TY - JOUR A1 - Ganghof, Steffen T1 - Four Visions of Democracy: Powell's Elections as Instruments of Democracy and beyond JF - Political studies review N2 - The article critically reviews the conceptual ideas of G. Bingham Powell's Elections as Instruments of Democracy and explores ways to develop them further. Powell's conceptual alternative to the Westminster model - the 'proportional' vision of democracy - comes in two variants, one focusing on proportional representation ( PR) and the other on proportional legislative influence. If one focuses on the former, it is possible to distinguish four visions of parliamentary democracy based on the main stage at which majorities are formed. The four stages are: party, alliance, cabinet, and law formation. The corresponding normative visions can be placed on a conceptual continuum between 'simple' and 'complex' majoritarianism. This article discusses the goals and trade-offs associated with them as well as their underlying institutional designs. It also re-emphasises Powell's insight that the congruence between policy makers and the median voter in a unidimensional policy space is a more appropriate normative standard for some visions of democracy than for others. KW - G. Bingham Powell KW - visions of democracy KW - ideological congruence KW - simple majoritarianism KW - complex majoritarianism Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/1478-9302.12069 SN - 1478-9299 SN - 1478-9302 VL - 13 IS - 1 SP - 69 EP - 79 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pickering, Jonathan A1 - Skovgaard, Jakob A1 - Kim, Soyeun A1 - Roberts, J. Timmons A1 - Rossati, David A1 - Stadelmann, Martin A1 - Reich, Hendrikje T1 - Acting on Climate Finance Pledges: Inter-Agency Dynamics and Relationships with Aid in Contributor States JF - World development N2 - Developed countries have relied heavily on aid budgets to fulfill their pledges to boost funding for addressing climate change in developing countries. However, little is known about how interaction between aid and other ministries has shaped contributors' diverse approaches to climate finance. This paper investigates intra-governmental dynamics in decision-making on climate finance in seven contributor countries (Australia, Denmark, Germany, Japan, Switzerland, the UK, and the US). While aid agencies retained considerable control over implementation, environment and finance ministries have played an influential and often contrasting role on key policy issues, including distribution between mitigation and adaptation and among geographical regions. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. KW - climate policy KW - climate finance KW - development assistance KW - bureaucratic politics Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.10.033 SN - 0305-750X VL - 68 SP - 149 EP - 162 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Entrich, Steve R. T1 - The Decision for Shadow Education in Japan: Students' Choice or Parents' Pressure? JF - Social science Japan journal : an international journal of social science research on Japan N2 - Following decision theory (Boudon, Raymond. 1974. Education, Opportunity, and Social Inequality: Changing Prospects in Western Society. New York: Wiley.), social origin strongly affects educational decisions, especially at transition points in educational attainment. In Japan, the fierce competition in gaining access to the next level of schooling intensifies the impact of educational decisions on students' future careers. In addition to selecting a certain school, families are forced to decide whether or not to invest in shadow education. Thus far, socioeconomic background and parents' educational aspirations, in conjunction with students' academic achievement, have been deemed influential to such decisions in Japan. The agency of the student is rarely even considered. Based on calculations from the 2011 Hyogo High School Students' (HHSS) survey, the theoretical approach presented in this article stresses the importance of acknowledging the existence of a multitude of actors involved in each phase of the decision-making process, including the students themselves, especially when explaining inequalities in modern societies. KW - shadow education KW - educational aspirations KW - decision theory KW - juku KW - Hyogo Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/ssjj/jyv012 SN - 1369-1465 SN - 1468-2680 VL - 18 IS - 2 SP - 193 EP - 216 PB - Oxford Univ. Press CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Korff, Valeska P. A1 - Balbo, Nicoletta A1 - Mills, Melinda A1 - Heyse, Liesbet A1 - Wittek, Rafael T1 - The impact of humanitarian context conditions and individual characteristics on aid worker retention JF - Disasters : the journal of disaster studies, policy and management N2 - High employee turnover rates constitute a major challenge to effective aid provision. This study examines how features of humanitarian work and aid workers' individual characteristics affect retention within one humanitarian organisation, Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF) Holland. The study extends existing research by providing new theoretical explanations of employment opportunities and constraints and by engaging in the first large-scale quantitative analysis of aid worker retention. Using a database of field staff (N=1,955), a logistic regression is performed of the likelihood of reenlistment after a first mission. The findings demonstrate that only 40 per cent of employees reenlist for a second mission with MSF Holland, and that workplace location and security situation, age, and gender have no significant effect. Individuals are less likely to reenlist if they returned early from the first mission for a personal reason, are in a relationship, are medical doctors, or if they come from highly developed countries. The paper reflects on the findings in the light of policy. KW - aid worker KW - humanitarian organisations KW - personnel policy KW - retention KW - staff turnover Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/disa.12119 SN - 0361-3666 SN - 1467-7717 VL - 39 IS - 3 SP - 522 EP - 545 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fleischer, Julia A1 - Seyfried, Markus T1 - Drawing from the bargaining pool: Determinants of ministerial selection in Germany JF - Party politics : an international journal for the study of political parties and political organizations N2 - This article expands our current knowledge about ministerial selection in coalition governments and analyses why ministerial candidates succeed in acquiring a cabinet position after general elections. It argues that political parties bargain over potential office-holders during government-formation processes, selecting future cabinet ministers from an emerging bargaining pool'. The article draws upon a new dataset comprising all ministrable candidates discussed by political parties during eight government-formation processes in Germany between 1983 and 2009. The conditional logit regression analysis reveals that temporal dynamics, such as the day she enters the pool, have a significant effect on her success in achieving a cabinet position. Other determinants of ministerial selection discussed in the existing literature, such as party and parliamentary expertise, are less relevant for achieving ministerial office. The article concludes that scholarship on ministerial selection requires a stronger emphasis for its endogenous nature in government-formation as well as the relevance of temporal dynamics in such processes. KW - Candidates KW - Germany KW - government-formation Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068813487108 SN - 1354-0688 SN - 1460-3683 VL - 21 IS - 4 SP - 503 EP - 514 PB - Sage Publ. CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Karolewski, Ireneusz Pawel A1 - Mehlhausen, Thomas A1 - Sus, Monika T1 - The Polish EU Council Presidency in 2011: Master or Servant? JF - Journal of European integration N2 - The point of departure of this article is limited systematic research on the rotating EU Council Presidency after the Lisbon Treaty. In order to assess rotating presidencies the paper proposes a three-tier approach which includes a functional, a behavioural and a contingency dimension. These dimensions are supplemented by the institutional changes of the Lisbon Treaty referring to the rotating presidencies. Next, the paper applies this evaluation framework to the Polish Presidency that took place in the second half of 2011. Finally, it draws conclusions from the Polish case for both the leadership capacity of the rotating Council Presidency in the post-Lisbon European Union and the performance of Poland's EU Council Presidency. KW - Poland KW - EU Council Presidency KW - Lisbon Treaty KW - institutional changes KW - functions of Presidency KW - three-tier approach Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2015.1053085 SN - 0703-6337 SN - 1477-2280 VL - 37 IS - 6 SP - 667 EP - 684 PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group CY - Abingdon ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bruttel, Lisa Verena A1 - Friehe, Tim T1 - A note on making humans randomize JF - Journal of behavioral and experimental economics N2 - This note presents results from an experiment studying a two person 4 4 pure coordination game. We explore different strategy labels in an attempt to implement the mixed strategy equilibrium that selects all four strategies with equal probability. Such strategy labels must be free from salient properties that might be used by participants to coordinate. Testing 23 different sets of strategy labels, we identify two sets that produce a distribution of subjects' choices which approximate the uniform distribution quite well. Our results are relevant for studies intending to compare the behavior of subjects who play against a random mechanism with that of participants who play against human counterparts. KW - Coordination game KW - Experiment KW - Mixed strategy Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2015.06.008 SN - 2214-8043 SN - 2214-8051 VL - 58 SP - 40 EP - 45 PB - Elsevier CY - New York ER -