TY  - JOUR
A1  - Miller, Jeff
A1  - Schwarz, Wolfgang
T1  - Brain signals do not demonstrate unconscious decision making: An interpretation based on graded conscious awareness
JF  - Consciousness and cognition
N2  - Neuroscientific studies have shown that brain activity correlated with a decision to move can be observed before a person reports being consciously aware of having made that decision (e.g., Libet, Gleason, Wright, & Pearl, 1983; Soon, Brass, Heinze, & Haynes, 2008). Given that a later event (i.e., conscious awareness) cannot cause an earlier one (i.e., decision-related brain activity), such results have been interpreted as evidence that decisions are made unconsciously (e.g., Libet, 1985). We argue that this interpretation depends upon an all-or-none view of consciousness, and we offer an alternative interpretation of the early decision-related brain activity based on models in which conscious awareness of the decision to move develops gradually up to the level of a reporting criterion. Under this interpretation, the early brain activity reflects sub-criterion levels of awareness rather than complete absence of awareness and thus does not suggest that decisions are made unconsciously.
KW  - Neuroscience
KW  - Consciousness
KW  - Decision making
KW  - Libet
Y1  - 2014
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2013.12.004
SN  - 1053-8100
SN  - 1090-2376
VL  - 24
SP  - 12
EP  - 21
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - San Diego
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Krahé, Barbara
A1  - Tomaszewska, Paulina
A1  - Kuyper, Lisette
A1  - Vanwesenbeeck, Ine
T1  - Prevalence of sexual aggression among young people in Europe: a review of the evidence from 27 EU countries
JF  - Aggression and violent behavior : a review journa
N2  - Sexual aggression poses a serious threat to the sexual well-being of young people. This paper documents the available evidence on the prevalence of sexual aggression perpetration and victimization from 27 EU countries, established as part of the Youth Sexual Aggression and Victimization (Y-SAV) project. A total of N = 113 studies were identified through a systematic review of the literature and consultations with experts in each country. Despite differences in the number of available studies, methodology, and sample composition, the review shows substantial prevalence rates of sexual aggression perpetration and victimization across Europe. A wide variation was found, both within and between countries. The lifetime prevalence rates of female sexual victimization, excluding childhood sexual abuse, ranged from 9 to 83%, the rates of male sexual victimization ranged from 2 to 66%, the rates of male sexual aggression ranged from 0 to 80%, and the range of female sexual aggression ranged from 0.8 to 40%. One-year prevalence rates showed a similar variability. Conceptual and methodological problems in the database are discussed, and an outline is presented for a more harmonized approach to studying the scale of sexual aggression among young people in Europe. (c) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
KW  - Sexual aggression
KW  - Sexual victimization
KW  - Adolescence
KW  - European Union
Y1  - 2014
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2014.07.005
SN  - 1359-1789
SN  - 1873-6335
VL  - 19
IS  - 5
SP  - 545
EP  - 558
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Oxford
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Dolk, Thomas
A1  - Hommel, Bernhard
A1  - Colzato, Lorenza S.
A1  - Schuetz-Bosbach, Simone
A1  - Prinz, Wolfgang
A1  - Liepelt, Roman
T1  - The joint Simon effect a review and theoretical integration
JF  - Frontiers in psychology
KW  - joint action
KW  - joint Simon effect
KW  - social cognition
KW  - stimulus-response compatibility
KW  - referential coding
KW  - review
Y1  - 2014
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00974
SN  - 1664-1078
VL  - 5
PB  - Frontiers Research Foundation
CY  - Lausanne
ER  -