TY  - JOUR
A1  - Schröter, David
A1  - Neugart, Susanne
A1  - Schreiner, Monika
A1  - Grune, Tilman
A1  - Rohn, Sascha
A1  - Ott, Christiane
T1  - Amaranth’s 2-Caffeoylisocitric Acid—An Anti-Inflammatory Caffeic Acid Derivative That Impairs NF-κB Signaling in LPS-Challenged RAW 264.7 Macrophages
JF  - Nutrients
N2  - For centuries, Amaranthus sp. were used as food, ornamentals, and medication. Molecular mechanisms, explaining the health beneficial properties of amaranth, are not yet understood, but have been attributed to secondary metabolites, such as phenolic compounds. One of the most abundant phenolic compounds in amaranth leaves is 2-caffeoylisocitric acid (C-IA) and regarding food occurrence, C-IA is exclusively found in various amaranth species. In the present study, the anti-inflammatory activity of C-IA, chlorogenic acid, and caffeic acid in LPS-challenged macrophages (RAW 264.7) has been investigated and cellular contents of the caffeic acid derivatives (CADs) were quantified in the cells and media. The CADs were quantified in the cell lysates in nanomolar concentrations, indicating a cellular uptake. Treatment of LPS-challenged RAW 264.7 cells with 10 µM of CADs counteracted the LPS effects and led to significantly lower mRNA and protein levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and interleukin 6, by directly decreasing the translocation of the nuclear factor κB/Rel-like containing protein 65 into the nucleus. This work provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms that attribute to amaranth’s anti-inflammatory properties and highlights C-IA’s potential as a health-beneficial compound for future research.
KW  - inflammation
KW  - caffeic acid derivatives
KW  - RAW 264
KW  - 7 macrophages
KW  - NF-kappa B
KW  - amaranth
Y1  - 2019
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11030571
SN  - 2072-6643
VL  - 11
IS  - 3
PB  - MDPI
CY  - Basel
ER  -