TY  - JOUR
A1  - Hovi, Jon
A1  - Sprinz, Detlef F.
A1  - Saelen, Håkon
A1  - Underdal, Arild
T1  - The Club Approach: A Gateway to Effective Climate Co-operation?
JF  - British Journal of Political Science
N2  - Although the Paris Agreement arguably made some progress, interest in supplementary approaches to climate change co-operation persist. This article examines the conditions under which a climate club might emerge and grow. Using agent-based simulations, it shows that even with less than a handful of major actors as initial members, a club can eventually reduce global emissions effectively. To succeed, a club must be initiated by the ‘right’ constellation of enthusiastic actors, offer sufficiently large incentives for reluctant countries and be reasonably unconstrained by conflicts between members over issues beyond climate change. A climate club is particularly likely to persist and grow if initiated by the United States and the European Union. The combination of club-good benefits and conditional commitments can produce broad participation under many conditions.
KW  - UNFCCC
KW  - climate change co-operation
KW  - climate clubs
KW  - club goods
KW  - conditional commitments
KW  - agent-based models
Y1  - 2019
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123416000788
SN  - 0007-1234
SN  - 1469-2112
VL  - 49
IS  - 3
SP  - 1071
EP  - 1096
PB  - Cambridge University Press
CY  - New York
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Dirnitrov, Radoslav
A1  - Hovi, Jon
A1  - Sprinz, Detlef F.
A1  - Saelen, Håkon
A1  - Underdal, Arild
T1  - Institutional and environmental effectiveness
BT  - will the Paris Agreement work?
JF  - Wiley interdisciplinary reviews : Climate change
N2  - The 2015 Paris Agreement (PA) has been widely hailed as a diplomatic triumph and a breakthrough in global climate cooperation. However, it is commonly accepted that the PA's collective goal—keeping global warming “well below” 2°C above preindustrial levels—remains ambitious. Making matters even more challenging, in 2017, global CO2 emissions resumed growth after 3 years of near standstill. In 2018, this growth accelerated. It is therefore extremely important that the PA's institutional architecture meet expectations concerning its ability to induce member countries to promise and deliver emissions reductions. This study offers a review of the rapidly growing literature on the PA, to assess its strengths and weaknesses, its significance, and its prospects. We focus on evaluations of its institutional structure and its ability to induce member countries to implement policies. We frame the issues as a trilemma: the challenge of simultaneously satisfying all three main conditions for effectiveness—broad participation, deep commitments, and satisfactory compliance rates. Based on our review, we conclude that the key challenge for the PA will likely be to facilitate sufficiently fast ratcheting‐up of nationally determined contributions, while keeping compliance rates high.
KW  - ambition
KW  - climate change cooperation
KW  - compliance
KW  - Paris Agreement
KW  - participation
Y1  - 2019
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.583
SN  - 1757-7780
SN  - 1757-7799
VL  - 10
IS  - 4
PB  - Wiley
CY  - Hoboken
ER  -