TY - JOUR A1 - Bauernschuster, Stefan A1 - Borck, Rainald T1 - Formal Child Care and Family Structure: Theory and Evidence JF - CESifo economic studies : a joint initiative of Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität and Ifo Institute for Economic Research N2 - This article studies the effect of child care provision on family structure. We present a model of a marriage market with positive assortative matching, where in equilibrium, the poorest women stay single. Couples have to decide on the number of children and spousal specialization in home production of public goods and child care. We then study how child care provision affects the equilibrium. Due to specialization in home production, the incentive to use child care is smaller for married mothers than for single mothers. We show that this increases the number of single mothers and the divorce rate. Using survey data from Germany, we present suggestive empirical evidence consistent with this finding. (JEL codes: J12 and J13). KW - marriage KW - divorce KW - single parenthood KW - child care Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/cesifo/ifv025 SN - 1610-241X SN - 1612-7501 VL - 62 SP - 699 EP - 724 PB - Oxford Univ. Press CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Borck, Rainald T1 - Adieu Rabenmutter-culture, fertility, female labour supply, the gender wage gap and childcare JF - Journal of population economics N2 - This paper studies the effect of cultural attitudes on childcare provision, fertility, female labour supply and the gender wage gap. Cross-country data show that fertility, female labour force participation and childcare provision are positively correlated with each other, while the gender wage gap seems to be negatively correlated with these variables. The paper presents a model with endogenous fertility, female labour supply and childcare choices driven by cultural attitudes which fits these facts. There may exist multiple equilibria: one with zero childcare provision, low fertility and female labour supply and high wage gap and one with high childcare provision, high fertility and female labour supply and low wage gap. KW - Cultural attitudes KW - Fertility KW - Female labour supply KW - Wage gap KW - Childcare Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00148-013-0499-z SN - 0933-1433 SN - 1432-1475 VL - 27 IS - 3 SP - 739 EP - 765 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Borck, Rainald T1 - Will skyscrapers save the planet? Building height limits and urban greenhouse gas emissions JF - Regional science and urban economics N2 - This paper studies the effectiveness of building height limits as a policy to limit greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. It shows that building height limits lead to urban sprawl and higher emissions from commuting. On the other hand, aggregate housing consumption may decrease, which reduces emissions from residential energy use. A numerical model is used to evaluate whether total GHG emissions may be lower under building height restrictions. Welfare is not concave in the strictness of building height limits, so either no limit or a very strict one (depending on the strength of the externality) might maximize welfare. The paper discusses several extensions, such as congestion, endogenous transport mode choice, migration, and urban heat island effect. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved KW - Greenhouse gas emissions KW - City structure KW - Building height limits Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2016.01.004 SN - 0166-0462 SN - 1879-2308 VL - 58 SP - 13 EP - 25 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Borck, Rainald T1 - Public transport and urban pollution JF - Regional science and urban economics N2 - This paper studies the effect of public transport policies on urban pollution. It uses a quantitative equilibrium model with residential choice and mode choice. Pollution comes from commuting and residential energy use. The model parameters are calibrated to replicate key variables for American metropolitan areas. In the counterfactual, I study how free public transport coupled with increasing transit speed affects the equilibrium. In the baseline simulation, total pollution falls by 0.4%, as decreasing emissions from transport are partly offset by rising residential emissions. A second counterfactual compares a city with and without public transit. This large investment decreases pollution by 1.7%. When jobs are decentralized, emissions fall by 0.5% in the first and by 3% in the second counterfactual. KW - Public transport KW - Pollution KW - Discrete choice Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2019.06.005 SN - 0166-0462 SN - 1879-2308 VL - 77 SP - 356 EP - 366 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Borck, Rainald ED - Zimmermann, Klaus F. T1 - Energy policies, agglomeration, and pollution T2 - Handbook of labor, human resources and population economics N2 - This chapter reviews the interplay of agglomeration and pollution as well as the effect of energy policies on pollution in an urban context. It starts by describing the effect of agglomeration on pollution. While this effect is theoretically ambiguous, empirical research tends to find that larger cities are more polluted, but per capita emissions fall with city size. The chapter discusses the implications for optimal city size. Conversely, urban pollution tends to discourage agglomeration if larger cities are more exposed to pollution. The chapter then considers various energy policies and their effect on urban pollution. Specifically, it looks at the effects of energy and transport policies as well as urban policies such as zoning. Y1 - 2023 SN - 978-3-319-57365-6 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57365-6_421-1 SP - 1 EP - 15 PB - Springer International Publishing CY - Cham ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Borck, Rainald A1 - Brueckner, Jan K. T1 - Optimal energy taxation in cities JF - Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists : JAERE N2 - This paper presents the first investigation of the effects of optimal energy taxation in an urban spatial setting, where emissions are produced both by residences and commuting. When levying an optimal direct tax on energy or carbon use is not feasible, the analysis shows that exactly the same adjustments in resource allocation can be generated by the combination of a land tax, a housing tax, and a commuting tax. We then analyze the effects of these taxes on urban spatial structure, showing that they reduce the extent of commuting and the level of housing consumption while increasing building heights, generating a more-compact city with a lower level of emissions per capita. KW - Environmental taxes KW - Greenhouse gases KW - Monocentric city Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1086/695614 SN - 2333-5955 SN - 2333-5963 VL - 5 IS - 2 SP - 481 EP - 516 PB - University of Chicago Press CY - Chicago ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Borck, Rainald A1 - Fossen, Frank M. A1 - Freier, Ronny A1 - Martin, Thorsten T1 - Race to the debt trap? - Spatial econometric evidence on debt in German municipalities JF - Regional science and urban economics N2 - Through an intertemporal budget constraint, jurisdictions may gain advantages in tax and spending competition by 'competing' on debt. While the existing spatial econometric literature focuses on tax and spending competition, very little is known about spatial interaction via public debt. If jurisdictions compete for mobile capital to finance public spending, they may compete in debt levels as well as taxes. We use a theoretical model to derive the reaction of jurisdictions' debt levels to their neighbors' debts. We then estimate the spatial interdependence of public debt among German municipalities using a panel on municipalities in the two largest German states from 1999 to 2006. We find significant and robust interaction effects between debt levels of neighboring municipalities, which we compare to spatial tax and spending interactions. The results indicate that a municipality increases its per capita debt by 16-33 Euro as a reaction to an increase of 100 Euro in neighboring municipalities. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. KW - Public debt KW - Tax and spending competition KW - Municipality data KW - Spatial interactions KW - Spatial panel estimation Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2015.04.003 SN - 0166-0462 SN - 1879-2308 VL - 53 SP - 20 EP - 37 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Borck, Rainald A1 - Gohl, Niklas T1 - Gentrification and Affordable Housing Policies T2 - CEPA Discussion Papers N2 - We use a quantitative spatial equilibrium model to evaluate the distributional and welfare impacts of a recent temporary rent control policy in Berlin, Germany. We calibrate the model to key features of Berlin’s housing market, in particular the recent gentrification of inner city locations. As expected, gentrification benefits rich homeowners, while poor renter households lose. Our counterfactual analysis mimicks the rent control policy. We find that this policy reduces welfare for rich and poor households and in fact, the percentage change in welfare is largest for the poorest households. We also study alternative affordable housing policies such as subsidies and re-zoning policies, which are better suited to address the adverse consequences of gentrification. T3 - CEPA Discussion Papers - 39 KW - rent control KW - housing market KW - gentrification Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-529300 SN - 2628-653X IS - 39 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Borck, Rainald A1 - Gohl, Niklas T1 - Steigende Mieten? BT - Gentrifizierung in deutschen Großstädten und die Suche nach bezahlbarem Wohnraum T2 - Ökonomenstimme N2 - Vor dem Hintergrund rasant steigender Mieten in deutschen Großstädten untersuchen wir in einer neuen Studie die Auswirkungen von Gentrifizierung sowie von politischen Gegenmaßnahmen auf unterschiedliche Einkommensgruppen anhand eines quantitativen Modells für Berlin. Wir finden, dass eine Mietpreisbindung (wie der „Mietendeckel“) allen Haushalten, vor allem aber den ärmeren Haushalten, schadet. Andere Maßnahmen wie Neubau oder direkte Subventionen schneiden besser ab. Y1 - 2022 UR - https://oekonomenstimme.org/articles/1961 PB - KOF Konjunkturforschungsstelle der ETH Zürich CY - Zürich ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Borck, Rainald A1 - Mulder, Peter T1 - Energy policies and pollution in two developing country cities BT - A quantitative model T2 - CEPA Discussion Papers N2 - We study the effect of energy and transport policies on pollution in two developing country cities. We use a quantitative equilibrium model with choice of housing, energy use, residential location, transport mode, and energy technology. Pollution comes from commuting and residential energy use. The model parameters are calibrated to replicate key variables for two developing country cities, Maputo, Mozambique, and Yogyakarta, Indonesia. In the counterfactual simulations, we study how various transport and energy policies affect equilibrium pollution. Policies may be induce rebound effects from increasing residential energy use or switching to high emission modes or locations. In general, these rebound effects tend to be largest for subsidies to public transport or modern residential energy technology. T3 - CEPA Discussion Papers - 78 KW - pollution KW - energy policy KW - discrete choice KW - developing country cities Y1 - 2024 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-638472 SN - 2628-653X IS - 78 ER -