TY - THES A1 - Strauß, Sophie T1 - Justice sensitivity in middle childhood T1 - Ungerechtigkeitssensibilität in der mittleren Kindheit T2 - exploring the measurement and manifestation of a trait in a sensitive developmental phase and its relations to variables from the social and moral development space T2 - Erforschung der Messung und Manifestation eines Traits in einer sensiblen Entwicklungsphase und seiner Beziehungen zu Variablen der sozialen und moralischen Entwicklung N2 - Justice structures societies and social relations of any kind; its psychological integration provides a fundamental cornerstone for social, moral, and personality development. The trait justice sensitivity captures individual differences in responses toward perceived injustice (JS; Schmitt et al., 2005, 2010). JS has shown substantial relations to social and moral behavior in adult and adolescent samples; however, it was not yet investigated in middle childhood despite this being a sensitive phase for personality development. JS differentiates in underlying perspectives that are either more self- or other-oriented regarding injustice, with diverging outcome relations. The present research project investigated JS and its perspectives in children aged 6 to 12 years with a special focus on variables of social and moral development as potential correlates and outcomes in four cross-sectional studies. Study 1 started with a closer investigation of JS trait manifestation, measurement, and relations to important variables from the nomological network, such as temperamental dimensions, social-cognitive skills, and global pro- and antisocial behavior in a pilot sample of children from south Germany. Study 2 investigated relations between JS and distributive behavior following distributive principles in a large-scale data set of children from Berlin and Brandenburg. Study 3 explored the relations of JS with moral reasoning, moral emotions, and moral identity as important precursors of moral development in the same large-scale data set. Study 4 investigated punishment motivation to even out, prevent, or compensate norm transgressions in a subsample, whereby JS was considered as a potential predictor of different punishment motives. All studies indicated that a large-scale, economic measurement of JS is possible at least from middle childhood onward. JS showed relations to temperamental dimensions, social skills, global social behavior; distributive decisions and preferences for distributive principles; moral reasoning, emotions, and identity; as well as with punishment motivation; indicating that trait JS is highly relevant for social and moral development. The underlying self- or other-oriented perspectives showed diverging correlate and outcome relations mostly in line with theory and previous findings from adolescent and adult samples, but also provided new theoretical ideas on the construct and its differentiation. Findings point to an early internal justice motive underlying trait JS, but additional motivations underlying the JS perspectives. Caregivers, educators, and clinical psychologists should pay attention to children’s JS and toward promoting an adaptive justice-related personality development to foster children’s prosocial and moral development as well as their mental health. N2 - Gerechtigkeit strukturiert Gesellschaften und soziale Beziehungen jeglicher Art; ihre psychologische Integration stellt einen grundlegenden Eckpfeiler für die soziale, moralische und Persönlichkeitsentwicklung dar. Ungerechtigkeitssensibilität (justice sensitivity; JS) erfasst als Trait individuelle Unterschiede in der Reaktion auf wahrgenommene Ungerechtigkeit (Schmitt et al., 2005, 2010). JS hat bei Erwachsenen und Jugendlichen substanzielle Zusammenhänge mit sozialem und moralischem Verhalten gezeigt; in der mittleren Kindheit wurde sie jedoch noch nicht untersucht, obwohl die mittlere Kindheit eine sensible Phase für die Persönlichkeitsentwicklung ist. JS differenziert sich in zugrunde liegende Perspektiven, die in Bezug auf Ungerechtigkeit entweder stärker selbst- oder fremdorientiert sind, mit divergierenden Outcome Beziehungen. Das vorliegende Forschungsprojekt untersuchte JS und seine Perspektiven bei Kindern im Alter von 6 bis 12 Jahren mit besonderem Augenmerk auf Variablen der sozialen und moralischen Entwicklung als mögliche Korrelate und Outcomes in vier Querschnittsstudien. Studie 1 begann mit einer näheren Untersuchung der Manifestation und Messung von JS sowie der Beziehungen zu wichtigen Variablen des nomologischen Netzwerks, wie z. B. Temperamentsdimensionen, sozial-kognitiven Fähigkeiten und globalem pro- und antisozialen Verhalten in einer Pilotstichprobe mit Kindern aus Süddeutschland. Studie 2 untersuchte Beziehungen zwischen JS und distributivem Verhalten nach distributiven Prinzipien in einem groß angelegten Datensatz mit Kindern aus Berlin und Brandenburg. Studie 3 untersuchte die Beziehungen zwischen JS und moralischem Schlussfolgern, moralischen Emotionen und moralischer Identität als wichtigen Vorläufern der moralischen Entwicklung in demselben Datensatz. Studie 4 untersuchte Bestrafungsmotivation zum Ausgleich, zur Verhinderung oder zur Kompensation von Normübertretungen in einer Teilstichprobe, wobei JS als potenzieller Prädiktor für verschiedene Bestrafungsmotive betrachtet wurde. Alle Studien zeigten, dass eine groß angelegte, ökonomische Messung von JS mindestens ab der mittleren Kindheit möglich ist. JS zeigte Beziehungen zu Temperamentsdimensionen, sozialen Fähigkeiten, globalem Sozialverhalten; distributiven Entscheidungen und Präferenzen für distributive Prinzipien; moralischem Schlussfolgern, Emotionen und Identität sowie mit Bestrafungsmotivation. Dies deutet darauf hin, dass Trait JS für die soziale und moralische Entwicklung von großer Bedeutung ist. Die zugrunde liegenden selbst- oder fremdorientierten Perspektiven zeigten divergierende Korrelat- und Outcome Beziehungen, die größtenteils mit der Theorie und früheren Befunden aus Jugendlichen- und Erwachsenenstichproben übereinstimmten, aber auch neue theoretische Ideen über das Konstrukt und seine Differenzierung lieferten. Die Ergebnisse deuten auf ein frühes internalisiertes Gerechtigkeitsmotiv hin, das Trait JS zugrunde liegt, aber auch auf zusätzliche Motivationen, die den JS-Perspektiven zugrunde liegen. Eltern, Betreuungspersonen, Pädagog:innen und klinische Psycholog:innen sollten die JS von Kindern beachten und eine adaptive gerechtigkeitsbezogene Persönlichkeitsentwicklung unterstützen, um die prosoziale und moralische Entwicklung der Kinder sowie ihre psychische Gesundheit zu fördern. KW - justice sensitivity KW - moral development KW - middle childhood KW - distributive justice KW - personality development KW - justice development KW - Ungerechtigkeitssensibilität KW - Verteilungsgerechtigkeit KW - Gerechtigkeitsentwicklung KW - mittlere Kindheit KW - moralische Entwicklung KW - Persönlichkeitsentwicklung Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-591944 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dumont, Hanna A1 - Ready, Douglas D. D. T1 - On the promise of personalized learning for educational equity JF - npj science of learning N2 - Students enter school with a vast range of individual differences, resulting from the complex interplay between genetic dispositions and unequal environmental conditions. Schools thus face the challenge of organizing instruction and providing equal opportunities for students with diverse needs. Schools have traditionally managed student heterogeneity by sorting students both within and between schools according to their academic ability. However, empirical evidence suggests that such tracking approaches increase inequalities. In more recent years, driven largely by technological advances, there have been calls to embrace students' individual differences in the classroom and to personalize students' learning experiences. A central justification for personalized learning is its potential to improve educational equity. In this paper, we discuss whether and under which conditions personalized learning can indeed increase equity in K-12 education by bringing together empirical and theoretical insights from different fields, including the learning sciences, philosophy, psychology, and sociology. We distinguish between different conceptions of equity and argue that personalized learning is unlikely to result in "equality of outcomes" and, by definition, does not provide "equality of inputs". However, if implemented in a high-quality way, personalized learning is in line with "adequacy" notions of equity, which aim to equip all students with the basic competencies to participate in society as active members and to live meaningful lives. KW - Education KW - Psychology KW - Sociology Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41539-023-00174-x SN - 2056-7936 VL - 8 IS - 1 PB - Nature Publishing Group CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Warschburger, Petra A1 - Gmeiner, Michaela Silvia A1 - Bondü, Rebecca A1 - Klein, Alexandra-Maria A1 - Busching, Robert A1 - Elsner, Birgit T1 - Self-regulation as a resource for coping with developmental challenges during middle childhood and adolescence BT - the prospective longitudinal PIER YOUTH-study JF - BMC Psychology N2 - Background Self-regulation (SR) as the ability to regulate one's own physical state, emotions, cognitions, and behavior, is considered to play a pivotal role in the concurrent and subsequent mental and physical health of an individual. Although SR skills encompass numerous sub-facets, previous research has often focused on only one or a few of these sub-facets, and only rarely on adolescence. Therefore, little is known about the development of the sub-facets, their interplay, and their specific contributions to future developmental outcomes, particularly in adolescence. To fill these research gaps, this study aims to prospectively examine (1) the development of SR and (2) their influence on adolescent-specific developmental outcomes in a large community sample. Methods/design Based on previously collected data from the Potsdam Intrapersonal Developmental Risk (PIER) study with three measurement points, the present prospective, longitudinal study aims to add a fourth measurement point (PIERYOUTH). We aim to retain at least 1074 participants now between 16 and 23 years of the initially 1657 participants (6-11 years of age at the first measurement point in 2012/2013; 52.2% female). The study will continue to follow a multi-method (questionnaires, physiological assessments, performance-based computer tasks), multi-facet (assessing various domains of SR), and multi-rater (self-, parent-, and teacher-report) approach. In addition, a broad range of adolescent-specific developmental outcomes is considered. In doing so, we will cover the development of SR and relevant outcomes over the period of 10 years. In addition, we intend to conduct a fifth measurement point (given prolonged funding) to investigate development up to young adulthood. Discussion With its broad and multimethodological approach, PIERYOUTH aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of the development and role of various SR sub-facets from middle childhood to adolescence. The large sample size and low drop-out rates in the first three measurements points form a sound database for our present prospective research.Trial registration German Clinical Trials Register, registration number DRKS00030847. KW - Self-regulation KW - Adolescence KW - Prospective longitudinal study KW - Mental health Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-023-01140-3 SN - 2050-7283 VL - 11 IS - 1 PB - Springer Nature CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Warschburger, Petra A1 - Kamrath, Clemens A1 - Lanzinger, Stefanie A1 - Sengler, Claudia A1 - Wiegand, Susanna A1 - Göldel, Julia Marlen A1 - Weihrauch-Blüher, Susann A1 - Holl, Reinhard A1 - Minden, Kirsten T1 - A prospective analysis of the long-term impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on well-being and health care among children with a chronic condition and their families BT - a study protocol of the KICK-COVID study JF - BMC pediatrics N2 - Background There is consistent evidence that the COVID-19 pandemic is associated with an increased psychosocial burden on children and adolescents and their parents. Relatively little is known about its particular impact on high-risk groups with chronic physical health conditions (CCs). Therefore, the primary aim of the study is to analyze the multiple impacts on health care and psychosocial well-being on these children and adolescents and their parents. Methods We will implement a two-stage approach. In the first step, parents and their underage children from three German patient registries for diabetes, obesity, and rheumatic diseases, are invited to fill out short questionnaires including questions about corona-specific stressors, the health care situation, and psychosocial well-being. In the next step, a more comprehensive, in-depth online survey is carried out in a smaller subsample. Discussion The study will provide insights into the multiple longer-term stressors during the COVID-19 pandemic in families with a child with a CC. The simultaneous consideration of medical and psycho-social endpoints will help to gain a deeper understanding of the complex interactions affecting family functioning, psychological well-being, and health care delivery. KW - Chronic conditions KW - COVID-19 KW - Children and adolescents KW - Parents KW - Risk perception KW - Psychosocial strain KW - Diabetes KW - Rheumatic diseases KW - Obesity Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-023-03912-7 SN - 1471-2431 VL - 23 IS - 1 PB - BioMed Central CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Michirev, Alexej A1 - Kühne, Katharina A1 - Lindemann, Oliver A1 - Fischer, Martin H. A1 - Raab, Markus T1 - How to not induce SNAs BT - the insufficiency of directional force JF - PLoS one N2 - People respond faster to smaller numbers in their left space and to larger numbers in their right space. Here we argue that movements in space contribute to the formation of spatial-numerical associations (SNAs). We studied the impact of continuous isometric forces along the horizontal or vertical cardinal axes on SNAs while participants performed random number production and arithmetic verification tasks. Our results suggest that such isometric directional force do not suffice to induce SNAs. Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0288038 SN - 1932-6203 VL - 18 IS - 6 PB - PLoS CY - San Fransisco ER - TY - THES A1 - Förstner, Bernd Rainer T1 - Transdiagnostic assessment of mental disorders using the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) approach: relationship to disease severity N2 - Traditionally, mental disorders have been identified based on specific symptoms and standardized diagnostic systems such as the DSM-5 and ICD-10. However, these symptom-based definitions may only partially represent neurobiological and behavioral research findings, which could impede the development of targeted treatments. A transdiagnostic approach to mental health research, such as the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) approach, maps resilience and broader aspects of mental health to associated components. By investigating mental disorders in a transnosological way, we can better understand disease patterns and their distinguishing and common factors, leading to more precise prevention and treatment options. Therefore, this dissertation focuses on (1) the latent domain structure of the RDoC approach in a transnosological sample including healthy controls, (2) its domain associations to disease severity in patients with anxiety and depressive disorders, and (3) an overview of the scientific results found regarding Positive (PVS) and Negative Valence Systems (NVS) associated with mood and anxiety disorders. The following main results were found: First, the latent RDoC domain structure for PVS and NVS, Cognitive Systems (CS), and Social Processes (SP) could be validated using self-report and behavioral measures in a transnosological sample. Second, we found transdiagnostic and disease-specific associations between those four domains and disease severity in patients with depressive and anxiety disorders. Third, the scoping review showed a sizable amount of RDoC research conducted on PVS and NVS in mood and anxiety disorders, with research gaps for both domains and specific conditions. In conclusion, the research presented in this dissertation highlights the potential of the transnosological RDoC framework approach in improving our understanding of mental disorders. By exploring the latent RDoC structure and associations with disease severity and disease-specific and transnosological associations for anxiety and depressive disorders, this research provides valuable insights into the full spectrum of psychological functioning. Additionally, this dissertation highlights the need for further research in this area, identifying both RDoC indicators and research gaps. Overall, this dissertation represents an important contribution to the ongoing efforts to improve our understanding and the treatment of mental disorders, particularly within the commonly comorbid disease spectrum of mood and anxiety disorders. N2 - Traditionell werden psychische Störungen auf der Grundlage spezifischer Symptome und standardisierter Diagnosesysteme wie DSM-5 und ICD-10 diagnostiziert. Diese symptombasierten Definitionen entsprechen jedoch nur teilweise den Erkenntnissen der neurobiologischen und Verhaltensforschung, was die Entwicklung gezielter Behandlungen behindern kann. Ein transdiagnostischer Ansatz zur Erforschung psychischer Gesundheit, wie z. B. der Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) Ansatz, ordnet umfassendere Aspekte psychischer Gesundheit, wie z. B. Resilienz, den entsprechenden Komponenten zu. Durch die Untersuchung psychischer Störungen aus einer transnosologischen Perspektive können wir Krankheitsbilder und ihre gemeinsamen und unterscheidenden Faktoren besser verstehen, was zu präziseren Präventions- und Behandlungsmöglichkeiten führt. Daher konzentriert sich diese Dissertation auf (1) die latente Domänenstruktur des RDoC-Ansatzes in einer transnosologischen Stichprobe einschließlich gesunder Kontrollen, (2) die domänenspezifischen Assoziationen zur Krankheitsschwere bei Patienten mit Angst- und depressiven Störungen und (3) einen Überblick über die wissenschaftlichen Ergebnisse zu Positiven (PVS) und Negativen Valenzsystemen (NVS), die mit Affektiven Störungen assoziiert sind. Die folgenden Hauptergebnisse wurden gefunden: Erstens konnte die latente RDoC-Domänenstruktur für PVS und NVS, Kognitive Systeme (CS) und Soziale Prozesse (SP) anhand von Selbstberichten und Verhaltensmessungen in einer transnosologischen Stichprobe validiert werden. Zweitens fanden wir transdiagnostische und krankheitsspezifische Assoziationen zwischen diesen vier Domänen und der Krankheitsschwere bei Patienten mit Angst- und depressiven Störungen. Drittens zeigte die durchgeführte Übersichtsarbeit eine beträchtliche Menge an RDoC-Forschung zu PVS und NVS bei affektiven Störungen, mit Forschungslücken für beide Domänen und spezifische Bedingungen. Zusammenfassend lässt sich sagen, dass die in dieser Dissertation vorgestellten Forschungsergebnisse das Potenzial des transnosologischen RDoC-Konzepts zur Verbesserung unseres Verständnisses psychischer Störungen unterstreichen. Durch die Untersuchung der latenten RDoC-Struktur und der Assoziationen mit dem Krankheitsschweregrad sowie der krankheitsspezifischen und transnosologischen Assoziationen für Angst- und depressive Störungen liefert diese Forschungsarbeit wertvolle Einblicke in das gesamte Spektrum psychischer Funktionsweisen. Darüber hinaus zeigt diese Dissertation den Bedarf an weiterer Forschung in diesem Bereich auf, indem sie sowohl RDoC-Indikatoren als auch Forschungslücken identifiziert. Insgesamt stellt diese Dissertation einen wichtigen Beitrag zu den laufenden Bemühungen um ein besseres Verständnis und eine bessere Behandlung psychischer Störungen dar, insbesondere innerhalb des häufig komorbiden Krankheitsspektrums der affektiven Störungen. KW - diagnosis and classification KW - Research Domain Criteria KW - RDoC KW - transdiagnostic KW - positive valence systems KW - negative valence systems KW - disease severity KW - Diagnose und Klassifikation KW - transdiagnostisch KW - positives Valenzsystem KW - negatives Valenzsystem KW - Krankheitsschwere Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-611150 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Chen, Hao A1 - Belanger, Matthew J. A1 - Garbusow, Maria A1 - Kuitunen-Paul, Soeren A1 - Huys, Quentin J. M. A1 - Heinz, Andreas A1 - Rapp, Michael A. A1 - Smolka, Michael N. T1 - Susceptibility to interference between Pavlovian and instrumental control predisposes risky alcohol use developmental trajectory from ages 18 to 24 JF - Addiction biology N2 - Pavlovian cues can influence ongoing instrumental behaviour via Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer (PIT) processes. While appetitive Pavlovian cues tend to promote instrumental approach, they are detrimental when avoidance behaviour is required, and vice versa for aversive cues. We recently reported that susceptibility to interference between Pavlovian and instrumental control assessed via a PIT task was associated with risky alcohol use at age 18. We now investigated whether such susceptibility also predicts drinking trajectories until age 24, based on AUDIT (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test) consumption and binge drinking (gramme alcohol/drinking occasion) scores. The interference PIT effect, assessed at ages 18 and 21 during fMRI, was characterized by increased error rates (ER) and enhanced neural responses in the ventral striatum (VS), the lateral and dorsomedial prefrontal cortices (dmPFC) during conflict, that is, when an instrumental approach was required in the presence of an aversive Pavlovian cue or vice versa. We found that a stronger VS response during conflict at age 18 was associated with a higher starting point of both drinking trajectories but predicted a decrease in binge drinking. At age 21, high ER and enhanced neural responses in the dmPFC were associated with increasing AUDIT-C scores over the next 3 years until age 24. Overall, susceptibility to interference between Pavlovian and instrumental control might be viewed as a predisposing mechanism towards hazardous alcohol use during young adulthood, and the identified high-risk group may profit from targeted interventions. KW - interference control KW - Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer KW - risky drinking Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/adb.13263 SN - 1355-6215 SN - 1369-1600 VL - 28 IS - 2 PB - Wiley CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Agthe, Maria A1 - Kayser, Daniela Niesta A1 - Schwarz, Sascha A1 - Maner, Jon K. T1 - Antecedents of the red-romance effect BT - men's attractiveness and women's fertility JF - PLOS ONE / Public Library of Science N2 - The color red has been implicated in a variety of social processes, including those involving mating. While previous research suggests that women sometimes wear red strategically to increase their attractiveness, the replicability of this literature has been questioned. The current research is a reasonably powered conceptual replication designed to strengthen this literature by testing whether women are more inclined to display the color red 1) during fertile (as compared with less fertile) days of the menstrual cycle, and 2) when expecting to interact with an attractive man (as compared with a less attractive man and with a control condition). Analyses controlled for a number of theoretically relevant covariates (relationship status, age, the current weather). Only the latter hypothesis received mixed support (mainly among women on hormonal birth control), whereas results concerning the former hypothesis did not reach significance. Women (N = 281) displayed more red when expecting to interact with an attractive man; findings did not support the prediction that women would increase their display of red on fertile days of the cycle. Findings thus suggested only mixed replicability for the link between the color red and psychological processes involving romantic attraction. They also illustrate the importance of further investigating the boundary conditions of color effects on everyday social processes. Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0284035 SN - 1932-6203 VL - 18 IS - 4 PB - PLOS CY - San Fransisco ER - TY - JOUR A1 - de Carvalho Souza, Alyson Matheus A1 - Barrocas, Roberta A1 - Fischer, Martin H. A1 - Arnaud, Emanuel A1 - Moeller, Korbinian A1 - Rennó-Costa, César T1 - Combining virtual reality and tactile stimulation to investigate embodied finger-based numerical representations JF - Frontiers in psychology / Frontiers Research Foundation N2 - Finger-based representation of numbers is a high-level cognitive strategy to assist numerical and arithmetic processing in children and adults. It is unclear whether this paradigm builds on simple perceptual features or comprises several attributes through embodiment. Here we describe the development and initial testing of an experimental setup to study embodiment during a finger-based numerical task using Virtual Reality (VR) and a low-cost tactile stimulator that is easy to build. Using VR allows us to create new ways to study finger-based numerical representation using a virtual hand that can be manipulated in ways our hand cannot, such as decoupling tactile and visual stimuli. The goal is to present a new methodology that can allow researchers to study embodiment through this new approach, maybe shedding new light on the cognitive strategy behind the finger-based representation of numbers. In this case, a critical methodological requirement is delivering precisely targeted sensory stimuli to specific effectors while simultaneously recording their behavior and engaging the participant in a simulated experience. We tested the device's capability by stimulating users in different experimental configurations. Results indicate that our device delivers reliable tactile stimulation to all fingers of a participant's hand without losing motion tracking quality during an ongoing task. This is reflected by an accuracy of over 95% in participants detecting stimulation of a single finger or multiple fingers in sequential stimulation as indicated by experiments with sixteen participants. We discuss possible application scenarios, explain how to apply our methodology to study the embodiment of finger-based numerical representations and other high-level cognitive functions, and discuss potential further developments of the device based on the data obtained in our testing. KW - virtual reality KW - numerical cognition KW - finger counting KW - embodied cognition KW - cognitive science KW - virtual environment Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1119561 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 14 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schwetlick, Lisa A1 - Backhaus, Daniel A1 - Engbert, Ralf T1 - A dynamical scan-path model for task-dependence during scene viewing JF - Psychological review N2 - In real-world scene perception, human observers generate sequences of fixations to move image patches into the high-acuity center of the visual field. Models of visual attention developed over the last 25 years aim to predict two-dimensional probabilities of gaze positions for a given image via saliency maps. Recently, progress has been made on models for the generation of scan paths under the constraints of saliency as well as attentional and oculomotor restrictions. Experimental research demonstrated that task constraints can have a strong impact on viewing behavior. Here, we propose a scan-path model for both fixation positions and fixation durations, which include influences of task instructions and interindividual differences. Based on an eye-movement experiment with four different task conditions, we estimated model parameters for each individual observer and task condition using a fully Bayesian dynamical modeling framework using a joint spatial-temporal likelihood approach with sequential estimation. Resulting parameter values demonstrate that model properties such as the attentional span are adjusted to task requirements. Posterior predictive checks indicate that our dynamical model can reproduce task differences in scan-path statistics across individual observers. KW - scene viewing KW - eye movements KW - task dependence KW - individual differences; KW - Bayesian inference Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/rev0000379 SN - 0033-295X SN - 1939-1471 VL - 130 IS - 3 SP - 807 EP - 840 PB - American Psychological Association CY - Washington ER -