nachgewiesen und mit einer verminderten Solarstrahlung in Verbindung gebracht werden. Die simulierten Ergebnisse wurden anschließend für die Beispielregion Brandenburg für die gesamte landwirtschaftlich genutzte Fläche skaliert. Insbesondere in drei Punkten trägt diese Arbeit zum wissenschaftlichen Fortschritt bei: 1) Übergangszonen sind sehr wahrscheinlich kleiner als bislang in der wissenschaftlichen Literatur angenommen; 2) Übergangszonen sollten ganzheitlich, über die Grenze zwischen Wald und Feld hinweg betrachtet werden; 3) Messungen und Modellierung zeigen einen Zusammenhang zwischen Mikroklima, Stoffdynamik und Ökosystemleistungen in Übergangszonen von Agrarlandschaften. KW - edge effects KW - agricultural modelling KW - ecosystem services KW - transition zone KW - fragmentation KW - Randeffekte KW - Pflanzenwachstumsmodellierung KW - Ökosystemleistungen KW - Übergangszone KW - Fragmentierung Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-442942 ER -