TY - JOUR A1 - Park, Jaeheung A1 - Lühr, Hermann A1 - Kervalishvili, Guram N. A1 - Rauberg, Jan A1 - Michaelis, Ingo A1 - Stolle, Claudia A1 - Kwak, Young-Sil T1 - Nighttime magnetic field fluctuations in the topside ionosphere at midlatitudes and their relation to medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances: The spatial structure and scale sizes JF - Journal of geophysical research : Space physics N2 - Previous studies suggested that electric and/or magnetic field fluctuations observed in the nighttime topside ionosphere at midlatitudes generally originate from quiet time nocturnal medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs). However, decisive evidences for the connection between the two have been missing. In this study we make use of the multispacecraft observations of midlatitude magnetic fluctuations (MMFs) in the nighttime topside ionosphere by the Swarm constellation. The analysis results show that the area hosting MMFs is elongated in the NW-SE (NE-SW) direction in the Northern (Southern) Hemisphere. The elongation direction and the magnetic field polarization support that the area hosting MMFs is nearly field aligned. All these properties of MMFs suggest that they have close relationship with MSTIDs. Expectation values of root-mean-square field-aligned currents associated with MMFs are up to about 4nA/m(2). MMF coherency significantly drops for longitudinal distances of 1 degrees. KW - midlatitude nighttime magnetic fluctuation KW - nighttime MSTID KW - Swarm constellation Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JA021315 SN - 2169-9380 SN - 2169-9402 VL - 120 IS - 8 SP - 6818 EP - 6830 PB - American Geophysical Union CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zajnulina, Marina A1 - Böhm, Michael A1 - Blow, K. A1 - Rieznik, A. A. A1 - Giannone, Domenico A1 - Haynes, Roger A1 - Roth, Martin M. T1 - Soliton radiation beat analysis of optical pulses generated from two continuous-wave lasers JF - Chaos : an interdisciplinary journal of nonlinear science N2 - We propose a fibre-based approach for generation of optical frequency combs (OFCs) with the aim of calibration of astronomical spectrographs in the low and medium-resolution range. This approach includes two steps: in the first step, an appropriate state of optical pulses is generated and subsequently moulded in the second step delivering the desired OFC. More precisely, the first step is realised by injection of two continuous-wave (CW) lasers into a conventional single-mode fibre, whereas the second step generates a broad OFC by using the optical solitons generated in step one as initial condition. We investigate the conversion of a bichromatic input wave produced by two initial CW lasers into a train of optical solitons, which happens in the fibre used as step one. Especially, we are interested in the soliton content of the pulses created in this fibre. For that, we study different initial conditions (a single cosine-hump, an Akhmediev breather, and a deeply modulated bichromatic wave) by means of soliton radiation beat analysis and compare the results to draw conclusion about the soliton content of the state generated in the first step. In case of a deeply modulated bichromatic wave, we observed the formation of a collective soliton crystal for low input powers and the appearance of separated solitons for high input powers. An intermediate state showing the features of both, the soliton crystal and the separated solitons, turned out to be most suitable for the generation of OFC for the purpose of calibration of astronomical spectrographs. Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4930316 SN - 1054-1500 SN - 1089-7682 VL - 25 IS - 10 PB - American Institute of Physics CY - Melville ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kastl, Johanna A1 - Braun, Joachim A1 - Prestel, Andreas A1 - Möller, Heiko Michael A1 - Huhn, Thomas A1 - Mayer, Thomas U. T1 - Mad2 Inhibitor-1 (M2I-1): A Small Molecule Protein-Protein Interaction Inhibitor Targeting the Mitotic Spindle Assembly Checkpoint JF - ACS chemical biology N2 - The genetic integrity of each organism depends on the faithful segregation of its genome during mitosis. To meet this challenge, a cellular surveillance mechanism, termed the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), evolved that monitors the correct attachment of chromosomes and blocks progression through mitosis if corrections are needed. While the central role of the SAC for genome integrity is well established, its functional dissection has been hampered by the limited availability of appropriate small molecule inhibitors. Using a fluorescence polarization-based screen, we identify Mad2 inhibitor-1 (M2I-1), the first small molecule inhibitor targeting the binding of Mad2 to Cdc20, an essential protein-protein interaction (PPI) within the SAC. Based on computational and biochemical analyses, we propose that M2I-1 disturbs conformational dynamics of Mad2 critical for complex formation with Cdc20. Cellular studies revealed that M2I-1 weakens the SAC response, indicating that the compound might be active in cells. Thus, our study identifies the SAC specific complex formation between Mad2 and Cdc20 as a protein-protein interaction that can be targeted by small molecules. Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1021/acschembio.5b00121 SN - 1554-8929 SN - 1554-8937 VL - 10 IS - 7 SP - 1661 EP - 1666 PB - American Chemical Society CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Prestel, Andreas A1 - Möller, Heiko Michael T1 - Spatio-temporal control of cellular uptake achieved by photoswitchable cell-penetrating peptides JF - Chemical communications : ChemComm N2 - The selective uptake of compounds into specific cells of interest is a major objective in cell biology and drug delivery. By incorporation of a novel, thermostable azobenzene moiety we generated peptides that can be switched optically between an inactive state and an active, cell-penetrating state with excellent spatio-temporal control. Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1039/C5CC06848G SN - 1364-548X IS - 52 SP - 701 EP - 704 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry CY - Cambridge ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ly, Ibrahim A1 - Tarkhanov, Nikolai Nikolaevich T1 - Generalized Beltrami equations JF - Complex variables and elliptic equations N2 - We enlarge the class of Beltrami equations by developing a stability theory for the sheaf of solutions of an overdetermined elliptic system of first-order homogeneous partial differential equations with constant coefficients in Rn. KW - quasiconformal mapping KW - Beltrami equation Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/17476933.2013.876759 SN - 1747-6933 SN - 1747-6941 VL - 60 IS - 1 SP - 24 EP - 37 PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group CY - Abingdon ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sekerina, Irina A. A1 - Sauermann, Antje T1 - Visual attention and quantifier-spreading in heritage Russian bilinguals JF - Second language research N2 - It is well established in language acquisition research that monolingual children and adult second language learners misinterpret sentences with the universal quantifier every and make quantifier-spreading errors that are attributed to a preference for a match in number between two sets of objects. The present Visual World eye-tracking study tested bilingual heritage Russian-English adults and investigated how they interpret of sentences like Every alligator lies in a bathtub in both languages. Participants performed a sentence-picture verification task while their eye movements were recorded. Pictures showed three pairs of alligators in bathtubs and two extra objects: elephants (Control condition), bathtubs (Overexhaustive condition), or alligators (Underexhaustive condition). Monolingual adults performed at ceiling in all conditions. Heritage language (HL) adults made 20% q-spreading errors, but only in the Overexhaustive condition, and when they made an error they spent more time looking at the two extra bathtubs during the Verb region. We attribute q-spreading in HL speakers to cognitive overload caused by the necessity to integrate conflicting sources of information, i.e. the spoken sentences in their weaker, heritage, language and attention-demanding visual context, that differed with respect to referential salience. KW - eye-tracking KW - heritage language KW - quantifier-spreading KW - Russian KW - universal quantifiers KW - visual attention Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/0267658314537292 SN - 0267-6583 SN - 1477-0326 VL - 31 IS - 1 SP - 75 EP - 104 PB - Sage Publ. CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Overduin, Pier Paul A1 - Haberland, Christian A1 - Ryberg, Trond A1 - Kneier, Fabian A1 - Jacobi, Tim A1 - Grigoriev, Mikhail N. A1 - Ohrnberger, Matthias T1 - Submarine permafrost depth from ambient seismic noise JF - Geophysical research letters N2 - Permafrost inundated since the last glacial maximum is degrading, potentially releasing trapped or stabilized greenhouse gases, but few observations of the depth of ice-bonded permafrost (IBP) below the seafloor exist for most of the arctic continental shelf. We use spectral ratios of the ambient vibration seismic wavefield, together with estimated shear wave velocity from the dispersion curves of surface waves, for estimating the thickness of the sediment overlying the IBP. Peaks in spectral ratios modeled for three-layered 1-D systems correspond with varying thickness of the unfrozen sediment. Seismic receivers were deployed on the seabed around Muostakh Island in the central Laptev Sea, Siberia. We derive depths of the IBP between 3.7 and 20.7m15%, increasing with distance from the shoreline. Correspondence between expected permafrost distribution, modeled response, and observational data suggests that the method is promising for the determination of the thickness of unfrozen sediment. KW - submarine permafrost KW - ambient noise KW - Siberia KW - continental shelf Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL065409 SN - 0094-8276 SN - 1944-8007 VL - 42 IS - 18 SP - 7581 EP - 7588 PB - American Geophysical Union CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kamprath, Martin A1 - Mietzner, Dana T1 - The impact of sectoral changes on individual competences: A reflective scenario-based approach in the creative industries JF - Technological forecasting & social change N2 - Many foresight studies concentrate on technological foresight and its impact at the organizational level. However, often these studies overlook the soft factor of employee competences which is critical to adopting technological and organizational changes and to developing the necessary innovation capabilities. This study investigates the theoretical and methodological underdeveloped relationship between technological innovation and social initiated change and the impact on individual competences in a dynamic sector. The setting of our study is the turbulent creative industries as a whole, where creative and artistic expression merges with changing technological progress. In a scenario study we mainly conducted in 2010, we developed a scenario model for competences to combine individual competences with a scenario approach to investigate how competences are important to the sector shift or need to be enhanced in the future. We use primary qualitative data from expert interviews and workshops and secondary data from industry reports to identify thirty-seven influence factors. An influence matrix calculation and a cluster analysis are used to project three different scenarios presenting how future developments of the creative industries will influence the competences needed for creative occupations. Now, five years later, we reflect the accuracy of the developed scenarios via a comparison of today's situation with the situation in the scenarios. We discuss theoretical contributions for the foresight literature and practical implementations for the future of work in general, and in particular for the creative industries case. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. KW - Creative industries KW - Creative economy KW - Digital KW - Convergence KW - Media KW - Entertainment KW - Scenario KW - Foresight KW - Futures studies KW - Technological impact KW - Competences KW - Skills KW - Work KW - Microfoundations KW - Human capital resource KW - Strategic human resources Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2015.01.011 SN - 0040-1625 SN - 1873-5509 VL - 95 SP - 252 EP - 275 PB - Elsevier CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Metz, Johannes A1 - von Oppen, Jonathan A1 - Tielbörger, Katja T1 - Parental environmental effects due to contrasting watering adapt competitive ability, but not drought tolerance, in offspring of a semi-arid annual Brassicaceae JF - The journal of ecology N2 - Parental effects (PE) can be adaptive and improve offspring performance when parents and offspring experience similar environmental conditions. However, it is unknown whether adaptive PE exist also in habitats where such similarity is unlikely due to strong temporal variation. In particular, we do not know whether PE can adapt offspring to fluctuating levels of neighbour competition in such habitats. Here, we tested for adaptive PE in terms of two key environmental factors in a semi-arid annual system, competition and drought. While rainfall was stochastic in the study site, the competitive environment was partly predictable: higher plant densities followed after favourable (rainy) years due to high seed production. We therefore expected PE to adapt the offspring's competitive ability to these (predictable) fluctuations in plant densities, rather than to adapt the offspring's drought tolerance to the (unpredictable) occurrence of intensified drought. Parental plants of Biscutella didyma, an annual Brassicaceae, were raised under favourable watering and under drought conditions. Offspring performance was then tested under a full-factorial combination of two neighbour regimes and six watering levels in the glasshouse. Offspring of parents grown under favourable conditions were stronger competitors. This was associated with a small shift in phenology but not with higher parental seed provisioning. Offspring from parents grown under drought showed no improved drought tolerance. Moreover, no PE were detectable when offspring were grown without neighbours. Our results suggest a novel path of adaptive PE: higher competitive ability was induced in offspring that were more likely to experience high neighbour densities. Together with the lack of adaptive PE towards drought tolerance, this emphasizes that a correlation between parental and offspring environment is crucial for adaptive PE to evolve. Our results also call for the inclusion of competitive effects in future PE studies.Synthesis. This study demonstrates the important role of adaptive PE for plant fitness (regarding competition) but also their limits (regarding drought) in temporally variable environments, based on the predictability of the respective environmental factor. KW - annual plants KW - Biscutella didyma KW - competition KW - dryland ecosystems KW - maternal environmental effects KW - phenology KW - plant population and community dynamics KW - plant-plant interactions KW - transgenerational plasticity KW - water stress Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12411 SN - 0022-0477 SN - 1365-2745 VL - 103 IS - 4 SP - 990 EP - 997 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Richter, Philipp A1 - de Boer, Klaas S. A1 - Werner, Klaus A1 - Rauch, Thomas T1 - High-velocity gas toward the LMC resides in the Milky Way halo JF - Astronomy and astrophysics : an international weekly journal N2 - Aims. To explore the origin of high-velocity gas in the direction of the Large Magellanic Cloud, (LMC) we analyze absorption lines in the ultraviolet spectrum of a Galactic halo star that is located in front of the LMC at d = 9.2(-7.2)(+4.1) kpc distance. Methods. We study the velocity-component structure of low and intermediate metal ions (CII, SiII, SiIII) in the spectrum of RXJ0439.8-6809, as obtained with the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (COS) onboard the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), and measure equivalent widths and column densities for these ions. We supplement our COS data with a Far-Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE) spectrum of the nearby LMC star Sk-69 59 and with Hi 21 cm data from the Leiden-Argentina-Bonn (LAB) survey. Results. Metal absorption toward RXJ0439.8-6809 is unambiguously detected in three different velocity components near v(LSR) = 0, + 60, and + 150 km s(-1). The presence of absorption proves that all three gas components are situated in front of the star, thus located in the disk and inner halo of the Milky Way. For the high-velocity cloud (HVC) at v(LSR) = + 150 km s(-1), we derive an oxygen abundance of [O/H] = -0.63 (similar to 0.2 solar) from the neighboring Sk-69 59 sight line, in accordance with previous abundance measurements for this HVC. From the observed kinematics we infer that the HVC hardly participates in the Galactic rotation. Conclusions. Our study shows that the HVC toward the LMC represents a Milky Way halo cloud that traces low column density gas with relatively low metallicity. We rule out scenarios in which the HVC represents material close to the LMC that stems from a LMC outflow. KW - Galaxy: halo KW - Galaxy: evolution KW - ISM: abundances KW - ISM: structure Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201527451 SN - 1432-0746 VL - 584 PB - EDP Sciences CY - Les Ulis ER -