TY - JOUR A1 - Nuthmann, Antje A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Preferred viewing locations : a validation Y1 - 2009 SN - 0301-0066 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Engbert, Ralf A1 - Nuthmann, Antje A1 - Richter, Eike M. A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - SWIFT : A dynamical model of saccade generation during reading N2 - Mathematical, models,have become an important tool for understanding the control of eye movements during reading. Main goals of the development of the SWIFT model (R. Engbert, A. Longtin, & R. Kliegl, 2002) were to investigate the possibility of spatially distributed processing and to implement a general mechanism for all types of eye movements observed in reading experiments. The authors present an advanced version of SWIFT that integrates properties of the oculomotor system and effects of word recognition to explain many of the experimental phenomena faced in reading research. They propose new procedures for the estimation of model parameters and for the test of the model's performance. They also present a mathematical analysis of the dynamics of the SWIFT model. Finally, within this framework, they present an analysis of the transition from parallel to serial processing Y1 - 2005 SN - 0033-295X ER - TY - GEN A1 - Engbert, Ralf A1 - Nuthmann, Antje A1 - Richter, Eike M. A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - SWIFT: A Dynamical Model of Saccade Generation during Reading N2 - Mathematical models have become an important tool for understanding the control of eye movements during reading. Main goals of the development of the SWIFT model (Engbert, Longtin, & Kliegl, 2002)were to investigate the possibility of spatially distributed processing and to implement a general mechanism for all types of eye movements we observe in reading experiments. Here, we present an advanced version of SWIFT which integrates properties of the oculomotor system and effects of word recognition to explain many of the experimental phenomena faced in reading research. We propose new procedures for the estimation of model parameters and for the test of the model’s performance. A mathematical analysis of the dynamics of the SWIFT model is presented. Finally, within this framework, we present an analysis of the transition from parallel to serial processing. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 254 Y1 - 2005 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-57145 ER - TY - THES A1 - Nuthmann, Antje T1 - The "where" and "when" of eye fixations in reading T1 - Das „Wo“ und „Wann“ von Blickfixationen beim Lesen N2 - To investigate eye-movement control in reading, the present thesis examined three phenomena related to the eyes’ landing position within words, (1) the optimal viewing position (OVP), (2) the preferred viewing location (PVL), and (3) the Fixation-Duration Inverted-Optimal Viewing Position (IOVP) Effect. Based on a corpus-analytical approach (Exp. 1), the influence of variables word length, launch site distance, and word frequency was systematically explored. In addition, five experimental manipulations were conducted. First, word center was identified as the OVP, that is the position within a word where refixation probability is minimal. With increasing launch site distance, however, the OVP was found to move towards the word beginning. Several possible causes of refixations were discussed. The issue of refixation saccade programming was extensively investigated, suggesting that pre-planned and directly controlled refixation saccades coexist. Second, PVL curves, that is landing position distributions, show that the eyes are systematically deviated from the OVP, due to visuomotor constraints. By far the largest influence on mean and standard deviation of the Gaussian PVL curve was exhibited by launch site distance. Third, it was investigated how fixation durations vary as a function of landing position. The IOVP effect was replicated: Fixations located at word center are longer than those falling near the edges of a word. The effect of word frequency and/or launch site distance on the IOVP function mainly consisted in a vertical displacement of the curve. The Fixation-Duration IOVP effect is intriguing because word center (the OVP) would appear to be the best place to fixate and process a word. A critical part of the current work was devoted to investigate the origin of the effect. It was suggested that the IOVP effect arises as a consequence of mislocated fixations, i.e. fixations on unintended words, which are caused by saccadic errors. An algorithm for estimating the proportion of mislocated fixations from empirical data was developed, based on extrapolations of landing position distributions beyond word boundaries. As a new central theoretical claim it was suggested that a new saccade program is started immediately if the intended target word is missed. On average, this will lead to decreased durations for mislocated fixations. Because mislocated fixations were shown to be most prevalent at the beginning and end of words, the proposed mechanism generated the inverted U-shape for fixation durations when computed as a function of landing position. The proposed mechanism for generating the effect is generally compatible with both oculomotor and cognitive models of eye-movement control in reading. N2 - Um Blickbewegungen beim Lesen zu untersuchen, wurden in der vorliegenden Dissertation drei Phänomene in Bezug auf die Landeposition des Auges innerhalb des Wortes betrachtet, (1) die optimale Blickposition (OVP), (2) die präferierte Blickposition (PVL) und (3) der Invertierte Optimale Blickpositionseffekt für Fixationsdauern (IOVP). In einem corpus-analytischen Ansatz (Exp. 1) wurde systematisch untersucht, wie die Variablen Wortlänge, Sakkadenstartdistanz und Wortfrequenz die Parameter der OVP-, PVL-, bzw. IOVP-Funktion beeinflussen. Des weiteren wurden fünf experimentelle Manipulationen durchgeführt. Erstens, die Wortmitte wurde als OVP identifiziert, operationalisiert als die Buchstabenposition innerhalb eines Wort, an der die Refixationswahrscheinlichkeit minimal ist. Mit zunehmender Sakkadenstartdistanz verschob sich die OVP jedoch in Richtung Wortanfang. Verschiedene in Betracht kommende ursächliche Faktoren für Refixationen wurden diskutiert. Des weiteren wurden Fragen zur Programmierung von Refixationen untersucht, wobei die Ergebnisse nahe legen, dass vorgeplante und unmittelbar gesteuerte Refixationssakkaden koexistieren. Zweitens, Landepositionsverteilungen (PVL-Kurven) zeigen, dass die Augen systematisch von der OVP abweichen, was im Wesentlichen auf visuomotorische Faktoren zurückzuführen ist. Mittelwert und Standardverteilung der normalverteilten PVL-Kurven wurden v.a. von der Sakkadenstartdistanz beeinflusst. Als dritter Schwerpunkt wurde untersucht, wie Fixationsdauern als Funktion der Landeposition variieren. Der Invertierte Optimale Blickpositionseffekt wurde repliziert: In der Wortmitte lokalisierte Fixationen sind länger als solche, die sich an den Worträndern befinden. Der Effekt von Wortfrequenz bzw. Sakkadenstartdistanz auf die IOVP-Funktion zeigte sich im Wesentlichen in einer vertikalen Verschiebung der Kurve. Der Befund eines invertierten OVP-Effektes für Fixationsdauern ist kontraintuitiv, denn die Wortmitte (OVP) wird als optimaler Ort betrachtet, um ein Wort zu fixieren und zu verarbeiten. Ein wesentlicher Beitrag der vorliegenden Arbeit bestand darin, ursächliche Faktoren für den IOVP-Effekt zu identifizieren. Es wurde vorgeschlagen, dass der Effekt auf sog. fehlplazierte Fixationen, d.h. Fixationen auf nicht-intendierten Wörtern, zurückzuführen ist. Fehlplazierte Fixationen werden durch okulomotorische Fehler in der Sakkadenprogrammierung verursacht. Es wurde ein Algorithmus entwickelt, um den Anteil fehlplazierter Fixationen aus empirischen Lesedaten abzuschätzen, basierend auf Extrapolationen von Landepositionsverteilungen über die Wortgrenzen hinweg. Als zentrale theoretische Annahme wurde formuliert, dass ein neues potentiell korrigierendes Sakkadenprogramm unverzüglich gestartet wird, wenn das intendierte Zielwort verfehlt wurde. Dadurch verringert sich die mittlere Dauer von fehlplazierten Fixationen. Da fehlplazierte Fixationen am häufigsten am Wortanfang und am Wortende auftreten, generierte der vorgeschlagene Mechanismus die invertierte U-Form für Fixationsdauern als Funktion der Landeposition. Der Mechanismus, der – gemäß der hier entwickelten Argumentation – dem IOVP-Effekt zugrunde liegt, ist prinzipiell sowohl mit okulomotorischen als auch mit kognitiven Theorien der Blicksteuerung beim Lesen vereinbar. KW - Allgemeine Psychologie KW - Lesen KW - Blickbewegungen KW - IOVP-Effekt KW - Optimale und Präferierte Blickposition KW - fehlplazierte Fixationen KW - reading KW - eye movements KW - IOVP effect KW - optimal and preferred viewing position KW - mislocated fixations Y1 - 2005 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-7931 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Kuperman, Victor A1 - Dambacher, Michael A1 - Nuthmann, Antje A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - The effect of word position on eye-movements in sentence and paragraph reading N2 - The present study explores the role of the word position-in-text in sentence and paragraph reading. Three eye-movement data sets based on the reading of Dutch and German unrelated sentences reveal a sizeable, replicable increase in reading times over several words in the beginning and the end of sentences. The data from the paragraphbased English-language Dundee corpus replicate the pattern and also indicate that the increase in inspection times is driven by the visual boundaries of the text organized in lines, rather than by syntactic sentence boundaries. We argue that this effect is independent of several established lexical, contextual and oculomotor predictors of eye-movement behavior. We also provide evidence that the effect of word position-intext has two independent components: a start-up effect arguably caused by a strategic oculomotor program of saccade planning over the line of text, and a wrap-up effect originating in cognitive processes of comprehension and semantic integration. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 235 KW - eye movements KW - word processing KW - sentence processing Y1 - 2010 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-56828 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nuthmann, Antje A1 - Engbert, Ralf A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - The IOVP-effect in mindless reading : Experiment and modeling N2 - Fixation durations in reading are longer for within-word fixation positions close to word center than for positions near word boundaries. This counterintuitive result was termed the Inverted-Optimal Viewing Position (IOVP) effect. We proposed an explanation of the effect based on error-correction of mislocated fixations [Nuthmann, A., Engbert, R., & Kliegl, R. (2005). Mislocated fixations during reading and the inverted optimal viewing position effect. Vision Research, 45, 2201-2217], that suggests that the IOVP effect is not related to word processing. Here we demonstrate the existence of an IOVP effect in "mindless reading", a G-string scanning task. We compare the results from experimental data with results obtained from computer simulations of a simple model of the IOVP effect and discuss alternative accounts. We conclude that oculornotor errors, which often induce mislocalized fixations, represent the most important source of the IOVP effect. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Y1 - 2007 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2006.11.005 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Nuthmann, Antje A1 - Engbert, Ralf T1 - Tracking the mind during reading : the influence of past, present, and future words on fixation durations N2 - Reading requires the orchestration of visual, attentional, language-related, and oculomotor processing constraints. This study replicates previous effects of frequency, predictability, and length of fixated words on fixation durations in natural reading and demonstrates new effects of these variables related to previous and next words. Results are based on fixation durations recorded from 222 persons, each reading 144 sentences. Such evidence for distributed processing of words across fixation durations challenges psycholinguistic immediacy-of-processing and eye- mind assumptions. Most of the time the mind processes several words in parallel at different perceptual and cognitive levels. Eye movements can help to unravel these processes Y1 - 2006 UR - http://psycnet.apa.org/index.cfm?fa=browsePA.volumes&jcode=xge&vol=135&issue=1 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.135.1.12 SN - 0096-3445 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Nuthmann, Antje A1 - Engbert, Ralf T1 - Tracking the Mind During Reading: The Influence of Past, Present, and Future Words on Fixation Durations N2 - Reading requires the orchestration of visual, attentional, language-related, and oculomotor processing constraints. This study replicates previous effects of frequency, predictability, and length of fixated words on fixation durations in natural reading and demonstrates new effects of these variables related to previous and next words. Results are based on fixation durations recorded from 222 persons, each reading 144 sentences. Such evidence for distributed processing of words across fixation durations challenges psycholinguistic immediacy-of-processing and eye-mind assumptions. Most of the time the mind processes several words in parallel at different perceptual and cognitive levels. Eye movements can help to unravel these processes. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 263 KW - eye movements KW - fixation duration KW - gaze KW - word recognition KW - reading Y1 - 2006 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-57225 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schad, Daniel A1 - Nuthmann, Antje A1 - Engbert, Ralf T1 - Your mind wanders weakly, your mind wanders deeply - objective measures reveal mindless reading at different levels JF - Cognition : international journal of cognitive science N2 - When the mind wanders, attention turns away from the external environment and cognitive processing is decoupled from perceptual information. Mind wandering is usually treated as a dichotomy (dichotomy-hypothesis), and is often measured using self-reports. Here, we propose the levels of inattention hypothesis, which postulates attentional decoupling to graded degrees at different hierarchical levels of cognitive processing. To measure graded levels of attentional decoupling during reading we introduce the sustained attention to stimulus task (SAST), which is based on psychophysics of error detection. Under experimental conditions likely to induce mind wandering, we found that subjects were less likely to notice errors that required high-level processing for their detection as opposed to errors that only required low-level processing. Eye tracking revealed that before errors were overlooked influences of high- and low-level linguistic variables on eye fixations were reduced in a graded fashion, indicating episodes of mindless reading at weak and deep levels. Individual fixation durations predicted overlooking of lexical errors 5 s before they occurred. Our findings support the levels of inattention hypothesis and suggest that different levels of mindless reading can be measured behaviorally in the SAST. Using eye tracking to detect mind wandering online represents a promising approach for the development of new techniques to study mind wandering and to ameliorate its negative consequences. KW - Mind wandering KW - Reading KW - Eye movements KW - Signal detection theory KW - Levels of processing KW - Sustained attention Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2012.07.004 SN - 0010-0277 VL - 125 IS - 2 SP - 179 EP - 194 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER -