TY  - JOUR
A1  - Klauschies, Toni
A1  - Isanta-Navarro, Jana
T1  - The joint effects of salt and 6PPD contamination on a freshwater herbivore
JF  - The science of the total environment : an international journal for scientific research into the environment and its relationship with man
N2  - Using sodium chloride (NaCl) for de-icing roads is known to have severe consequences on freshwater organisms when washed into water bodies. N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N '-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine, also known as 6PPD, is an antiozonant mainly found in automobile tire rubber to prevent ozone mediated cracking or wear-out. Especially the ozonated derivate, 6PPD-quinone, which is washed into streams after storm events, has been found to be toxic for coho salmon. Studies on other freshwater organisms could not confirm those findings, pointing towards distinct species-specific differences. Storm events result in greater run-offs from all water-soluble contaminants into freshwater bodies, potentially enhancing the concentrations of both chloride and 6PPD during winter. Here we show that these two contaminants have synergistic negative effects on the population growth of the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus, a common freshwater herbivore. Hence, while only high concentrations of 6PPD and even higher concentrations of 6PPD-quinone, beyond environmentally relevant concentrations, had lethal effects on rotifers, the addition of NaCl enhanced the sensitivity of the rotifers towards the application of 6PPD so that their negative effects were more pronounced at lower concentrations. Similarly, 6PPD increased the lethal effect of NaCl. Our results support the species-specific toxicity of 6PPD and demonstrate a synergistic effect of the antiozonant on the toxicity of other environmentally relevant stressors, such as road salt contamination.
KW  - Anthropogenic impact
KW  - Car tire rubber
KW  - Environmental stressor
KW  - Rotifer
KW  - Sodium chloride
KW  - 6PPD quinone
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154675
SN  - 0048-9697
SN  - 1879-1026
VL  - 829
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Amsterdam
ER  -