TY - CHAP A1 - Homolka, Walter T1 - Religionen und Staat im Weimarer Dreieck BT - Koexistenz erfordert Rahmenbedingungen T2 - Recht und Religionen im Weimarer Dreieck - Europäische Anforderungen und Chancen Y1 - 2023 SN - 978-3-7560-0512-3 SN - 978-3-7489-3835-4 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5771/9783748938354-233 VL - 1 SP - 233 EP - 242 PB - Nomos CY - Baden-Baden ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lazarides, Rebecca A1 - Schiepe-Tiska, Anja A1 - Heine, Jorg-Henrik A1 - Buchholz, Janine T1 - Expectancy-value profiles in math BT - how are student-perceived teaching behaviors related to motivational transitions? JF - Learning and individual differences N2 - This longitudinal study aimed to investigate how motivational transitions of adolescents in the domain of mathematics from Grades 9 to 10 were related to student-perceived mathematics teacher support and student -oriented teaching. Data were drawn from the 2012 Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) and its German national extension called PISA Plus 2012-2013. We used a subsample of 2605 students (51.0 % girls) from 198 classrooms. Using latent profile analyses, we identified three motivational patterns based on expectancy-value theory that were meaningfully associated with students' mathematics test scores and work ethics. Latent transition analyses showed that these patterns were mostly stable across time. Occurring changes were characterized by a decrease in mathematics motivation across time. Student-oriented teaching as reported by students in Grade 9 impeded maladaptive motivational transitions. Students with particularly low interest and utility value benefitted from teachers who direct their instruction at students' motivational characteristics. KW - motivation KW - interindividual change KW - latent transition analysis KW - teaching KW - mathematics Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2022.102198 SN - 1041-6080 SN - 1873-3425 VL - 98 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Abakarova, Dzhuma A1 - Fuchs, Susanne A1 - Noiray, Aude T1 - Developmental changes in coarticulation degree relate to differences in articulatory patterns: an empirically grounded modeling approach JF - Journal of speech, language, and hearing research N2 - Purpose: Coarticulatory effects in speech vary across development, but the sources of this variation remain unclear. This study investigated whether developmental differences in intrasyllabic coarticulation degree could be explained by differences in children's articulatory patterns compared to adults. Method: To address this question, we first compared the tongue configurations of 3-to 7-year-old German children to those of adults. The observed developmental differences were then examined through simulations with Task Dynamics Application, a Task Dynamics simulation system, to establish which articulatory modifications could best reproduce the empirical results. To generate syllables simulating the lack of tongue gesture differentiation, we tested three simulation scenarios. Results: We found that younger speakers use less differentiated articulatory patterns to achieve alveolar constrictions than adults. The simulations corresponding to undifferentiated control of tongue tip and tongue body resulted in (a) tongue shapes similar to those observed in natural speech and (b) higher degrees of intrasyllabic coarticulation in children when compared to adults. Conclusions: Results provide evidence that differences in articulatory patterns contribute to developmental differences in coarticulation degree. This study further shows that empirically informed modeling can advance our understanding of changes in coarticulatory patterns across age. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1044/2022_JSLHR-21-00212 SN - 1092-4388 SN - 1558-9102 VL - 65 IS - 9 SP - 3276 EP - 3299 PB - American Speech-Language-Hearing Assoc. CY - Rockville, Md. ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sela, Yael T1 - Sacred poetry, eternal felicity, and the redemption of Israel BT - Obadiah Sforno's commentary on Psalms in the Berlin Haskalah JF - European journal of jewish studies N2 - The article explores the philosophical exegesis in Obadiah Sforno's sixteenth-century Psalms commentary and its reception in Berlin of the late eighteenth century, where it was reprinted in the Haskalah's biggest bestseller-an edition of Moses Mendelssohn's Psalms translation with Hebrew commentary. While the inclusion of entire commentaries by earlier exegetes was unique among all Haskalah Bible editions, I argue that the choice to include Sforno's commentary alongside Mendelssohn's translation of Psalms, itself an expression of Mendelssohn's political-theological defense of Judaism, was intended to buttress shared philosophical doctrines and concepts located by the two scholars in Psalms, notwithstanding temporal and cultural divergences: imitatio Dei, the salvation of the individual soul, and Israel's eternity. KW - Psalms KW - salvation of the soul KW - Obadiah Sforno KW - Moses Mendelssohn KW - Joel Bril (Lowe) KW - Haskalah KW - redemption KW - reception history of Bible exegesis and philosophy Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1163/1872471X-bja10044 SN - 1025-9996 SN - 1872-471X VL - 16 IS - 2 SP - 261 EP - 280 PB - Brill CY - Biggleswade ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nguyen, Viet-Dung A1 - Merz, Bruno A1 - Hundecha, Yeshewatesfa A1 - Haberlandt, Uwe A1 - Vorogushyn, Sergiy T1 - Comprehensive evaluation of an improved large-scale multi-site weather generator for Germany JF - International journal of climatology : a journal of the Royal Meteorological Society N2 - In this work, we present a comprehensive evaluation of a stochastic multi-site, multi-variate weather generator at the scale of entire Germany and parts of the neighbouring countries covering the major German river basins Elbe, Upper Danube, Rhine, Weser and Ems with a total area of approximately 580,000 km(2). The regional weather generator, which is based on a first-order multi-variate auto-regressive model, is setup using 53-year long daily observational data at 528 locations. The performance is evaluated by investigating the ability of the weather generator to replicate various important statistical properties of the observed variables including precipitation occurrence and dry/wet transition probabilities, mean daily and extreme precipitation, multi-day precipitation sums, spatial correlation structure, areal precipitation, mean daily and extreme temperature and solar radiation. We explore two marginal distributions for daily precipitation amount: mixed Gamma-Generalized Pareto and extended Generalized Pareto. Furthermore, we introduce a new procedure to estimate the spatial correlation matrix and model mean daily temperature and solar radiation. The extensive evaluation reveals that the weather generator is greatly capable of capturing most of the crucial properties of the weather variables, particularly of extreme precipitation at individual locations. Some deficiencies are detected in capturing spatial precipitation correlation structure that leads to an overestimation of areal precipitation extremes. Further improvement of the spatial correlation structure is envisaged for future research. The mixed marginal model found to outperform the extended Generalized Pareto in our case. The use of power transformation in combination with normal distribution significantly improves the performance for non-precipitation variables. The weather generator can be used to generate synthetic event footprints for large-scale trans-basin flood risk assessment. KW - correlation KW - extreme KW - flood KW - large‐ scale KW - multi‐ variate KW - weather generator Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.7107 SN - 0899-8418 SN - 1097-0088 VL - 41 IS - 10 SP - 4933 EP - 4956 PB - Wiley CY - Chichester [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gasparini, Loretta A1 - Langus, Alan A1 - Tsuji, Sho A1 - Boll-Avetisyan, Natalie T1 - Quantifying the role of rhythm in infants' language discrimination abilities BT - a meta-analysis JF - Cognition : international journal of cognitive science N2 - More than 30 years have passed since Mehler et al. (1988) proposed that newborns can discriminate between languages that belong to different rhythm classes: stress-, syllable- or mora-timed. Thereupon they developed the hypothesis that infants are sensitive to differences in vowel and consonant interval durations as acoustic correlates of rhythm classes. It remains unknown exactly which durational computations infants use when perceiving speech for the purposes of distinguishing languages. Here, a meta-analysis of studies on infants' language discrimination skills over the first year of life was conducted, aiming to quantify how language discrimination skills change with age and are modulated by rhythm classes or durational metrics. A systematic literature search identified 42 studies that tested infants' (birth to 12 months) discrimination or preference of two language varieties, by presenting infants with auditory or audio-visual continuous speech. Quantitative data synthesis was conducted using multivariate random effects meta-analytic models with the factors rhythm class difference, age, stimulus manipulation, method, and metrics operationalising proportions of and variability in vowel and consonant interval durations, to explore which factors best account for language discrimination or preference. Results revealed that smaller differences in vowel interval variability (oV) and larger differences in successive consonantal interval variability (rPVI-C) were associated with more successful language discrimination, and better accounted for discrimination results than the factor rhythm class. There were no effects of age for discrimination but results on preference studies were affected by age: the older infants get, the more they prefer non-native languages that are rhythmically similar to their native language, but not non-native languages that are rhythmically distinct. These findings can inform theories on language discrimination that have previously focussed on rhythm class, by providing a novel way to operationalise rhythm in language in the extent to which it accounts for infants' language discrimination abilities. KW - Language discrimination KW - Accent discrimination KW - Speech rhythm KW - Durational cues KW - Infant speech perception KW - Meta-analysis Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2021.104757 SN - 0010-0277 SN - 1873-7838 VL - 213 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yang, Sizhong A1 - Liebner, Susanne A1 - Svenning, Mette Marianne A1 - Tveit, Alexander Tøsdal T1 - Decoupling of microbial community dynamics and functions in Arctic peat soil exposed to short term warming JF - Molecular ecology N2 - Temperature is an important factor governing microbe-mediated carbon feedback from permafrost soils. The link between taxonomic and functional microbial responses to temperature change remains elusive due to the lack of studies assessing both aspects of microbial ecology. Our previous study reported microbial metabolic and trophic shifts in response to short-term temperature increases in Arctic peat soil, and linked these shifts to higher CH4 and CO2 production rates (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 112, E2507-E2516). Here, we studied the taxonomic composition and functional potential of samples from the same experiment. We see that along a high-resolution temperature gradient (1-30 degrees C), microbial communities change discretely, but not continuously or stochastically, in response to rising temperatures. The taxonomic variability may thus in part reflect the varied temperature responses of individual taxa and the competition between these taxa for resources. These taxonomic responses contrast the stable functional potential (metagenomic-based) across all temperatures or the previously observed metabolic or trophic shifts at key temperatures. Furthermore, with rising temperatures we observed a progressive decrease in species diversity (Shannon Index) and increased dispersion of greenhouse gas (GHG) production rates. We conclude that the taxonomic variation is decoupled from both the functional potential of the community and the previously observed temperature-dependent changes in microbial function. However, the reduced diversity at higher temperatures might help explain the higher variability in GHG production at higher temperatures. KW - microbial community KW - permafrost KW - species diversity KW - stochastic KW - temperature gradient Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.16118 SN - 0962-1083 SN - 1365-294X VL - 30 IS - 20 SP - 5094 EP - 5104 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Oxford [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hashemi, Seirana A1 - Razaghi-Moghadam, Zahra A1 - Laitinen, Roosa A. E. A1 - Nikoloski, Zoran T1 - Relative flux trade-offs and optimization of metabolic network functionalities JF - Computational and structural biotechnology journal N2 - Trade-offs between traits are present across different levels of biological systems and ultimately reflect constraints imposed by physicochemical laws and the structure of underlying biochemical networks. Yet, mechanistic explanation of how trade-offs between molecular traits arise and how they relate to optimization of fitness-related traits remains elusive. Here, we introduce the concept of relative flux trade-offs and propose a constraint-based approach, termed FluTOr, to identify metabolic reactions whose fluxes are in relative trade-off with respect to an optimized fitness-related cellular task, like growth. We then employed FluTOr to identify relative flux trade-offs in the genome-scale metabolic networks of Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Arabidopsis thaliana. For the metabolic models of E. coli and S. cerevisiae we showed that: (i) the identified relative flux trade-offs depend on the carbon source used and that (ii) reactions that participated in relative trade-offs in both species were implicated in cofactor biosynthesis. In contrast to the two microorganisms, the relative flux trade-offs for the metabolic model of A. thaliana did not depend on the available nitrogen sources, reflecting the differences in the underlying metabolic network as well as the considered environments. Lastly, the established connection between relative flux trade-offs allowed us to identify overexpression targets that can be used to optimize fitness-related traits. Altogether, our computational approach and findings demonstrate how relative flux trade-offs can shape optimization of metabolic tasks, important in biotechnological applications. KW - Trade-offs KW - Metabolic networks KW - Fluxes KW - Overexpression targets KW - Growth Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csbj.2022.07.038 SN - 2001-0370 VL - 20 SP - 3963 EP - 3971 PB - Research Network of Computational and Structural Biotechnology (RNCSB) CY - Gotenburg ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yadav, Himanshu A1 - Husain, Samar A1 - Futrell, Richard T1 - Assessing corpus evidence for formal and psycholinguistic constraints on nonprojectivity JF - Computational linguistics N2 - Formal constraints on crossing dependencies have played a large role in research on the formal complexity of natural language grammars and parsing. Here we ask whether the apparent evidence for constraints on crossing dependencies in treebanks might arise because of independent constraints on trees, such as low arity and dependency length minimization. We address this question using two sets of experiments. In Experiment 1, we compare the distribution of formal properties of crossing dependencies, such as gap degree, between real trees and baseline trees matched for rate of crossing dependencies and various other properties. In Experiment 2, we model whether two dependencies cross, given certain psycholinguistic properties of the dependencies. We find surprisingly weak evidence for constraints originating from the mild context-sensitivity literature (gap degree and well-nestedness) beyond what can be explained by constraints on rate of crossing dependencies, topological properties of the trees, and dependency length. However, measures that have emerged from the parsing literature (e.g., edge degree, end-point crossings, and heads' depth difference) differ strongly between real and random trees. Modeling results show that cognitive metrics relating to information locality and working-memory limitations affect whether two dependencies cross or not, but they do not fully explain the distribution of crossing dependencies in natural languages. Together these results suggest that crossing constraints are better characterized by processing pressures than by mildly context-sensitive constraints. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00437 SN - 0891-2017 SN - 1530-9312 VL - 48 IS - 2 SP - 375 EP - 401 PB - MIT Press CY - Cambridge ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Finzel, Anna T1 - Innate or acquired? BT - homosexuality and cultural models of gender in Indian and Nigerian English T2 - Cultural-Linguistic Explorations into Spirituality, Emotionality, and Society (Cognitive Linguistic Studies in Cultural Contexts) (CLSCC) N2 - In this chapter, some of the findings from sociolinguistic interviews with 25 speakers of Indian English and 26 speakers of Nigerian English are presented. Emanating from a larger research project concerned with conceptualizations of gender, the current analysis focuses on conceptualizations of homosexuality and makes use of the analytical tools provided by Cultural Linguistics and Cognitive Sociolinguistics. In particular, the notions of “cultural conceptualizations” (e.g., Sharifian, 2011, 2017) and “cultural model” (e.g., Wolf & Polzenhagen, 2009; also cf. Schneider, 2014) are addressed. At the time of data collection, discriminatory legislation concerning homosexuality was in force in India and Nigeria. Opinion polls likewise echoed a negative stance towards homosexuality among the population of the two countries. This raised the expectation that similar conceptualizations of homosexuality might be found in Indian and Nigerian English, both in terms of their negative connotation and of how homosexuality would exactly be conceptualized. However, this expectation was not fulfilled. Firstly, the acceptance among the Indian participants to this study was generally greater. Secondly, homosexuality was predominantly conceptualized as an innate condition in the Indian English data, while it was prevalently understood as an acquired condition by the Nigerian informants. Drawing from earlier findings within the context of the same project (Finzel, 2021; fc.), I suggest that these differences can be explained with culture-specific models of gender that lend their logic to conceptualizations of homosexuality. KW - cognitive sociolinguistics KW - cultural linguistics KW - cultural conceptualizations Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1075/clscc.14.09fin VL - 14 SP - 185 EP - 212 PB - John Benjamins Publishing Company CY - Amsterdam ER -