TY  - JOUR
A1  - Millenet, Sabina
A1  - Laucht, Manfred
A1  - Hohm, Erika
A1  - Jennen-Steinmetz, Christine
A1  - Hohmann, Sarah
A1  - Schmidt, Martin H.
A1  - Esser, Günter
A1  - Banaschewski, Tobias
A1  - Brandeis, Daniel
A1  - Zohsel, Katrin
T1  - Sex-specific trajectories of ADHD symptoms from adolescence to young adulthood
JF  - European child and adolescent psychiatry : offical journal of the European Society for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
N2  - Reports of current ADHD symptoms in adults with a childhood diagnosis of ADHD are often discrepant: While one subgroup reports a particularly high level of current ADHD symptoms, another reports—in contrast—a very low level. The reasons for this difference remain unclear. Although sex might play a moderating role, it has not yet been examined in this regard. In an epidemiological cohort study from birth to young adulthood, childhood ADHD diagnoses were assessed at the ages of 4.5, 8, and 11 years based on parent ratings. Sex-specific development of ADHD symptoms was analyzed from the age of 15 to 25 years via self-reported ADHD symptoms in participants with (n = 47) and without childhood ADHD (n = 289) using a random coefficient regression model. The congruence between parent reports and adolescents’ self-ratings was examined, and the role of childhood ADHD diagnosis, childhood OCC/CD, and childhood internalizing disorder as possible sex-specific predictors of self-reported ADHD symptoms at age 25 years was investigated. With regard to self-reported ADHD symptoms, females with a childhood ADHD diagnosis reported significantly more ADHD symptoms compared to females without childhood ADHD and males with and without ADHD throughout adolescence and young adulthood. In contrast, males with childhood ADHD did not differ from control males either at age 15 or at age 25 years. Only in females did a childhood diagnosis of an externalizing disorder (ADHD and CD/ODD) predict self-reported ADHD symptoms by age 25 years. Our findings suggest that self-reports of young adults with a childhood diagnosis of ADHD are influenced by sex. Specifically, females with childhood ADHD report increased levels of ADHD symptoms upon reaching adulthood. To correctly evaluate symptoms and impairment in this subgroup, other, more objective, sources of information may be advisable, such as neurophysiological measures.
KW  - ADHD
KW  - Sex
KW  - Self-report
KW  - Longitudinal study
Y1  - 2018
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-018-1129-9
SN  - 1018-8827
SN  - 1435-165X
VL  - 27
IS  - 8
SP  - 1067
EP  - 1075
PB  - Springer
CY  - New York
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Holz, Nathalie E.
A1  - Boecker-Schlier, Regina
A1  - Jennen-Steinmetz, Christine
A1  - Hohm, Erika
A1  - Buchmann, Arlette F.
A1  - Blomeyer, Dorothea
A1  - Baumeister, Sarah
A1  - Plichta, Michael M.
A1  - Esser, Günter
A1  - Schmidt, Martin
A1  - Meyer-Lindenberg, Andreas
A1  - Banaschewski, Tobias
A1  - Brandeis, Daniel
A1  - Laucht, Manfred
T1  - Early maternal care may counteract familial liability for psychopathology in the reward circuitry
JF  - Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience
N2  - Reward processing is altered in various psychopathologies and has been shown to be susceptible to genetic and environmental influences. Here, we examined whether maternal care may buffer familial risk for psychiatric disorders in terms of reward processing. Functional magnetic resonance imaging during a monetary incentive delay task was acquired in participants of an epidemiological cohort study followed since birth (N = 172, 25 years). Early maternal stimulation was assessed during a standardized nursing/playing setting at the age of 3 months. Parental psychiatric disorders (familial risk) during childhood and the participants’ previous psychopathology were assessed by diagnostic interview. With high familial risk, higher maternal stimulation was related to increasing activation in the caudate head, the supplementary motor area, the cingulum and the middle frontal gyrus during reward anticipation, with the opposite pattern found in individuals with no familial risk. In contrast, higher maternal stimulation was associated with decreasing caudate head activity during reward delivery and reduced levels of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in the high-risk group. Decreased caudate head activity during reward anticipation and increased activity during delivery were linked to ADHD. These findings provide evidence of a long-term association of early maternal stimulation on both adult neurobiological systems of reward underlying externalizing behavior and ADHD during development.
KW  - maternal care
KW  - ADHD
KW  - ventral striatum
KW  - fMRI
KW  - resilience
KW  - aggression
Y1  - 2018
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsy087
SN  - 1749-5016
SN  - 1749-5024
VL  - 13
IS  - 11
SP  - 1191
EP  - 1201
PB  - Oxford Univ. Press
CY  - Oxford
ER  -