TY - JOUR A1 - Simms, Melanie A1 - Eversberg, Dennis A1 - Dupuy, Camille A1 - Hipp, Lena T1 - Organizing young workers under precarious conditions BT - what hinders or facilitates union success JF - Work and occupations N2 - Under what conditions do young precarious workers join unions? Based on case studies from France, Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States, the authors identify targeted campaigns, coalition building, membership activism, and training activities as innovative organizing approaches. In addition to traditional issues such as wages and training quality, these approaches also featured issues specific to precarious workers, including skills training, demands for minimum working hours, and specific support in insecure employment situations. Organizing success is influenced by bargaining structures, occupational identity, labor market conditions, and support by union leaders and members. Innovative organizing tends to happen when unions combine new approaches with existing structures. KW - unions KW - organizing strategies KW - precarious work KW - young workers KW - qualitative case studies KW - Europe KW - United States Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/0730888418785947 SN - 0730-8884 SN - 1552-8464 VL - 45 IS - 4 SP - 420 EP - 450 PB - Sage Publ. CY - Thousand Oaks ER - TY - THES A1 - Radenacker, Anke T1 - Economic consequences of family dissolution T1 - Die finanziellen Folgen von Familientrennung BT - comparing Germany and the United States since the 1980s, and married and cohabiting parents in Germany BT - Deutschland und die USA seit den 1980er Jahren im Vergleich, sowie verheiratete und unverheiratete Eltern in Deutschland im Vergleich N2 - Welfare states and policies have changed greatly over the past decades, mostly characterized by retrenchments in terms of government spending or in terms of restricted access to certain benefits. In the area of family policies, however, a lot of countries have simultaneously expanded provisions and transfers for families. Bringing together the macro analysis of policy variation and household income changes on the micro-level, the main research question of the dissertation is to what extent economic consequences following separation and divorce in families with children have changed between the 1980s and the 2000s in Germany and the United States. The second research question of the dissertation regards the differences in dissolution outcomes between married and cohabiting parents in Germany. The dissertation thus aims to link institutional regulations of welfare states with the actual income situation of families. To achieve this, a research design was developed that has never been used for the analysis of the economic consequences of family dissolution. For this, the two longest running panel datasets, German Socio-economic Panel (GSOEP) and the US American Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), have been used. The analytic strategy applied to estimate the effects of family dissolution on household income is a difference-in-difference design combined with coarsened exact matching (CEM). To begin with, the dissertation confirmed many findings of previous research, for example regarding the gender differences in family dissolution outcomes. Mothers experience clearly higher relative income losses and consequently higher risks of poverty than fathers. This finding is universal, that is it holds for both countries, for all time periods observed, and for all measures of economic outcome that were employed. Another confirmed finding is the higher level of welfare state intervention in Germany compared to the United States. The dissertation also revealed a number of novel findings. The results show that the expansion of family policies in Germany over time has not been accompanied by substantially decreasing income losses for mothers. Though income losses have slightly decreased over time, they have become more persistent during the years following family dissolution. The impact of the German welfare state has meanwhile been quite stable. American mothers’ income losses took place on a slightly lower level than those of German mothers. Only during the 1980s their relative losses were clearly lower than those of German mothers. And also American mothers did not recover as much from their income losses during the 2000s than they used to during the 1980s. For them, the 1996 welfare reform brought a considerable decrease in welfare state support. Accordingly, the results for American mothers can certainly be described as a shift from public to private provision. The general finding of previous studies that fathers do not have to suffer income losses, or if at all rather moderate ones compared to mothers, can be confirmed. Nevertheless, both German and US American fathers face a deterioration of the economic consequences of family dissolution over time. German fathers’ relative income changes are still positive though they have decreased over time. One reason for this decrease is the increasing loss of partner earnings following union dissolution. Also among American fathers, income gains still prevail in the year of family dissolution. Two years later, however, they have been facing income losses already since the 1980s which have furthermore increased considerably over time. Zooming in on Germany, family dissolution outcomes by marital status show negligible differences between cohabiting and married mothers in disposable income, but considerable differences in losses of income before taxes and transfers. It is the impact of the welfare state that equalizes the differences in income losses between these two groups of mothers. For married mothers, losses are not as high in the year of event but they have difficulties to recover from these losses. Without the income buffering of the welfare state, married mothers would, three years after family dissolution, remain with relative income losses double as high as for cohabiting mothers. Compared to mothers, differences between married and cohabiting fathers are visible in changes of income before as well as after taxes and transfers. The welfare state does not alter the difference between the two groups of fathers. With regard to both income concepts, cohabiting fathers fare worse than married fathers. Cohabiting fathers suffer moderate income losses of disposable income while married fathers experience moderate income gains. Accounting for support payments is decisive for fathers’ income changes. If these payments are not deducted from disposable income, both married and cohabiting fathers experience gains in disposable income following family dissolution. N2 - Wohlfahrtsstaaten unterlagen in den vergangenen Jahrzehnten einem deutlichen Wandel, vor allem gekennzeichnet durch Ausgabenkürzungen oder durch Begrenzung des Zugangs zu Leistungen. Gleichzeitig hat es in vielen Ländern einen Ausbau von familienpolitischen Maßnahmen und Leistungen gegeben. Im Mittelpunkt der Dissertation steht die Frage ob und inwieweit sich die Einkommensfolgen nach einer Trennung der Eltern in US-amerikanischen und deutschen Familien mit Kindern vor dem Hintergrund dieses Wandels zwischen den 1980er und 2000er Jahren verändert haben. Einen weiteren Schwerpunkt der Arbeit bildet die Analyse der Einkommensfolgen von Familientrennung in Deutschland mit Blick auf den Familienstand der Eltern. Um die Forschungsfragen zu beantworten, wurde ein für die Analyse der finanziellen Folgen von Familientrennung bislang noch nicht verwendetes Forschungsdesign entwickelt. Die angewendete Methode ist ein Difference-in-Difference Design in Kombination mit Coarsened Exact Matching (CEM). Dafür wurden die beiden längsten Paneldatensätze, das deutsche Sozio-Oekonomische Panel (SOEP) und die amerikanische Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), verwendet. Zunächst hat die Dissertation viele Ergebnisse vorangegangener Forschung bestätigt, beispielsweise in Bezug auf die Geschlechterunterschiede in den finanziellen Folgen von Trennung und Scheidung. Mütter erleben deutlich höhere relative Einkommensverluste und sind folglich einem höheren Armutsrisiko ausgesetzt als Väter. Dieses Ergebnis gilt universell, das heißt für beide Länder, für alle untersuchten Zeiträume, und auch für alle hier verwendeten Einkommensmaße. Weiterhin konnte bestätigt werden, dass die wohlfahrtsstaatliche Unterstützung in Deutschland größer ist als in den USA. Die Dissertation hat aber vor allem eine Vielzahl neuer Erkenntnisse hervorgebracht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass sich der Ausbau familienpolitischer Leistungen in Deutschland nicht in deutlich reduzierten Einkommensverlusten für Mütter wiederspiegelt. Obgleich die Einkommensverluste im Zeitverlauf etwas geringer wurden, wurden sie gleichzeitig persistenter in den Folgejahren nach einer Trennung. Die Abfederung der Einkommensverluste durch den Wohlfahrtsstaat ist währenddessen relativ stabil geblieben. Die Einkommensverluste von amerikanischen Müttern haben auf einem etwas geringeren Niveau stattgefunden als jene von Müttern in Deutschland. Nur während der 1980er Jahre waren ihre Einkommensverluste deutlich geringer als die der deutschen Mütter. Auch amerikanische Mütter erholten sich in den 2000er Jahren nicht mehr so schnell von Einkommensverlusten wie noch in den 1980er Jahren. Für sie hat die Wohlfahrtsreform von 1996 zu einem deutlichen Rückgang an staatlicher Hilfe geführt. Entsprechend können die Ergebnisse für amerikanische Mütter durchaus als eine Verschiebung von öffentlichen hin zu privaten Maßnahmen der Bewältigung von Einkommensverlusten beschrieben werden. Sowohl deutsche als auch amerikanische Väter sehen sich im Zeitverlauf mit einer Verschlechterung der Einkommensfolgen nach einer Trennung konfrontiert. Die relativen Einkommensveränderungen von deutschen Vätern sind immer noch positiv, wobei die Zuwächse über die Zeit abgenommen haben. Ein Grund für diesen Rückgang ist der zunehmende Verlust von Partnereinkommen nach einer Trennung. Auch bei amerikanischen Vätern finden sich weiterhin relative Gewinne im Jahr der Trennung. Allerdings sehen sie sich zwei Jahre danach Verlusten ausgesetzt, und zwar bereits seit den 1980er Jahren, welche im Zeitverlauf außerdem deutlich zugenommen haben. Ein genauerer Blick auf Deutschland hat außerdem gezeigt, dass die Unterschiede in den Trennungsfolgen zwischen zum Zeitpunkt der Trennung verheirateten und unverheirateten Müttern vernachlässigbar sind, zumindest was das verfügbare Haushaltseinkommen betrifft. Allerdings gibt es deutliche Unterschiede in den Einkommensverlusten wenn das Einkommen vor Steuern und Transfers zur Beurteilung herangezogen wird. Es ist also der Wohlfahrtsstaat, der die Unterschiede in den Einkommensverlusten zwischen diesen Müttern angleicht. Verheiratete Mütter verlieren relativ betrachtet weniger Einkommen, haben aber mehr Schwierigkeiten sich von diesen Verlusten wieder zu erholen. Im Vergleich zu Müttern sind die Unterschiede zwischen verheirateten und unverheirateten Vätern sowohl im verfügbaren Haushaltseinkommen als auch im Einkommen nach Steuern und Transfers deutlich sichtbar. Dabei ergeht es unverheirateten Vätern schlechter als verheirateten. Während verheiratete Väter leichte Gewinne im verfügbaren Haushaltseinkommen verzeichnen, müssen unverheiratete Väter leichte Verluste hinnehmen. Für die Ergebnisse von Vätern ist die Berücksichtigung von Unterhaltszahlungen entscheidend. Werden diese nicht vom Haushaltseinkommen abgezogen, dann erfahren sowohl verheiratete als auch unverheiratete Väter relative Gewinne nach einer Familientrennung. KW - family dissolution KW - separation KW - divorce KW - marital status KW - household income KW - poverty KW - Germany KW - United States KW - panel data KW - difference-in-difference KW - matching KW - Trennung KW - Scheidung KW - Familienstand KW - Haushaltseinkommen KW - Armut KW - Deutschland KW - USA KW - Difference-in-Difference KW - Matching Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-100217 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krah, Markus T1 - Exporting Jewish Ideas from Germany (via Palestine) to America BT - Salman Schocken and the Transnational Transfer of Texts, 1931–1950 JF - PaRDeS : Journal of the Association for Jewish Studies in Germany JF - PaRDeS : Zeitschrift der Vereinigung für Jüdische Studien N2 - When he founded Schocken Books in 1945, department store magnate, philanthropist, and publisher Salman Schocken (1877–1959) called his new American publishing business an imitation of its German predecessor, which had functioned from 1931 until 1938. He intended it to replicate the success of the Berlin Schocken Verlag by spiritually fortifying a Jewish community uncertain in its identity. The new company reflected the transnational transfer of people, ideas, and texts between Germany, Palestine/Israel, and the United States. Its success and near-failure raise questions about transnationalism and American Jewish culture: Can a culture be imposed on a population which has its own organs and agencies of cultural production? Had American Jewish culture developed organically to the specific place where several million Jews found themselves and according to uniquely American cultural patterns? The answers suggest that the concepts of transnationalism and cultural transfer complement each other as tools to analyze American Jewry in its American and Jewish contexts. KW - modern Jewish history KW - United States KW - German Jewish history KW - Israel KW - book history KW - publishing KW - Jewish cultural history KW - cultural transfer KW - 20th century KW - moderne jüdische Geschichte KW - USA KW - deutsch-jüdische Geschichte KW - Israel KW - Buchgeschichte KW - Verlagsgeschichte KW - jüdische Kulturgeschichte KW - Kulturtransfer KW - 20. Jahrhundert Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-533049 SN - 978-3-86956-520-0 SN - 1614-6492 SN - 1862-7684 IS - 27 SP - 101 EP - 115 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - GEN A1 - Hoffmann, Mathias A1 - Jurisch, Nicole A1 - Alba, Juana Garcia A1 - Borraz, Elisa Albiac A1 - Schmidt, Marten A1 - Huth, Vytas A1 - Rogasik, Helmut A1 - Rieckh, Helene A1 - Verch, Gernot A1 - Sommer, Michael A1 - Augustin, Jürgen T1 - Detecting small-scale spatial heterogeneity and temporal dynamics of soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks BT - a comparison between automatic chamber-derived C budgets and repeated soil inventories T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - Carbon (C) sequestration in soils plays a key role in the global C cycle. It is therefore crucial to adequately monitor dynamics in soil organic carbon (Delta SOC) stocks when aiming to reveal underlying processes and potential drivers. However, small-scale spatial (10-30 m) and temporal changes in SOC stocks, particularly pronounced in arable lands, are hard to assess. The main reasons for this are limitations of the well-established methods. On the one hand, repeated soil inventories, often used in long-term field trials, reveal spatial patterns and trends in Delta SOC but require a longer observation period and a sufficient number of repetitions. On the other hand, eddy covariance measurements of C fluxes towards a complete C budget of the soil-plant-atmosphere system may help to obtain temporal Delta SOC patterns but lack small-scale spatial resolution. To overcome these limitations, this study presents a reliable method to detect both short-term temporal dynamics as well as small-scale spatial differences of Delta SOC using measurements of the net ecosystem carbon balance (NECB) as a proxy. To estimate the NECB, a combination of automatic chamber (AC) measurements of CO2 exchange and empirically modeled aboveground biomass development (NPPshoot / were used. To verify our method, results were compared with Delta SOC observed by soil resampling. Soil resampling and AC measurements were performed from 2010 to 2014 at a colluvial depression located in the hummocky ground moraine landscape of northeastern Germany. The measurement site is characterized by a variable groundwater level (GWL) and pronounced small-scale spatial heterogeneity regarding SOC and nitrogen (Nt) stocks. Tendencies and magnitude of Delta SOC values derived by AC measurements and repeated soil inventories corresponded well. The period of maximum plant growth was identified as being most important for the development of spatial differences in annual Delta SOC. Hence, we were able to confirm that AC-based C budgets are able to reveal small-scale spatial differences and short-term temporal dynamics of Delta SOC. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 666 KW - net ecosystem exchange KW - North Central region KW - no-till ecosystem KW - eddy covariance KW - CO2 fluxes KW - dioxide exchange KW - United States KW - gas-exchange KW - agricultural landscapes KW - monitoring networks Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-417118 SN - 1866-8372 IS - 666 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Diner, Hasia A1 - Krah, Markus T1 - Foreign Entanglements BT - Transnational American Jewish Studies JF - PaRDeS : Zeitschrift der Vereinigung für Jüdische Studien JF - PaRDeS : Journal of the Association for Jewish Studies in Germany KW - Modern Jewish history KW - United States KW - 19th century KW - 20th century KW - German Jewish history KW - transnational studies KW - Jewish historiography KW - moderne jüdische Geschichte KW - USA KW - 19. Jahrhundert KW - 20. Jahrhundert KW - deutsch-jüdische Geschichte KW - transnationale Studien KW - jüdische Geschichtsschreibung Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-532761 SN - 978-3-86956-520-0 SN - 1614-6492 SN - 1862-7684 IS - 27 SP - 13 EP - 21 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bang, Guri A1 - Hovi, Jon A1 - Sprinz, Detlef F. T1 - US presidents and the failure to ratify multilateral environmental agreements JF - Climate policy N2 - Whereas the US President signed the Kyoto Protocol, the failure of the US Congress to ratify it seriously hampered subsequent international climate cooperation. This recent US trend, of signing environmental treaties but failing to ratify them, could thwart attempts to come to a future climate agreement. Two complementary explanations of this trend are proposed. First, the political system of the US has distinct institutional features that make it difficult for presidents to predict whether the Senate will give its advice and consent to multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs) and whether Congress will pass the required enabling legislation. Second, elected for a fixed term, US presidents might benefit politically from supporting MEAs even when knowing that legislative support is not forthcoming. Four policy implications are explored, concerning the scope for unilateral presidential action, the potential for bipartisan congressional support, the effectiveness of a treaty without the US, and the prospects for a deep, new climate treaty. Policy relevance Why does the failure of US ratification of multilateral environmental treaties occur? This article analyses the domestic political mechanisms involved in cases of failed US ratification. US non-participation in global environmental institutions often has serious ramifications. For example, it sharply limited Kyoto's effectiveness and seriously hampered international climate negotiations for years. Although at COP 17 in Durban the parties agreed to negotiate a new agreement by 2015, a new global climate treaty may well trigger a situation resembling the one President Clinton faced in 1997 when he signed Kyoto but never obtained support for it in the Senate. US failure to ratify could thwart future climate agreements. KW - enabling legislation KW - environmental treaties KW - Kyoto Protocol KW - political processes KW - ratification KW - United States Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2012.699788 SN - 1469-3062 VL - 12 IS - 6 SP - 755 EP - 763 PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group CY - Abingdon ER -