TY - JOUR A1 - Iturrizaga, Lasafam A1 - Charrier G., Reynaldo T1 - Sudden glacier advances in the Cachapoal Valley, Southern Central Andes of Chile (34 degrees S) JF - Journal of South American earth sciences N2 - Throughout the Andes Mountains of South America, a general trend of glacier shrinkage has taken place in modern times. However, a few glaciers have undergone considerable temporally advances or even surged during the mid-19th to 20th century CE. These valley glaciers are mainly located in the Central Andes of Chile and Argentina. The research presented here focuses on the changes of the Cachapoal Glacier in the Southern Central Andes of Chile. Spectacular glacier advances occurred at least three times in historical times, which lead to river blockages and successive lake outburst floods. The glacier advances were reconstructed with a multi-method approach including geomorphological mapping, Be-10 cosmogenic exposure dating of moraines, multi-temporal comparison of historical and recent photographs and paintings as well as the interpretation of aerial photographs and satellite images and the analysis of early travel reports. The article highlights the diversity of environmental conditions for the formation of glaciers in terms of the topographical and climatic setting and the resulting distinct glacier behavior along the Andes Mountains. It is argued for the Cachapoal Glacier that the glacier advances are intrinsic to the glacier type and may not be necessarily climate-dependent. This is characteristic for avalanche-fed glaciers of which the glacier dynamic is strongly controlled by the topographic setting and sudden inputs of ice and rock avalanches as well as by the specific debris transfer system and hydrological drainage pattern. At the regional level, the fluctuations of the Cachapoal Glacier are compared with glaciers of neighboring mountain ranges in the Southern Central Andes and at the global scale with those of the Karakoram Mountains in High Asia with a similar dynamic glacier behavior. KW - Cachapoal Glacier KW - Glacier surges KW - Topography-controlled glacier KW - advances KW - Glacier lake outbursts KW - Debris-covered glaciers KW - Central KW - Andes KW - Chile Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2020.102787 SN - 0895-9811 SN - 1873-0647 VL - 105 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Iturrizaga, Lasafam T1 - Glacial landform assemblages and pedestal moraines in the Cordillera Check for Blanca (Peru) JF - Geomorphology : an international journal on pure and applied geomorphology N2 - The article provides a contribution to the glacial geomorphology of tropical high-altitude mountains. It focuses on the diversity of glacial landforms in the Cordillera Blanca (Peru). The landforms are classified as individual landform types as well as in their hypsometric sequence. Their spatial arrangement is depicted in vertical series and summarised in a glacial-morphological altitudinal belt model. The glacial landforms are analysed in a genetic succession from the moraine-delimited glacier forefields to the excessive pedestal moraines and taking account of the topographical conditions in the verticality. The Pleistocene glacial relief formation is considered as one of the dominating factors in the development of the moraine types. The sediments are on the one hand in situ deposition forms and on the other depositions dislocated by mass movements and represent paraglacial landforms. Using the example of the Paron Valley in the Artesonraju-Huandoy Massif and neighbouring valleys, the article provides a typology of the range of glacial and paraglacial landforms based on a holistic glacial landsystem approach with special reference to pedestal moraines. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. KW - Tropical high mountains KW - Landform assemblages KW - Glacial geomorphology KW - Pedestal moraine Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2018.06.012 SN - 0169-555X SN - 1872-695X VL - 318 SP - 283 EP - 302 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Iturrizaga, Lasafam T1 - Historical beacon fire lines as early warning systems for glacier lake outbursts in the Hindu Kush-Karakoram Mountains JF - Natural hazards : journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards N2 - The paper presents a historical long-distance communication system based on beacon fires in one of the most dynamic and rugged mountain ranges of the world, the Hindu Kush-Karakoram-Himalayas. It was deployed as an early warning system for glacial lake outburst floods, which caused devastating impacts on settlement zones and infrastructure until the middle of the twentieth century. The study revealed that the beacon fire systems were operated in distinct valleys spread over the entire Hindu Kush-Karakoram Region. The remarkable fact is the establishment of fire posts in highly difficult accessible mountain environments with communication distances of several hundred kilometres for individual beacon lines. The warning system was a cooperative natural hazard management, which was operated even across distinct ethnic groups. Distant societies, formerly perceived as isolated villages by physical barriers of the high mountain relief, were in historical times connected not only by challenging trade routes but also by a fast working optical communication system. The findings are discussed in the context of a future sustainable natural hazard management. KW - Beacon fire KW - Early warning system KW - Glacial lake outbursts KW - Local knowledge KW - Sustainable natural hazard management KW - Hindu Kush-Karakoram Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-019-03705-1 SN - 0921-030X SN - 1573-0840 VL - 99 IS - 1 SP - 39 EP - 70 PB - Springer CY - New York ER -