TY - JOUR A1 - Schneider, Sven A1 - Lambers, Leen A1 - Orejas, Fernando T1 - A logic-based incremental approach to graph repair featuring delta preservation JF - International journal on software tools for technology transfer : STTT N2 - We introduce a logic-based incremental approach to graph repair, generating a sound and complete (upon termination) overview of least-changing graph repairs from which a user may select a graph repair based on non-formalized further requirements. This incremental approach features delta preservation as it allows to restrict the generation of graph repairs to delta-preserving graph repairs, which do not revert the additions and deletions of the most recent consistency-violating graph update. We specify consistency of graphs using the logic of nested graph conditions, which is equivalent to first-order logic on graphs. Technically, the incremental approach encodes if and how the graph under repair satisfies a graph condition using the novel data structure of satisfaction trees, which are adapted incrementally according to the graph updates applied. In addition to the incremental approach, we also present two state-based graph repair algorithms, which restore consistency of a graph independent of the most recent graph update and which generate additional graph repairs using a global perspective on the graph under repair. We evaluate the developed algorithms using our prototypical implementation in the tool AutoGraph and illustrate our incremental approach using a case study from the graph database domain. KW - Nested graph conditions KW - Graph repair KW - Model repair KW - Consistency KW - restoration KW - Delta preservation KW - Graph databases KW - Model-driven KW - engineering Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10009-020-00584-x SN - 1433-2779 SN - 1433-2787 VL - 23 IS - 3 SP - 369 EP - 410 PB - Springer CY - Berlin ; Heidelberg ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Natho, Stephanie A1 - Tschikof, Martin A1 - Bondar-Kunze, Elisabeth A1 - Hein, Thomas T1 - Modeling the effect of enhanced lateral connectivity on nutrient retention capacity in large river floodplains BT - how much connected floodplain do we need? JF - Frontiers in Environmental Science N2 - Floodplains have been degraded in Central Europe for centuries, resulting in less dynamic and less diverse ecosystems than in the past. They provide essential ecosystem services like nutrient retention to improve overall water quality and thus fulfill naturally what EU legislation demands, but this service is impaired by reduced connectivity patterns. Along the second-longest river in Europe, the Danube, restoration measures have been carried out and are planned for the near future in the Austrian Danube Floodplain National Park in accordance with navigation purposes. We investigated nutrient retention capacity in seven currently differently connected side arms and the effects of proposed restoration measures using two complementary modeling approaches. We modeled nutrient retention capacity in two scenarios considering different hydrological conditions, as well as the consequences of planned restoration measures for side arm connectivity. With existing monitoring data on hydrology, nitrate, and total phosphorus concentrations for three side arms, we applied a statistical model and compared these results to a semi-empirical retention model. The latter was originally developed for larger scales, based on transferable causalities of retention processes and set up for this floodplain with publicly available data. Both model outcomes are in a comparable range for NO3-N (77-198 kg ha(-1)yr(-1)) and TP (1.4-5.7 kg ha(-1)yr(-1)) retention and agree in calculating higher retention in floodplains, where reconnection allows more frequent inundation events. However, the differences in the model results are significant for specific aspects especially during high flows, where the semi-empirical model complements the statistical model. On the other hand, the statistical model complements the semi-empirical model when taking into account nutrient retention at times of no connection between the remaining water bodies left in the floodplain. Overall, both models show clearly that nutrient retention in the Danube floodplains can be enhanced by restoring lateral hydrological reconnection and, for all planned measures, a positive effect on the overall water quality of the Danube River is expected. Still, a frequently hydrologically connected stretch of national park is insufficient to improve the water quality of the whole Upper Danube, and more functional floodplains are required. KW - floodplain KW - lateral hydrological connectivity KW - Danube KW - restoration KW - reconnection KW - inundation KW - nutrient retention KW - modeling Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2020.00074 SN - 2296-665X VL - 8 PB - Frontiers Media CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Griscom, Bronson W. A1 - Busch, Jonah A1 - Cook-Patton, Susan C. A1 - Ellis, Peter W. A1 - Funk, Jason A1 - Leavitt, Sara M. A1 - Lomax, Guy A1 - Turner, Will R. A1 - Chapman, Melissa A1 - Streck, Charlotte T1 - National mitigation potential from natural climate solutions in the tropics JF - Biological sciences N2 - Better land stewardship is needed to achieve the Paris Agreement's temperature goal, particularly in the tropics, where greenhouse gas emissions from the destruction of ecosystems are largest, and where the potential for additional land carbon storage is greatest. As countries enhance their nationally determined contributions (NDCs) to the Paris Agreement, confusion persists about the potential contribution of better land stewardship to meeting the Agreement's goal to hold global warming below 2 degrees C. We assess cost-effective tropical country-level potential of natural climate solutions (NCS)-protection, improved management and restoration of ecosystems-to deliver climate mitigation linked with sustainable development goals (SDGs). We identify groups of countries with distinctive NCS portfolios, and we explore factors (governance, financial capacity) influencing the feasibility of unlocking national NCS potential. Cost-effective tropical NCS offers globally significant climate mitigation in the coming decades (6.56 Pg CO(2)e yr(-1) at less than 100 US$ per Mg CO(2)e). In half of the tropical countries, cost-effective NCS could mitigate over half of national emissions. In more than a quarter of tropical countries, cost-effective NCS potential is greater than national emissions. We identify countries where, with international financing and political will, NCS can cost-effectively deliver the majority of enhanced NDCs while transforming national economies and contributing to SDGs. This article is part of the theme issue 'Climate change and ecosystems: threats, opportunities and solutions'. KW - natural climate solutions KW - climate mitigation KW - protection KW - land management KW - restoration KW - Paris Agreement Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0126 SN - 0080-4622 SN - 0962-8436 SN - 1471-2970 VL - 375 IS - 1794 SP - 1 EP - 11 PB - The Royal Society Publishing CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yannelli, Florencia A. A1 - Karrer, Gerhard A1 - Hall, Rea A1 - Kollmann, Johannes A1 - Heger, Tina T1 - Seed density is more effective than multi-trait limiting similarity in controlling grassland resistance against plant invasions in mesocosms JF - Applied vegetation science : official organ of the International Association for Vegetation Science N2 - QuestionDisturbed areas offer great opportunities for restoring native biodiversity, but they are also prone to invasion by alien plants. Following the limiting similarity hypothesis, we address the question of whether or not similarity of plant functional traits helps developing seed mixtures of native communities with high resistance to invasive species at an early stage of restoration. LocationCentre of Greenhouses and Laboratories Durnast, Technische Universitat Munchen, Freising, Germany. MethodsUsing a system of linear equations, we designed native communities maximizing the similarity between the native and two invasive species according to ten functional traits. We used native grassland plants, two invasive alien species that are often problematic in disturbed areas (i.e., Ambrosia artemisiifolia and Solidago gigantea) and trait information obtained from databases. The two communities were then tested for resistance against establishment of the two invaders separately in a greenhouse experiment. We measured height of the invasive species and above-ground biomass, along with leaf area index, 4 and 8months after sowing respectively. ResultsBoth invasive species were successfully reduced by the native community designed to suppress S. gigantea dominated by small-seeded species. These results could be considered as partial support for the limiting similarity hypothesis. However, given the success of this mixture against both invasive species, suppression was better explained by a seed density effect resulting from the smaller seed mass of the native species included in this mixture. Further, the dominance of a fast-developing competitive species could also contribute to its success. ConclusionsThere was no unequivocal support for the limiting similarity hypothesis in terms of the traits selected. Instead we found that increasing seeding density of native species and selecting species with a fast vegetative development is an effective way to suppress invasive plants during early stages of restoration. If limiting similarity is used to design communities for restoration, early life-history traits should be taken into account. KW - Achillea millefolium KW - Ambrosia artemisiifolia KW - biotic resistance KW - competition KW - density-driven suppression KW - disturbed areas KW - restoration KW - seed mixtures KW - Solidago gigantea Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/avsc.12373 SN - 1402-2001 SN - 1654-109X VL - 21 IS - 3 SP - 411 EP - 418 PB - Wiley CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gabriel, Marvin A1 - Toader, Camelia A1 - Faul, Franziska A1 - Rosskopf, Niko A1 - Grundling, Piet-Louis A1 - van Huyssteen, Cornelius W. A1 - Grundling, Althea T. A1 - Zeitz, Jutta T1 - Physical and hydrological properties of peat as proxies for degradation of South African peatlands: Implications for conservation and restoration JF - Mires and peat N2 - The physical and hydrological properties of peat from seven peatlands in northern Maputaland (South Africa) were investigated and related to the degradation processes of peatlands in different hydrogeomorphic settings. The selected peatlands are representative of typical hydrogeomorphic settings and different stages of human modification from natural to severely degraded. Nineteen transects (141 soil corings in total) were examined in order to describe peat properties typical of the distinct hydrogeomorphic settings. We studied degree of decomposition, organic matter content, bulk density, water retention, saturated hydraulic conductivity and hydrophobicity of the peats. From these properties we derived pore size distribution, unsaturated hydraulic conductivity and maximum capillary rise. We found that, after drainage, degradation advances faster in peatlands containing wood peat than in peatlands containing radicell peat. Eucalyptus plantations in catchment areas are especially threatening to peatlands in seeps, interdune depressions and unchannelled valley bottoms. All peatlands and their recharge areas require wise management, especially valley-bottom peatlands with swamp forest vegetation. Blocking drainage ditches is indispensable as a first step towards achieving the restoration of drained peatland areas, and further measures may be necessary to enhance the distribution of water. The sensitive swamp forest ecosystems should be given conservation priority. KW - moorsh forming process KW - swamp forest KW - restoration KW - unsaturated hydraulic conductivity Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.19189/MaP.2018.OMB.336 SN - 1819-754X VL - 21 PB - International Peat Society CY - Dundee ER -