TY  - JOUR
A1  - Kühne, Ralph
A1  - Huitema, George
A1  - Carle, George
T1  - Charging and billing in modern communications networks a comprehensive survey of the state of the art and future requirements
JF  - IEEE communications surveys & tutorials
N2  - In mobile telecommunication networks the trend for an increasing heterogeneity of access networks, the convergence with fixed networks as well as with the Internet are apparent. The resulting future converged network with an expected wide variety of services and a possibly stiff competition between the different market participants as well as legal issues will bring about requirements for charging systems that demand for more flexibility, scalability and efficiency than is available in today's systems. This article surveys recent developments in charging and billing architectures comprising both standardisation work as well as research projects. The second main contribution of this article is a comparison of key features of these developments thus giving a list of essential charging and billing ingredients for tomorrow's communication and service environments.
KW  - charging
KW  - billing
KW  - accounting
KW  - communication network
KW  - architectures
KW  - requirements
Y1  - 2012
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1109/SURV.2011.122310.000084
SN  - 1553-877X
VL  - 14
IS  - 1
SP  - 170
EP  - 192
PB  - Inst. of Electr. and Electronics Engineers
CY  - Piscataway
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Bender, Benedict
A1  - Bertheau, Clementine
A1  - Körppen, Tim
A1  - Lauppe, Hannah
A1  - Gronau, Norbert
T1  - A proposal for future data organization in enterprise systems
BT  - an analysis of established database approaches
JF  - Information systems and e-business management
N2  - The digital transformation sets new requirements to all classes of enterprise systems in companies. ERP systems in particular, which represent the dominant class of enterprise systems, are struggling to meet the new requirements at all levels of the architecture. Therefore, there is an urgent need to reconsider the overall architecture of the systems and address the root of the related issues. Given that many restrictions ERP pose on their adaptability are related to the standardization of data, the database layer of ERP systems is addressed. Since database serve as the foundation for data storage and retrieval, they limit the flexibility of enterprise systems and the chance to adapt to new requirements accordingly. So far, relational databases are widely used. Using a systematic literature approach, recent requirements for ERP systems were identified. Prominent database approaches were assessed against the 23 requirements identified. The results reveal the strengths and weaknesses of recent database approaches. To this end, the results highlight the demand to combine multiple database approaches to fulfill recent business requirements. From a conceptual point of view, this paper supports the idea of federated databases which are interoperable to fulfill future requirements and support business operation. This research forms the basis for renewal of the current generation of ERP systems and proposes to ERP vendors to use different database concepts in the future.
KW  - database
KW  - enterprise system
KW  - ERP system
KW  - requirements
KW  - problems
KW  - future
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10257-022-00555-6
SN  - 1617-9846
SN  - 1617-9854
VL  - 20
SP  - 441
EP  - 494
PB  - Springer
CY  - Heidelberg
ER  -