TY - GEN A1 - Gianelli, Claudia A1 - Dalla Volta, Riccardo T1 - Does listening to action-related sentences modulate the activity of the motor system? BT - Replication of a combined TMS and behavioral study N2 - The neurophysiological and behavioral correlates of action-related language processing have been debated for long time. A precursor in this field was the study by Buccino et al. (2005) combining transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and behavioral measures (reaction times, RTs) to study the effect of listening to hand- and foot-related sentences. In the TMS experiment, the authors showed a decrease of motor evoked potentials (MEPs) recorded from hand muscles when processing hand-related verbs as compared to foot-related verbs. Similarly, MEPs recorded from leg muscles decreased when participants processed foot-related as compared to hand-related verbs. In the behavioral experiment, using the same stimuli and a semantic decision task the authors found slower RTs when the participants used the body effector (hand or foot) involved in the actual execution of the action expressed by the presented verb to give their motor responses. These findings were interpreted as an interference effect due to a simultaneous involvement of the motor system in both a language and a motor task. Our replication aimed to enlarge the sample size and replicate the findings with higher statistical power. The TMS experiment showed a significant modulation of hand MEPs, but in the sense of a motor facilitation when processing hand-related verbs. On the contrary, the behavioral experiment did not show significant results. The results are discussed within the general debate on the time-course of the modulation of motor cortex during implicit and explicit language processing and in relation to the studies on action observation/understanding. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 272 KW - action language KW - motor system KW - TMS KW - motor resonance KW - interference KW - replication Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-75173 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wiebking, Christine A1 - de Greck, Moritz A1 - Duncan, Niall W. A1 - Tempelmann, Claus A1 - Bajbouj, Malek A1 - Northoff, Georg T1 - Interoception in insula subregions as a possible state marker for depression BT - an exploratory fMRI study investigating healthy, depressed and remitted participants JF - Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience N2 - Background: Interoceptive awareness (iA), the awareness of stimuli originating inside the body, plays an important role in human emotions and psychopathology. The insula is particularly involved in neural processes underlying iA. However, iA-related neural activity in the insula during the acute state of major depressive disorder (MDD) and in remission from depression has not been explored. Methods: A well-established fMRI paradigm for studying (iA; heartbeat counting) and exteroceptive awareness (eA; tone counting) was used. Study participants formed three independent groups: patients suffering from MDD, patients in remission from MDD or healthy controls. Task-induced neural activity in three functional subdivisions of the insula was compared between these groups. Results: Depressed participants showed neural hypo-responses during iA in anterior insula regions, as compared to both healthy and remitted participants. The right dorsal anterior insula showed the strongest response to iA across all participant groups. In depressed participants there was no differentiation between different stimuli types in this region (i.e., between iA, eA and noTask). Healthy and remitted participants in contrast showed clear activity differences. Conclusions: This is the first study comparing iA and eA-related activity in the insula in depressed participants to that in healthy and remitted individuals. The preliminary results suggest that these groups differ in there being hypo-responses across insula regions in the depressed participants, whilst non-psychiatric participants and patients in remission from MDD show the same neural activity during iA in insula subregions implying a possible state marker for MDD. The lack of activity differences between different stimulus types in the depressed group may account for their symptoms of altered external and internal focus. KW - major depressive disorder KW - interoceptive awareness KW - insula KW - remission KW - neuroimaging KW - fMRI KW - hopelessness KW - interoception Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00082 SN - 1662-5153 IS - 9 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - GEN A1 - Wiebking, Christine A1 - de Greck, Moritz A1 - Duncan, Niall W. A1 - Tempelmann, Claus A1 - Bajbouj, Malek A1 - Northoff, Georg T1 - Interoception in insula subregions as a possible state marker for depression BT - an exploratory fMRI study investigating healthy, depressed and remitted participants N2 - Background: Interoceptive awareness (iA), the awareness of stimuli originating inside the body, plays an important role in human emotions and psychopathology. The insula is particularly involved in neural processes underlying iA. However, iA-related neural activity in the insula during the acute state of major depressive disorder (MDD) and in remission from depression has not been explored. Methods: A well-established fMRI paradigm for studying (iA; heartbeat counting) and exteroceptive awareness (eA; tone counting) was used. Study participants formed three independent groups: patients suffering from MDD, patients in remission from MDD or healthy controls. Task-induced neural activity in three functional subdivisions of the insula was compared between these groups. Results: Depressed participants showed neural hypo-responses during iA in anterior insula regions, as compared to both healthy and remitted participants. The right dorsal anterior insula showed the strongest response to iA across all participant groups. In depressed participants there was no differentiation between different stimuli types in this region (i.e., between iA, eA and noTask). Healthy and remitted participants in contrast showed clear activity differences. Conclusions: This is the first study comparing iA and eA-related activity in the insula in depressed participants to that in healthy and remitted individuals. The preliminary results suggest that these groups differ in there being hypo-responses across insula regions in the depressed participants, whilst non-psychiatric participants and patients in remission from MDD show the same neural activity during iA in insula subregions implying a possible state marker for MDD. The lack of activity differences between different stimulus types in the depressed group may account for their symptoms of altered external and internal focus. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 271 KW - major depressive disorder KW - interoceptive awareness KW - insula KW - remission KW - neuroimaging KW - fMRI KW - hopelessness KW - interoception Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-75161 ER - TY - THES A1 - Hanne, Sandra T1 - On the subject-object asymmetry in sentence comprehension in aphasia BT - implications from eye-tracking data and computational modeling Y1 - 2015 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Beurskens, Rainer A1 - Mühlbauer, Thomas A1 - Granacher, Urs A1 - Gollhofer, Albert A1 - Cardinale, Marco T1 - Effects of heavy-resistance strength and balance training on unilateral and bilateral leg strength performance in old adults N2 - The term “bilateral deficit” (BLD) has been used to describe a reduction in performance during bilateral contractions when compared to the sum of identical unilateral contractions. In old age, maximal isometric force production (MIF) decreases and BLD increases indicating the need for training interventions to mitigate this impact in seniors. In a cross-sectional approach, we examined age-related differences in MIF and BLD in young (age: 20–30 years) and old adults (age: >65 years). In addition, a randomized-controlled trial was conducted to investigate training-specific effects of resistance vs. balance training on MIF and BLD of the leg extensors in old adults. Subjects were randomly assigned to resistance training (n = 19), balance training (n = 14), or a control group (n = 20). Bilateral heavy-resistance training for the lower extremities was performed for 13 weeks (3 × / week) at 80% of the one repetition maximum. Balance training was conducted using predominately unilateral exercises on wobble boards, soft mats, and uneven surfaces for the same duration. Pre- and post-tests included uni- and bilateral measurements of maximal isometric leg extension force. At baseline, young subjects outperformed older adults in uni- and bilateral MIF (all p < .001; d = 2.61–3.37) and in measures of BLD (p < .001; d = 2.04). We also found significant increases in uni- and bilateral MIF after resistance training (all p < .001, d = 1.8-5.7) and balance training (all p < .05, d = 1.3-3.2). In addition, BLD decreased following resistance (p < .001, d = 3.4) and balance training (p < .001, d = 2.6). It can be concluded that both training regimens resulted in increased MIF and decreased BLD of the leg extensors (HRT-group more than BAL-group), almost reaching the levels of young adults. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 268 Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-73448 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Beurskens, Rainer A1 - Mühlbauer, Thomas A1 - Granacher, Urs A1 - Gollhofer, Albert A1 - Cardinale, Marco T1 - Effects of heavy-resistance strength and balance training on unilateral and bilateral leg strength performance in old adults JF - PLoS one N2 - The term “bilateral deficit” (BLD) has been used to describe a reduction in performance during bilateral contractions when compared to the sum of identical unilateral contractions. In old age, maximal isometric force production (MIF) decreases and BLD increases indicating the need for training interventions to mitigate this impact in seniors. In a cross-sectional approach, we examined age-related differences in MIF and BLD in young (age: 20–30 years) and old adults (age: >65 years). In addition, a randomized-controlled trial was conducted to investigate training-specific effects of resistance vs. balance training on MIF and BLD of the leg extensors in old adults. Subjects were randomly assigned to resistance training (n = 19), balance training (n = 14), or a control group (n = 20). Bilateral heavy-resistance training for the lower extremities was performed for 13 weeks (3 × / week) at 80% of the one repetition maximum. Balance training was conducted using predominately unilateral exercises on wobble boards, soft mats, and uneven surfaces for the same duration. Pre- and post-tests included uni- and bilateral measurements of maximal isometric leg extension force. At baseline, young subjects outperformed older adults in uni- and bilateral MIF (all p < .001; d = 2.61–3.37) and in measures of BLD (p < .001; d = 2.04). We also found significant increases in uni- and bilateral MIF after resistance training (all p < .001, d = 1.8-5.7) and balance training (all p < .05, d = 1.3-3.2). In addition, BLD decreased following resistance (p < .001, d = 3.4) and balance training (p < .001, d = 2.6). It can be concluded that both training regimens resulted in increased MIF and decreased BLD of the leg extensors (HRT-group more than BAL-group), almost reaching the levels of young adults. Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0118535 SN - 1932-6203 PB - Public Library of Science CY - Lawrence, Kan. ER - TY - THES A1 - Negri, Michael T1 - How coaches influence referee decisions BT - a principal-agent perspective on non-professional soccer BT - eine Prinzipal-Agent Perspektive auf den nicht-professionellen Fußball N2 - The work elaborates on the question if coaches in non-professional soccer can influence referee decisions. Modeled from a principal-agent perspective, the managing referee boards can be seen as the principal. They aim at facilitating a fair competition which is in accordance with the existing rules and regulations. In doing so, the referees are assigned as impartial agents on the pitch. The coaches take over a non-legitimate principal-like role trying to influence the referees even though they do not have the formal right to do so. Separate questionnaires were set up for referees and coaches. The coach questionnaire aimed at identifying the extent and the forms of influencing attempts by coaches. The referee questionnaire tried to elaborate on the questions if referees take notice of possible influencing attempts and how they react accordingly. The results were put into relation with official match data in order to identify significant influences on personal sanctions (yellow cards, second yellow cards, red cards) and the match result. It is found that there is a slight effect on the referee’s decisions. However, this effect is rather disadvantageous for the influencing coach and there is no evidence for an impact on the match result itself. N2 - Die Arbeit untersucht die Frage, ob Trainer im nicht-professionellen Fußball Schiedsrichterentscheidungen beeinflussen können. Aufbauend auf einer Prinzipal-Agent Perspektive nehmen die Schiedsrichterausschüsse die Rolle des Prinzipals ein. Sie zielen darauf ab, einen fairen Wettkampf zu organisieren, der in Übereinstimmung mit dem geltenden Regelwerk durchgeführt wird. Um dies zu erreichen, werden die Schiedsrichter als unparteiische Agenten auf dem Spielfeld eingesetzt. Die Trainer nehmen in dieser Konstellation eine illegitime, prinzipal-ähnliche Rolle ein und versuchen, den Schiedsrichter zu ihren Gunsten zu beeinflussen. Dies geschieht, ohne dass die Trainer ein entsprechendes Recht dazu hätten. Sowohl für die Trainer als auch für die Schiedsrichter wurde ein Fragebogen entworfen. Der erstgenannte zielt darauf ab, das Ausmaß und die Form von Beeinflussungsversuchen zu erheben. Der Schiedsrichter-Fragebogen hingegen erörtert die Fragen, ob die Unparteiischen mögliche Beeinflussungsversuche durch die Trainer wahrnehmen und wie sie gegebenenfalls darauf reagieren. Die Ergebnisse wurden mit offiziellen Spieldaten in Verbindung gebracht um potentielle Einflüsse auf Spiele (persönliche Strafen sowie das Endergebnis) zu identifizieren. Es wurde herausgefunden, dass es einen leichten Effekt auf Schiedsrichterentscheidungen gibt. Dieser ist zumeist jedoch nachteilig für den jeweiligen Trainer und es gibt kein Indiz für einen Einfluss auf das Endergebnis. T2 - Wie Trainer Schiedsrichterentscheidungen beeinflussen KW - referees KW - decision making KW - soccer KW - bias KW - Schiedsrichter KW - Trainer KW - Entscheidungen KW - Urteilsverzerrung KW - Prinzipal-Agent Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-72247 ER - TY - THES A1 - Busching, Robert T1 - Affektive und kognitive Desensibilisierung als Konsequenz von Mediengewaltkonsum : eine experimentelle Untersuchung auf Basis lerntheoretischer Überlegungen T1 - Affective and cognitive desensitization as a consequence of violent media exposure : an experimental investigation based on learning theories N2 - NutzerInnen von gewalthaltigen Medien geben einerseits oftmals zu, dass sie fiktionale, gewalthaltige Medien konsumieren, behaupten jedoch gleichzeitig, dass dies nicht ihr Verhalten außerhalb des Medienkontexts beeinflusst. Sie argumentieren, dass sie leicht zwischen Dingen, die im fiktionalen Kontext und Dingen, die in der Realität gelernt wurden, unterscheiden können. Im Kontrast zu diesen Aussagen zeigen Metanalysen Effektstärken im mittleren Bereich für den Zusammenhang zwischen Gewaltmedienkonsum und aggressivem Verhalten. Diese Ergebnisse können nur erklärt werden, wenn MediennutzerInnen gewalthaltige Lernerfahrungen auch außerhalb des Medienkontexts anwenden. Ein Prozess, der Lernerfahrungen innerhalb des Medienkontexts mit dem Verhalten in der realen Welt verknüpft, ist Desensibilisierung, die oftmals eine Reduktion des negativen Affektes gegenüber Gewalt definiert ist. Zur Untersuchung des Desensibilisierungsprozesses wurden vier Experimente durchgeführt. Die erste in dieser Arbeit untersuchte Hypothese war, dass je häufiger Personen Gewaltmedien konsumieren, desto weniger negativen Affekt zeigen sie gegenüber Bildern mit realer Gewalt. Jedoch wurde angenommen, dass diese Bewertung auf Darstellungen von realer Gewalt beschränkt ist und nicht bei Bildern ohne Gewaltbezug, die einen negativen Affekt auslösen, zu finden ist. Die zweite Hypothese bezog sich auf den Affekt während des Konsums von Mediengewalt. Hier wurde angenommen, dass besonders Personen, die Freude an Gewalt in den Medien empfinden weniger negativen Affekt gegenüber realen Gewaltdarstellungen zeigen. Die letzte Hypothese beschäftigte sich mit kognitiver Desensibilisierung und sagte vorher, dass Gewaltmedienkonsum zu einem Transfer von Reaktionen, die normalerweise gegenüber gewalthaltigen Reizen gezeigt werden, auf ursprünglich neutrale Reize führt. Das erste Experiment (N = 57) untersuchte, ob die habituelle Nutzung von gewalthaltigen Medien den selbstberichteten Affekt (Valenz und Aktivierung) gegenüber Darstellungen von realer Gewalt und nichtgewalthaltigen Darstellungen, die negativen Affekt auslösen, vorhersagt. Die habituelle Nutzung von gewalthaltigen Medien sagte weniger negative Valenz und weniger allgemeine Aktivierung gegenüber gewalthalten und nichtgewalthaltigen Bildern vorher. Das zweite Experiment (N = 103) untersuchte auch die Beziehung zwischen habituellem Gewaltmedienkonsum und den affektiven Reaktionen gegenüber Bildern realer Gewalt und negativen affektauslösenden Bildern. Als weiterer Prädiktor wurde der Affekt beim Betrachten von gewalthaltigen Medien hinzugefügt. Der Affekt gegenüber den Bildern wurde zusätzlich durch psychophysiologische Maße (Valenz: C: Supercilii; Aktivierung: Hautleitreaktion) erhoben. Wie zuvor sagte habitueller Gewaltmedienkonsum weniger selbstberichte Erregung und weniger negative Valenz für die gewalthaltigen und die negativen, gewalthaltfreien Bilder vorher. Die physiologischen Maßen replizierten dieses Ergebnis. Jedoch zeigte sich ein anderes Muster für den Affekt beim Konsum von Gewalt in den Medien. Personen, die Gewalt in den Medien stärker erfreut, zeigen eine Reduktion der Responsivität gegenüber Gewalt auf allen vier Maßen. Weiterhin war bei drei dieser vier Maße (selbstberichte Valenz, Aktivität des C. Supercilii und Hautleitreaktion) dieser Zusammenhang auf die gewalthaltigen Bilder beschränkt, mit keinem oder nur einem kleinen Effekt auf die negativen, aber nichtgewalthaltigen Bilder. Das dritte Experiment (N = 73) untersuchte den Affekt während die Teilnehmer ein Computerspiel spielten. Das Spiel wurde eigens für dieses Experiment programmiert, sodass einzelne Handlungen im Spiel mit der Aktivität des C. Supercilii, dem Indikator für negativen Affekt, in Bezug gesetzt werden konnten. Die Analyse des C. Supercilii zeigte, dass wiederholtes Durchführen von aggressiven Spielzügen zu einem Rückgang von negativen Affekt führte, der die aggressiven Spielhandlungen begleitete. Der negative Affekt während gewalthaltiger Spielzüge wiederum sagte die affektive Reaktion gegenüber Darstellungen von gewalthaltigen Bildern vorher, nicht jedoch gegenüber den negativen Bildern. Das vierte Experiment (N = 77) untersuchte kognitive Desensibilisierung, die die Entwicklung von Verknüpfungen zwischen neutralen und aggressiven Kognitionen beinhaltete. Die Teilnehmer spielten einen Ego-Shooter entweder auf einem Schiff- oder einem Stadtlevel. Die Beziehung zwischen den neutralen Konstrukten (Schiff/Stadt) und den aggressiven Kognitionen wurde mit einer lexikalischen Entscheidungsaufgabe gemessen. Das Spielen im Schiff-/Stadt-Level führte zu einer kürzen Reaktionszeit für aggressive Wörter, wenn sie einem Schiff- bzw. Stadtprime folgten. Dies zeigte, dass die im Spiel enthaltenen neutralen Konzepte mit aggressiven Knoten verknüpft werden. Die Ergebnisse dieser vier Experimente wurden diskutiert im Rahmen eines lerntheoretischen Ansatzes um Desensibilisierung zu konzeptualisieren. N2 - Users of violent media often state that they consume fictional violent media and claim that this does not influence their behavior outside of the media context. Media users reason that they can easily distinguish between things learned in a fictional context and things learned in reality. In contrast to these claims, meta-analyses report medium-sized effects between media violence consumption and aggressive behavior. These effects can only be explained if media users also apply learning experiences from the media outside the media context. One of the processes linking learning experiences in the media context to behavior in the real word is desensitization, which is often defined as a reduction of negative affect towards violence. To investigate the process of desensitization, four experiments were conducted. The first hypothesis investigated in these experiments was that persons who have a higher level of violent media exposure show less negative affect towards depictions of real violence compared to persons with a lower level. However, it was assumed that this reduction in reaction would be limited to depictions of real violence and would not be found in response to depictions of nonviolent pictures electing negative affect. The second hypothesis referred to the role of affect experienced during exposure to media depictions of violence, assuming that especially people who enjoy the violence while consuming the media show less negative affect towards depictions of real violence. The final hypothesis addressed cognitive desensitization effects and predicted that media violence use leads to transfer effects from responses to violent cues to initially neutral stimuli The first experiment (N = 57) examined to what extent the habitual use of media violence predicts the self-reported affect (Valence and Arousal) towards depictions of real violence and nonviolent pictures eliciting negative affect. Habitual media violence exposure predicted less negative valence and less arousal toward violent pictures and negative nonviolent pictures. The second experiment (N = 103) also examined the relationship between habitual media violence exposure and the affective reactions towards images of real violence as well as negative, nonviolent scenes. Additionally, affect while watching violent media was added as a second predictor. The affect toward the images was also obtained by psychophysical measures (Valence: activity of C. Supercilii; Activation: skin conductance). As in experiment 1, habitual media violence exposure predicted less self-reported negative valence and less self-reported arousal for the violent pictures and the negative nonviolent pictures. The physiological measures replicated this result. However, a different pattern emerged for the enjoyment of violent media. People who enjoyed violent media more showed a reduction of affective responsivity toward violence on all four different measures. Additionally, for three of the four measures (skin conductance, self-reported negative valence and the activity on the C. Supercilii) this relationship was limited to the violent pictures, with no or little effect on the negative, but nonviolent pictures. A third experiment (N = 73) studied affect while participants played a violent computer game. A game was specially programmed in which specific actions could be linked to the activity of the C. Supercilii, an indicator for negative affect. The analysis of the C. Supercilii showed that repeatedly performing aggressive actions during the game led to a decline in negative affect accompanying the aggressive actions. The negative affect during aggressive actions in turn predicted less negative affective responses to violent images of real-life violence but not to nonviolent, negative images. The fourth experiment (N=77) showed cognitive desensitization effects, which involved the formation of links between neutral and aggressive cognitions. Participants played a first-person shooter game either on a ship or a city level. The relationship between neutral constructs (ship/city) and aggressive cognitions was measured using a lexical decision task. Playing the game in a ship/city level led to shorter reaction time for aggressive words following ship/city primes respectively. This indicated that the neutral concepts introduced in the game had become associated with aggressive cognitions. The findings of these four experiments are discussed in terms of a learning theory approach to conceptualizing desensitization. KW - Mediengewalt KW - Desensibilisierung KW - Videospiele KW - physiologische Verfahren KW - Aggression KW - media violence KW - desensitization KW - video games KW - psychophysiological measures KW - aggression Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-71360 ER - TY - THES A1 - Gendt, Anja T1 - Eye movements under the control of working memory : the challenge of a reading-span task T1 - Blickbewegungen unter Arbeitsgedächtniskontrolle : Die Herausforderungen einer Lesespannenaufgabe N2 - During reading oculomotor processes guide the eyes over the text. The visual information recorded is accessed, evaluated and processed. Only by retrieving the meaning of a word from the long-term memory, as well as through the connection and storage of the information about each individual word, is it possible to access the semantic meaning of a sentence. Therefore memory, and here in particular working memory, plays a pivotal role in the basic processes of reading. The following dissertation investigates to what extent different demands on memory and memory capacity have an effect on eye movement behavior while reading. The frequently used paradigm of the reading span task, in which test subjects read and evaluate individual sentences, was used for the experimental review of the research questions. The results speak for the fact that working memory processes have a direct effect on various eye movement measurements. Thus a high working memory load, for example, reduced the perceptual span while reading. The lower the individual working memory capacity of the reader was, the stronger was the influence of the working memory load on the processing of the sentence. N2 - Beim Lesen steuern okulomotorische Prozesse die Blickbewegungen über den Text. Die aufgenommenen visuellen Informationen werden erschlossen, beurteilt und verarbeitet. Erst durch den Abruf der Wortbedeutung aus dem Langzeitgedächtnis, und die Verknüpfung sowie Speicherung der einzelnen Wortinformationen erschließt sich die semantische Bedeutung eines Satzes. Somit stellt das Gedächtnis und hier insbesondere das Arbeitsgedächtnis eines der grundlegenden Prozesse für das Lesen dar. Die vorliegende Dissertation untersucht inwieweit sich unterschiedliche Gedächtnisanforderungen und Gedächtniskapazitäten auf das Blickverhalten während des Lesens auswirken. Für die experimentelle Überprüfung der Forschungsfragen wurde das in der Arbeitsgedächtnisforschung sehr häufig genutzte Paradigma der Lesespannenaufgabe verwendet, bei dem Probanden einzelne Sätze lesen und beurteilen. Die Ergebnisse sprechen für einen direkten Einfluss von Arbeitsgedächtnisprozessen auf verschiedene Blickbewegungsmaße. So reduzierte eine hohe Arbeitsgedächtnisbelastung beispielsweise die perzeptuelle Spanne während des Lesens. Je geringer die individuelle Arbeitsgedächtniskapazität des Lesers war, desto stärker war der Einfluss der Arbeitsgedächtnisbelastung auf die Satzverarbeitung. KW - Blickbewegungen KW - Arbeitsgedächtnis KW - Lesen KW - Lesespanne KW - eye movements KW - working memory KW - reading KW - reading-span Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-69224 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Briesemeister, Benny B. A1 - Hofmann, Markus J. A1 - Kuchinke, Lars A1 - Jacobs, Arthur M. T1 - The BAWL databases in research on emotional word processing JF - Potsdam cognitive science series N2 - Inhalt: Introduction A two-dimensional affective space: Valence and arousal effects in word processing Higher dimensional affective space: a role of discrete emotions in word processing? A direct comparison of the affective space models References Y1 - 2012 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-62377 SN - 2190-4545 SN - 2190-4553 IS - 3 SP - 61 EP - 66 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER -