TY  - JOUR
A1  - Baas, Timo
A1  - Schrooten, Mechthild
T1  - Relationship banking and SMEs: A theoretical analysis
JF  - Small business economics : an international journal
N2  - Reliable information on small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) is rare and costly for financial intermediaries. Therefore relationship banking is often considered as the appropriate lending technique. In this paper we offer a theoretical model to analyze relationship banking and the pricing behavior of banks in a Bertrand competition framework with monitoring costs. We show that the lack of reliable information leads to comparable high interest rates even if a long-term relationship between borrower and bank exists. The paper offers a theoretical explanation why SMEs often are faced with borrowing constraints.
KW  - accounting
KW  - financial constraints
KW  - relationship banking
KW  - small and medium sized enterprises
Y1  - 2006
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-006-0018-7
SN  - 0921-898X
VL  - 27
SP  - 127
EP  - 137
PB  - Springer
CY  - Dordrecht
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Kühne, Ralph
A1  - Huitema, George
A1  - Carle, George
T1  - Charging and billing in modern communications networks a comprehensive survey of the state of the art and future requirements
JF  - IEEE communications surveys & tutorials
N2  - In mobile telecommunication networks the trend for an increasing heterogeneity of access networks, the convergence with fixed networks as well as with the Internet are apparent. The resulting future converged network with an expected wide variety of services and a possibly stiff competition between the different market participants as well as legal issues will bring about requirements for charging systems that demand for more flexibility, scalability and efficiency than is available in today's systems. This article surveys recent developments in charging and billing architectures comprising both standardisation work as well as research projects. The second main contribution of this article is a comparison of key features of these developments thus giving a list of essential charging and billing ingredients for tomorrow's communication and service environments.
KW  - charging
KW  - billing
KW  - accounting
KW  - communication network
KW  - architectures
KW  - requirements
Y1  - 2012
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1109/SURV.2011.122310.000084
SN  - 1553-877X
VL  - 14
IS  - 1
SP  - 170
EP  - 192
PB  - Inst. of Electr. and Electronics Engineers
CY  - Piscataway
ER  -