TY - JOUR A1 - Krahé, Barbara A1 - Berger, Anja T1 - Pathways from college students’ cognitive scripts for consensual sex to sexual victimization BT - a three-wave longitudinal study JF - The journal of sex research : the publication of the Society for the Scientific Study of Sex N2 - Sexual scripts serve as cognitive representations of typical elements of sexual interactions that guide sexual behavior. To the extent that cognitive scripts for consensual sex comprise elements associated with a risk of experiencing nonconsensual sex, they may be indirectly linked to sexual victimization via risky sexual behavior. A longitudinal study with 2,425 college students in Germany (58% female) examined pathways from sexual scripts for consensual sex, sexual behavior, and sexual victimization over three data waves separated by 12-month intervals. Sexual scripts and behavior were defined as risky to the extent that they include known vulnerability factors for sexual victimization (casual sex, alcohol consumption, ambiguous communication of sexual intentions). Path analyses confirmed that more risky sexual scripts prospectively predicted more risky sexual behavior, which predicted higher odds of sexual victimization. The findings held for men and women and participants with exclusively opposite-sex and both same- and opposite-sex contacts. Moreover, reciprocal influences between risky scripts and risky sexual behavior were found over time, confirming the proposed mutual reinforcement of scripts and behavior. The findings have implications for conceptualizing the role of scripts for consensual sex as vulnerability factors for sexual victimization among women and men and may inform intervention efforts. KW - sexual scripts KW - sexual victimization KW - sexual behavior KW - college students KW - Germany Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2021.1972922 SN - 0022-4499 SN - 1559-8519 VL - 58 IS - 9 SP - 1130 EP - 1139 PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krahé, Barbara A1 - Schuster, Isabell A1 - Tomaszewska, Paulina T1 - Prevalence of sexual aggression victimization and perpetration in a German university student sample JF - Archives of sexual behavior : the official publication of the International Academy of Sex Research N2 - This study examined the prevalence of sexual aggression perpetration and victimization in a sample of 1,172 students (755 female, 417 male) from four universities in Germany. All participants were asked about both victimization by, and perpetration of, sexual aggression since the age of 14 years, using the Sexual Aggression and Victimization Scale (SAV-S). Prevalence rates were established for different coercive strategies, sexual acts, and victim-perpetrator relationships. Both same-sex and opposite-sex victim-perpetrator constellations were examined. The overall victimization rate was 62.1% for women and 37.5% for men. The overall perpetration rate was 17.7% for men and 9.4% for women. Prevalence rates of both victimization and perpetration were higher for participants who had sexual contacts with both opposite-sex and same-sex partners than for participants with exclusively opposite-sex partners. Significant overlap was found between victim and perpetrator status for men and women as well as for participants with only opposite-sex and both opposite-sex and same-sex partners. A disparity between (higher) victimization and (lower) perpetration reports was found for both men and women, suggesting a general underreporting of perpetration rather than a gendered explanation in terms of social desirability or the perception of consent cues. The findings are placed in the international research literature on the prevalence of sexual aggression before and after the #metoo campaign, and their implications for prevention efforts are discussed. KW - Sexual aggression KW - Sexual victimization KW - Male victims KW - Female perpetrators KW - Same-sex relationships Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-021-01963-4 SN - 0004-0002 SN - 1573-2800 VL - 50 IS - 5 SP - 2109 EP - 2121 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - GEN A1 - Krahé, Barbara T1 - Teen dating violence BT - from analyzing the problem to finding solutions T2 - New directions for child and adolescent development Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/cad.20441 SN - 1534-8687 SN - 1520-3247 VL - 178 IS - Special Issue: Prevalence and predictors of teen dating violence: a European perspective SP - 169 EP - 175 PB - Wiley CY - Hoboken, New Jersey ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Skowronski, Marika A1 - Busching, Robert A1 - Krahé, Barbara T1 - The effects of sexualized video game characters and character personalization on women's self-objectification and body satisfaction JF - Journal of experimental social psychology N2 - Female role models in video games are rare, and if they are present, they are often heavily sexualized. Objectification theory suggests that exposure to sexualized media characters increases self-objectification and decreases body satisfaction in female users. This study investigated the effect of playing a video game with a sexualized versus a nonsexualized character on women's experiences of self-objectification and body satisfaction. We further studied the effect of character personalization as a core feature of video games on the relation between sexualized avatars, self-objectification and body satisfaction. N = 262 female participants reported state self-objectification and body satisfaction after 30 min of playing the video game The Sims 4 with a sexualized or nonsexualized avatar that was either generic or personalized to look like the participant. We predicted that controlling for trait self-objectification, playing the game with a sexualized character would increase state self-objectification, especially in the personalized condition. Regarding the effect of character sexualization on body satisfaction, competing hypotheses based on priming vs. the Proteus effect were tested, considering character personalization and enjoyment of sexualization as moderators and controlling for trait body satisfaction. The current study did not find evidence for the proposed hypotheses. The findings are discussed in terms of the relevance of objectification theory in explaining effects of sexualized models in interactive media. KW - Video games KW - Sexualization KW - Self-objectification KW - Body satisfaction KW - Character personalization KW - Media effects Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2020.104051 SN - 0022-1031 SN - 1096-0465 VL - 92 IS - 1 PB - Elsevier CY - San Diego ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dworkin, Emily R. A1 - Krahé, Barbara A1 - Zinzow, Heidi T1 - The global prevalence of sexual assault BT - a systematic review of international research since 2010 JF - Psychology of violence N2 - Objective: We present a review of peer-reviewed English-language studies conducted outside the United States and Canada on the prevalence of sexual assault victimization in adolescence and adulthood published since 2010. Method: A systematic literature search yielded 32 articles reporting on 45 studies from 29 countries. Studies that only provided prevalence estimates for sexual assault in intimate relationships or did not present separate rates for men and women were excluded. All studies were coded by two coders, and a risk of bias score was calculated for each study. Both past-year and prevalence rates covering longer periods were extracted. Results: The largest number of studies came from Europe (n = 21), followed by Africa (n = 11), Asia, and Latin America (n = 6 each). One study came from the Middle East and no studies were found from Oceania. Across the 22 studies that reported past-year prevalence rates, figures ranged from 0% to 59.2% for women, 0.3% to 55.5% for men, and 1.5% to 18.2% for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) samples. The average risk of bias score was 5.7 out of 10. Studies varied widely in methodology. Conclusion: Despite regional variation, most studies indicate that sexual assault is widespread. More sustained, systematic, and coordinated research efforts are needed to gauge the scale of sexual assault in different parts of the world and to develop prevention measures. KW - sexual assault KW - rape KW - international KW - review KW - sexual minority Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/vio0000374 SN - 2152-0828 SN - 2152-081X VL - 11 IS - 5 SP - 497 EP - 508 PB - American Psychological Association CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krahé, Barbara A1 - Uhlmann, Andreas A1 - Herzberg, Meike T1 - The voice gives it away BT - male and female pitch as a cue for gender stereotyping JF - Social psychology N2 - Two experiments examined the impact of voice pitch on gender stereotyping. Participants listened to a text read by a female (Study 1; N = 171) or male (Study 2, N = 151) speaker, whose voice pitch was manipulated to be high or low. They rated the speaker on positive and negative facets of masculinity and femininity, competence, and likability. They also indicated their own gendered self-concept. High pitch was associated with the ascription of more feminine traits and greater likability. The high-pitch female speaker was rated as less competent, and the high-pitch male speaker was perceived as less masculine. Text content and participants' gendered self-concept did not moderate the pitch effect. The findings underline the importance of voice pitch for impression formation. KW - voice pitch KW - gender stereotypes KW - masculinity KW - femininity KW - likability KW - competence Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000441 SN - 1864-9335 SN - 2151-2590 VL - 52 IS - 2 SP - 101 EP - 113 PB - Hogrefe & Huber CY - Bern ER -