TY - GEN A1 - Krämer, Raimund T1 - Zwischen Kooperation und Abgrenzung : die Ostgrenzen der Europäischen Union T1 - The Eastern Border of the European Union : between Cooperation and Separation N2 - Borders are a main characteristic of political entities. The separation from and the interactions with the outside environment are realised simultaenously. This is now heavily questioned in the European Union as „the first post-modern political entity“ (Ruggie). Within the EU we have observed a process of „de-bordering“ and growing transborder cooperation. Simultaneously, the question of the external border of the EU is raised as a political and mental issue. Deepening of the present EU leads to the fostering of the external borders - this is the lesson of the last 10 years. This can be also observed at the EU’s Eastern border - after the „first Eastern enlargement“ in the context of German reunification in 1990 - to the Oder/Neisse. The article discusses the historic developments and specific challenges of this border line and argues for cooperative external borders of the EU. Y1 - 1999 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-8003 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Trautner, Bernhard J. T1 - Hegemonialmächte im Vorderen und Mittleren Orient : die Dritte Partei in internationalen Konflikten T1 - Hegemons in the Near and Middle East : the Third Party in International Conflicts N2 - During the last five decades hegemons played an important role in de-escalating international conflicts in the subregion defined as the core of Oriens Islamicus. Statistical analysis of large datasets shows that half of all conflicts remained without any interference from the hegemonial powers at all - both on global scale and in the subregion. In all other cases however, hegemons (especially super-powers in the role of patrons) tended more often to act as (power-) mediators when their client-state was engaged in conflict with a client of the opposing superpower in Oriens Islamicus than they did on global scale. They did this in their own interest in order to avoid direct involvement, i.e. possible danger of a nuclear escalation. In contrast to conventional mediation theory they were more effective in conflict de-escalation than other mediators, especially in conflicts between Israel and its Arab neighbours. The end of bipolarity in the international system also brought this mechanism of de-escalation to an end. It leaves the hegemon(s) as a potentially powerful third party on the one hand, but on the other their inclination to become involved in regional conflict remains rather diminished as long as the basic national interests in the area are not at stake. Y1 - 1997 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-7998 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Dai Pra, Paolo A1 - Louis, Pierre-Yves A1 - Minelli, Ida T1 - Monotonicity and complete monotonicity for continuous-time Markov chains N2 - We analyze the notions of monotonicity and complete monotonicity for Markov Chains in continuous-time, taking values in a finite partially ordered set. Similarly to what happens in discrete-time, the two notions are not equivalent. However, we show that there are partially ordered sets for which monotonicity and complete monotonicity coincide in continuous time but not in discrete-time. N2 - Nous étudions les notions de monotonie et de monotonie complète pour les processus de Markov (ou chaînes de Markov à temps continu) prenant leurs valeurs dans un espace partiellement ordonné. Ces deux notions ne sont pas équivalentes, comme c'est le cas lorsque le temps est discret. Cependant, nous établissons que pour certains ensembles partiellement ordonnés, l'équivalence a lieu en temps continu bien que n'étant pas vraie en temps discret. KW - Stochastik KW - continuous time Markov Chains KW - poset KW - monotonicity KW - coupling Y1 - 2006 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-7665 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Louis, Pierre-Yves T1 - Ergodicity of PCA BT - equivalence between spatial and temporal mixing conditions N2 - For a general attractive Probabilistic Cellular Automata on S-Zd, we prove that the (time-) convergence towards equilibrium of this Markovian parallel dynamics, exponentially fast in the uniform norm, is equivalent to a condition (A). This condition means the exponential decay of the influence from the boundary for the invariant measures of the system restricted to finite boxes. For a class of reversible PCA dynamics on {1,+1}(Zd), wit a naturally associated Gibbsian potential rho, we prove that a (spatial-) weak mixing condition (WM) for rho implies the validity of the assumption (A); thus exponential (time-) ergodicity of these dynamics towards the unique Gibbs measure associated to rho hods. On some particular examples we state that exponential ergodicity holds as soon as there is no phase transition. KW - Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie KW - Wechselwirkende Teilchensysteme KW - Stochastische Zellulare Automaten KW - Interacting particle systems KW - Probabilistic Cellular Automata KW - ERgodicity of Markov Chains KW - Gibbs measures Y1 - 2004 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-6589 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Salzberg-Ludwig, Karin T1 - Sonderpädagogische Kompetenz unverzichtbar?! N2 - Anhand internationaler und nationaler Entwicklungen wird aufgezeigt, wie sich die sonderpädagogischen Förderung gestaltet und welche Schwerpunkte in den einzelnen Ländern gesetzt. Es wird herausgearbeitet, welche Bedingungen in einem Schulsystem geschaffen werden müssen, um alle Schülerinnen und Schüler angemessen zu fördern. KW - Sonderpädagogik KW - Lernbehinderung Y1 - 2005 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-6438 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Sanner, Helge T1 - Imperfect goods and labor markets, and the union wage gap N2 - Existing theoretical literature fails to explain satisfactorily the differences between the pay of workers that are covered by collective agreements and others who are not. This study aims at providing a model framework which is amenable for an analysis of this issue. Our general-equilibrium approach integrates a dual labor market and a two-sector product market. The results suggest that the so-called 'union wage gap' is largely determined by the degree of centralization of the bargains, and, to a somewhat lesser extent, by the expenditure share of the unionized sector's goods. KW - Verhandlungstheorie KW - Monopolistische Konkurrenz KW - Gewerkschaften KW - union wage premium KW - comparative analysis KW - wage differentials KW - dual labor market KW - monopolistic competition Y1 - 2005 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-6511 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Schäfer, Bernhard T1 - Die Individualbeschwerde nach dem Fakultativprotokoll zum Zivilpakt : ein Handbuch für die Praxis N2 - Das vorliegende Handbuch bietet vertiefende Informationen zur Individualbeschwerde nach dem Fakultativprotokoll zum Internationalen Pakt über bürgerliche und politische Rechte. Das Handbuch richtet sich in erster Linie an Praktiker/innen, die in ihrer Arbeit mit Menschenrechtsverletzungen konfrontiert sind, insbesondere Rechtsanwälte und Rechtsanwältinnen sowie Menschenrechtsorganisationen. In umfassender, aber komprimierter Form gibt es zuverlässige Hilfestellung bei der Einlegung einer Beschwerde. Darüber hinaus ist das Handbuch auch für Mitarbeitende in Ministerien, Universitäten und sonstigen Einrichtungen geeignet, die sich mit der Materie vertraut machen wollen. (Autorenreferat) KW - Internationaler Pakt über bürgerliche und politische Rechte KW - Menschenrechtsbeschwerde KW - Ratgeber Y1 - 2004 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-6007 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Köchy, Martin A1 - Wilson, Scott D. T1 - Variation in nitrogen deposition and available soil nitrogen in a forest–grassland ecotone in Canada N2 - Regional variation in nitrogen (N) deposition increases plant productivity and decreases species diversity, but landscape- or local-scale influences on N deposition are less well-known. Using ion-exchange resin, we measured variation of N deposition and soil N availability within Elk Island National Park in the ecotone between grassland and boreal forest in western Canada. The park receives regionally high amounts of atmospheric N deposition (22 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹). N deposition was on average higher ton clayrich luvisols than on brunisols, and areas burned 1 – 15 years previously received more atmospheric N than unburned sites. We suggest that the effects of previous fires and soil type on deposition rate act through differences in canopy structure. The magnitude of these effects varied with the presence of ungulate grazers (bison, moose, elk) and vegetation type (forest, shrubland, grassland). Available soil N (ammonium and nitrate) was higher in burned than unburned sites in the absence of grazing, suggesting an effect of deposition. On grazed sites, differences between fire treatments were small, presumably because the removal of biomass by grazers reduced the effect of fire. Aspen invades native grassland in this region, and our results suggest that fire without grazing might reinforce the expansion of forest into grassland facilitated by N deposition. KW - fire KW - grazing KW - vegetation type KW - soil type KW - shrubland KW - forest invasion KW - subboreal KW - aspen parkland KW - Canada Y1 - 2004 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-5768 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Ginoux, Nicolas T1 - Remarques sur le spectre de l'opérateur de Dirac T1 - Remarks on the spectrum of the Dirac operator N2 - Nous décrivons un nouvelle famille d'exemples d'hypersurfaces de la sphère satisfaisant le cas d'égalité de la majoration extrinsèque de C. Bär de la plus petite valeur propre de l'opérateur de Dirac. N2 - We describe a new family of examples of hypersurfaces in the sphere satisfying the limitingcase in C. Bär's extrinsic upper bound for the smallest eigenvalue of the Dirac operator. KW - 1st Eigenvalue KW - Submanifolds KW - Bounds KW - Space Y1 - 2003 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-5630 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Ginoux, Nicolas T1 - Dirac operators on Lagrangian submanifolds N2 - We study a natural Dirac operator on a Lagrangian submanifold of a Kähler manifold. We first show that its square coincides with the Hodge - de Rham Laplacian provided the complex structure identifies the Spin structures of the tangent and normal bundles of the submanifold. We then give extrinsic estimates for the eigenvalues of that operator and discuss some examples. KW - Dirac operators KW - Global Analysis KW - Spectral Geometry KW - Spin Geometry KW - Lagrangian submanifolds Y1 - 2004 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-5627 ER -