4416
2008
eng
postprint
1
2010-08-27
--
--
Colonization of recent coniferous versus deciduous forest stands by vascular plants at the local scale
Questions: 1. Are there differences among species in their preference for coniferous vs. deciduous forest? 2. Are tree and shrub species better colonizers of recent forest stands than herbaceous species? 3. Do colonization patterns of plant species groups depend on tree species composition? Location: Three deciduous and one coniferous recent forest areas in Brandenburg, NE Germany. Methods: In 34 and 21 transects in coniferous and deciduous stands, respectively, we studied the occurrence and percentage cover of vascular plants in a total of 150 plots in ancient stands, 315 in recent stands and 55 at the ecotone. Habitat preference, diaspore weight, generative dispersal potential and clonal extension were used to explain mechanisms of local migration. Regression analysis was conducted to test whether migration distance was related to species’ life-history traits. Results: 25 species were significantly associated with ancient stands and ten species were significantly more frequent in recent stands. Tree and shrub species were good colonizers of recent coniferous and deciduous stands. In the coniferous stands, all herbaceous species showed a strong dispersal limitation during colonization, whereas in the deciduous stands generalist species may have survived in the grasslands which were present prior to afforestation. Conclusions: The fast colonization of recent stands by trees and shrubs can be explained by their effective dispersal via wind and animals. This, and the comparably efficient migration of herbaceous forest specialists into recent coniferous stands, implies that the conversion of coniferous into deciduous stands adjacent to ancient deciduous forests is promising even without planting of trees.
urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-46080
4608
Applied vegetation science. - 11 (2008), 3, S. 307 - 316, DOI: 10.3170/2008-7-18432
<hr>The article was originally published by Opulus Press:
<br><a href="http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.3170/2008-7-18432">
Applied Vegetation Science</a>. - 11 (2008), 3, S. 307-316<br>
ISSN 1402-2001<br>
DOI <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3170/2008-7-18432">10.3170/2008-7-18432</a>
Keine öffentliche Lizenz: Unter Urheberrechtsschutz
Monika Wulf
Thilo Heinken
Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe
paper 149
eng
uncontrolled
Clonal growth
eng
uncontrolled
diaspore weight
eng
uncontrolled
dispersal potential
eng
uncontrolled
forest specialist
eng
uncontrolled
generalist emergent group
Biowissenschaften; Biologie
open_access
Institut für Biochemie und Biologie
Universität Potsdam
https://publishup.uni-potsdam.de/files/4416/pmnf149.pdf
4456
2008
deu
postprint
1
2010-09-09
--
--
Die natürlichen Kiefernstandorte Deutschlands und ihre Gefährdung
Natural Scots pine forests in Germany : habitats, distribution, and threat
Natürliche Standorte der Waldkiefer gibt es in Deutschland nur kleinflächig. Während Kiefernforste anstelle natürlicher Laubwälder heute oft landschaftsprägend sind, bildet die konkurrenzschwache und lichtbedürftige Kiefer ausschließlich auf extrem trockenen oder nassen, nährstoffarmen Standorten naturnahe Schlusswaldgesellschaften. Regionale Schwerpunkte liegen in subkontinentalen Regionen wie dem nordostdeutschen Tiefland und Bayern, ein „natürliches Kiefernareal" lässt sich aber kaum abgrenzen. An der Trockengrenze des Waldes finden sich auf Kalk- und Dolomitgesteinen artenreiche Karbonat-Trockenkiefernwälder mit Elementen der alpinen Rasen und Kalkmagerrasen in der Bodenvegetation. Diese Wälder besiedeln steile, südexponierte Felsen und morphodynamisch aktive Bereiche wie Rutschhänge und FlussSchotterböden im Umkreis der Alpen, kommen aber auch in den Mittelgebirgen vor. Ihr Gegenstück auf sauren Standorten sind die Sand- und Silikat-Kiefernwälder der Quarzsande und Sandstein-Verwitterungsböden, deren Bodenvegetation durch Zwergsträucher, Moose und Strauchflechten geprägt ist. Hier siedelt die Kiefer in den Tieflagen besonders auf Binnendünen und Sandern, aber auch auf Küstendünen der Ostsee, in den Mittelgebirgen z. B. auf den Sandsteinriffen der Sächsischen Schweiz. Der dritte Wuchsbereich natürlicher Kiefernwälder sind saure, nährstoffarme Moore, die ganz überwiegend von Regenwasser gespeist werden. Auch die Kiefern-Moorwälder sind in Nordostdeutschland und Bayern am häufigsten. Von diesen Standorten ausgehend, wo ihr Platz kaum von anderen Baumarten streitig gemacht wird, tritt die Waldkiefer immer wieder als Pionier auf weniger extremen Standorten auf. In der Naturlandschaft kam dies etwa nach Waldbränden oder Stürmen vor, doch der Mensch förderte die Kiefer durch Auflichtung der Wälder, Waldweide und Streunutzung stark. Auch die damit verbundene Nährstoffverarmung macht eine exakte Abgrenzung natürlicher Kiefernstandorte unmöglich. Die schlechtwüchsigen und forstwirtschaftlich nicht interessanten, ästhetisch aber sehr ansprechenden natürlichen Kiefernbestände sind heute vor allem durch Stickstoff-Immissionen gefährdet. Trotz ihrer oft kargen Erscheinung besitzen sie einen hohen Wert für die Biodiversität und den Artenschutz. Neben bodenbewohnenden Flechten und regionalen Relikt-Endemiten ist vor allem die in den letzten Jahrzehnten zunehmend gefährdete Vielfalt an Mykorrhiza-Pilzen hervorzuheben, die der Kiefer das Leben auf extrem nährstoffarmen Standorten überhaupt ermöglichen. Abschließend werden mögliche Schutz- bzw. Regenerationsmaßnahmen wie das Abplaggen flechtenreicher Kiefernstandorte vorgestellt.
Only small areas of natural Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) habitat occur in Germany. Today pine plantations instead of natural deciduous forests often dominate the landscape. Yet, due to the competitive weakness and light demands of Scots pine, near-natural Scots pine climax communities are only found on extremely dry or wet, nutrient-poor sites, primarily in subcontinental regions of the north-eastern German lowlands and Bavaria. However, the "natural distribution range" of Scots pine is difficult to define. Species-rich, dry Scots pine forests, with alpine and calcareous grassland species in the ground vegetation, are found at the aridity limit of forests on sites with carbonate rich soils developed from limestone and dolomite parent material. These forests occur on steep south-facing slopes, on morphodynamically active areas such as landslides and coarse river gravel beds in and near the Alps, and also in the low mountain ranges. Scots pine forests are also found on acidic sites, on quartz sands and soils overlying weathered silicate rocks with an understorey dominated by dwarf shrubs, bryophytes and fruticose lichens. These forests are present in the lowlands, particularly on inland dunes and glacifluvial deposits, but also on coastal dunes around the Baltic Sea and in the low mountain ranges, for example on the sandstone cliffs in the Elbe Sandstone Mountains. Acidic, oligo-trophic bogs, mainly supplied by rainwater, comprise the third natural Scots pine forest habitat. These Scots pine bog forests occur most frequently in north-eastern Germany and in Bavaria. Coming from these habitats, where virtually no other tree species grows, Scots pine is found again and again as a pioneer on less extreme sites. In the natural landscape, it occurs mainly after forest fires and storms. Yet humans promote Scots pine by thinning forests, creating woodland pasture and removing litter. The nutrient depletion associated with these practices makes an exact delimitation of natural Scots pine habitats unfeasible. Natural pine forest stands, which, although attractive and appealing, grow poorly and are of little interest for forestry, are endangered mainly by anthropo-genic nitrogen depositions. Despite their meagre appearance, these forests are important for biodiversity and species conservation. In addition to terricolous lichens and regional relic endemic plant species, the diversity of mycorrhiza fungi, which enable Scots pine to exist on these nutrient-poor sites, increasingly is becoming endangered. Finally, possible conservation and regeneration practices, such as manually cutting sods in lichen-rich Scots pine forests, are presented.
urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-46506
4650
Beiträge aus der Nordwestdeutschen Forstlichen Versuchsanstalt. - (2008), 2, S. 19 - 41
<hr>Der Artikel wurde erstmals veröffentlicht bei der:
<br><a href="http://www.nw-fva.de/">
Nordwestdeutschen Forstlichen Versuchsanstalt</a><br>
<a href="http://www.nw-fva.de/index.php?id=339">Beiträge aus der NW-FVA</a>. - (2008), 2, S. 19-41<br>
ISSN 1865-6994<br>
Thilo Heinken
Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe
paper 153
deu
uncontrolled
Naturschutz
deu
uncontrolled
Phytodiversität
deu
uncontrolled
Pinus sylvestris
deu
uncontrolled
Standort
deu
uncontrolled
Walddynamik
eng
uncontrolled
nature conservation
eng
uncontrolled
phytodiversity
eng
uncontrolled
Pinus sylvestris
eng
uncontrolled
site conditions
eng
uncontrolled
forest dynamics
Biowissenschaften; Biologie
open_access
Institut für Biochemie und Biologie
Universität Potsdam
https://publishup.uni-potsdam.de/files/4456/pmnf153.pdf
514
2002
eng
postprint
1
2005-10-07
--
--
Do wild ungulates contribute to the dispersal of vascular plants in central European forests by epizoochory?
The external dispersal ("epizoochory") of vascular plant diaspores (seeds and fruits) by roe deer and wild boar, i.e. the most common wild large mammals with a large home range in central Europe, was investigated in a 6.5-km² forest area in NE Germany dominated by mesic deciduous forests. The study involved brushing out the diaspores from the coats and hooves of 25 shot roe deer and nine wild boar. The results were compared with the forest vegetation of the study area. Whilst wild boar transported large amounts of various diaspores in the coat, the significance of roe deer for epizoochory was low due to their sleek fur and different behaviour compared to wild boar. Altogether, 55 vascular plant species were transported externally. Since only a limited number of seeds came from woodland habitats, the open landscape was at least as important as a source of attached seeds as the forest vegetation. Thus, most plant species occurring in the studied forest area, especially characteristic woodland herbs, showed no adaptations to epizoochorous dispersal, although being very abundant in the herb layer. We conclude that hoofed game play a particular role concerning the dispersal of ruderal and grassland species in the agricultural landscape of central Europe. However, the actual spread of some herb species in forests of northern Germany, e.g. Agrostis capillaris, Brachypodium sylvaticum, Deschampsia flexuosa, Galium aparine and Urtica dioica, may be mainly facilitated by wild ungulates. Though dispersal by large mammals is an important mechanism for long-distance dispersal of plants in general, our results suggest that most of the characteristic herb species of mesic deciduous forests have only low epizoochorous dispersal potentials. The implications for nature conservation and silviculture are discussed.
Die Ausbreitung von Gefäßpflanzen-Diasporen (Samen und Früchte) durch äußerliche Anhaftung ("Epizoochorie") an Rehen und Wildschweinen, den beiden häufigsten Schalenwild-Arten in Mitteleuropa, wurde im 6,5 km² großen Forst Brieselang bei Berlin (Bundesland Brandenburg) untersucht, in dem mesophile Laubwälder vorherrschen. Dazu wurden die Felle und Hufe von 25 geschossenen Rehen und neun Wildschweinen ausgekämmt und die Diasporen anschließend bestimmt. Die Ergebnisse wurden mit der Waldvegetation verglichen. Während Wildschweine große Mengen verschiedener Diasporentypen transportierten, war die Bedeutung von Rehen für die Ausbreitung von Pflanzen auf Grund des glatten Fells und der im Vergleich zum Wildschwein unterschiedlichen Verhaltensweisen wesentlich geringer. Insgesamt wurden 55 Phanerogamenarten epizoochor transportiert. Da nur ein kleiner Teil der ausgebreiteten Pflanzen Waldhabitate bevorzugt, war das Offenland eine mindestens ebenso wichtige Quelle anhaftender Diasporen wie die Waldvegetation. Die meisten Waldpflanzenarten wurden nicht ausgebreitet; insbesondere solche Arten, die ausschließlich in Wäldern wachsen, wurden nicht nachgewiesen. Viele Pflanzenarten sind – vermutlich auf Grund ihrer Diasporenmorphologie – weitgehend vom Transport ausgeschlossen, obwohl sie sehr häufig in der Krautschicht des untersuchten Waldes vorkommen. Daher ist Schalenwild in der Agrarlandschaft Mitteleuropas vermutlich vor allem für die Ausbreitung von Ruderal-, Segetal- und Grünlandpflanzen von Bedeutung. Die Ausbreitung einiger Pflanzenarten der Krautschicht in norddeutschen Wäldern z.B. Agrostis capillaris, Brachypodium sylvaticum, Deschampsia flexuosa, Galium aparine und Urtica dioica, könnte jedoch wesentlich auf Schalenwild zurückgehen. Obwohl Großsäuger insgesamt ein wichtiger Vektor für die Fernausbreitung von Pflanzen sind, zeigt unsere Studie, dass die meisten charakteristischen Waldbodenpflanzen mesophiler Laubwälder kaum ausgebreitet werden, also nur ein geringes epizoochores Ausbreitungspotenzial aufweisen. Die Bedeutung der Ergebnisse für den Waldnaturschutz und den Waldbau wird diskutiert.
A case study in NE Germany
Eine Fallstudie aus Nordostdeutschland
Trägt Schalenwild durch Epizoochorie zur Ausbreitung von Gefäßpflanzen in mitteleuropäischen Wäldern bei?
urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-5850
585
Forstwissenschaftliches Centralblatt 121 (2002), 4, S. 179 - 194. - ISSN 0015-8003
WI 2050
heinken@uni-potsdam.de + 0331/977-4854
Thilo Heinken
Dorit Raudnitschka
deu
uncontrolled
Diasporenmorphologie
deu
uncontrolled
Epizoochorie
deu
uncontrolled
Brandenburg
deu
uncontrolled
Reh
deu
uncontrolled
Waldbodenpflanzen
deu
uncontrolled
Wildschwein
eng
uncontrolled
diaspore morphology
eng
uncontrolled
epizoochory
eng
uncontrolled
forest plant species
eng
uncontrolled
NE Germany
eng
uncontrolled
roe deer
eng
uncontrolled
wild boar
Biowissenschaften; Biologie
open_access
Institut für Biochemie und Biologie
Universität Potsdam
https://publishup.uni-potsdam.de/files/514/heinken_ForstwCbl.pdf
42484
2019
2019
eng
13
629
postprint
1
2019-02-19
2019-02-19
--
Environmental filtering predicts plant‐community trait distribution and diversity
Meta‐communities of habitat islands may be essential to maintain biodiversity in anthropogenic landscapes allowing rescue effects in local habitat patches. To understand the species‐assembly mechanisms and dynamics of such ecosystems, it is important to test how local plant‐community diversity and composition is affected by spatial isolation and hence by dispersal limitation and local environmental conditions acting as filters for local species sorting. We used a system of 46 small wetlands (kettle holes)—natural small‐scale freshwater habitats rarely considered in nature conservation policies—embedded in an intensively managed agricultural matrix in northern Germany. We compared two types of kettle holes with distinct topographies (flatsloped, ephemeral, frequently plowed kettle holes vs. steep‐sloped, more permanent ones) and determined 254 vascular plant species within these ecosystems, as well as plant functional traits and nearest neighbor distances to other kettle holes. Differences in alpha and beta diversity between steep permanent compared with ephemeral flat kettle holes were mainly explained by species sorting and niche processes and mass effect processes in ephemeral flat kettle holes. The plant‐community composition as well as the community trait distribution in terms of life span, breeding system, dispersal ability, and longevity of seed banks significantly differed between the two habitat types. Flat ephemeral kettle holes held a higher percentage of non‐perennial plants with a more persistent seed bank, less obligate outbreeders and more species with seed dispersal abilities via animal vectors compared with steep‐sloped, more permanent kettle holes that had a higher percentage of wind‐dispersed species. In the flat kettle holes, plant‐species richness was negatively correlated with the degree of isolation, whereas no such pattern was found for the permanent kettle holes. Synthesis: Environment acts as filter shaping plant diversity (alpha and beta) and plant‐community trait distribution between steep permanent compared with ephemeral flat kettle holes supporting species sorting and niche mechanisms as expected, but we identified a mass effect in ephemeral kettle holes only. Flat ephemeral kettle holes can be regarded as meta‐ecosystems that strongly depend on seed dispersal and recruitment from a seed bank, whereas neighboring permanent kettle holes have a more stable local species diversity.
Postprints der Universität Potsdam Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe
Kettle holes as models of meta‐community systems
urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-424843
10.25932/publishup-42484
1866-8372
<a href="http://publishup.uni-potsdam.de/opus4-ubp/frontdoor/index/index/docId/42485">Bibliographieeintrag der Originalveröffentlichung/Quelle</a>
Ecology and Evolution (2019) DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4883
CC-BY-NC - Namensnennung, nicht kommerziell 4.0 International
Sissi Donna Lozada Gobilard
Susanne Stang
Karin Pirhofer-Walzl
Thomas Kalettka
Thilo Heinken
Boris Schröder
Jana Eccard
Jasmin Jasmin Radha
Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe
629
eng
uncontrolled
biodiversity
eng
uncontrolled
dispersal
eng
uncontrolled
disturbance
eng
uncontrolled
landscape diversity
eng
uncontrolled
life‐history traits
eng
uncontrolled
plant diversity
eng
uncontrolled
seed bank
eng
uncontrolled
species assembly
eng
uncontrolled
wetland vegetation
Biowissenschaften; Biologie
open_access
Institut für Biochemie und Biologie
Referiert
Open Access
Universität Potsdam
https://publishup.uni-potsdam.de/files/42484/pmnr629.pdf
474
2004
eng
postprint
1
2005-10-07
--
--
Migration of an annual myrmecochore
A seed sowing experiment was conducted in a mixed secondary woodland on acidic soils in NE Germany with Melampyrum pratense, an annual ant-dispersed forest herb which lacks a natural population in the study area, but is abundant in similar habitats. Each set of 300 seeds was sown within one square metre at three sites in 1997, and the development of the populations was recorded from 1998 onward. Additionally, seed fall patterns were studied in a natural population by means of adhesive cardboard. All trials resulted in the recruitment of populations, which survived and increased in both individual number and area, up to the year 2001. Thus, local distribution of Melampyrum pratense is dispersallimited. Total individual number increased from 105 to 3,390, and total population area from 2.07 to 109.04 m². Migration occurred in all directions. Mean migration rate was 0.91 m per year, and the highest migration rate was 6.48 m. No individual was recorded beyond 7.63 m from the centres of the sawn squares after three years, suggesting exclusive short-distance dispersal. As primary dispersal enables only distances of up to 0.25 m, ants are presumed to be the main dispersal vectors. Despite differences in individual number and colonization patterns, migration rates did not differ significantly between the populations, but were significantly higher in 2001 due to an increased population size. Colonization patterns were characterized by a rapid, negative exponential decrease of population density with increasing distance from the sown plot, suggesting a colonization by establishment of more or less isolated outposts of individuals and a subsequent gradual infill of the gaps between. My results resemble myrmecochorous dispersal distances in temperate woodlands, and migration rates and patterns across ecotones from ancient to recent deciduous forests. They may function as a colonization model of Melampyrum pratense after accidental long-distance dispersal.
a four year experiment with Melampyrum pratense L.
urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-5865
586
Plant ecology 170 (2004), 1, S. 55 - 72. - ISSN 1385-0237
WI 2050
heinken@uni-potsdam.de + 0331/977-4854
Thilo Heinken
eng
uncontrolled
artificial introduction
eng
uncontrolled
colonization
eng
uncontrolled
dispersal
eng
uncontrolled
myrmecochory
eng
uncontrolled
NE Germany
eng
uncontrolled
woodland herb
Biowissenschaften; Biologie
open_access
Institut für Biochemie und Biologie
Universität Potsdam
https://publishup.uni-potsdam.de/files/474/heinken_PlantEcol.pdf
4454
2009
eng
postprint
1
2010-09-09
--
--
Non-random dispersal by ants : long-term field data versus model predictions of population spread of a forest herb
Myrmecochory, i.e. dispersal of seeds by ants towards and around their nests, plays an important role in temperate forests. Yet hardly any study has examined plant population spread over several years and the underlying joint contribution of a hierarchy of dispersal modes and plant demography. We used a seed-sowing approach with three replicates to examine colonization patterns of Melampyrum pratense, an annual myrmecochorous herb, in a mixed Scots pine forest in northeastern Germany. Using a spatially explicit individualbased (SEIB) model population patterns over 4 years were explained by short-distance transport of seeds by small ant species with high nest densities, resulting in random spread. However, plant distributions in the field after another 4 years were clearly deviating from model predictions. Mean annual spread rate increased from 0.9 m to 5.1 m per year, with a clear inhomogeneous component. Obviously, after a lag-phase of several years, non-random seed dispersal by large red wood ants (Formica rufa) was determining the species’ spread, thus resulting in stratified dispersal due to interactions with different-sized ant species. Hypotheses on stratified dispersal, on dispersal lag, and on non-random dispersal were verified using an extended SEIB model, by comparison of model outputs with field patterns (individual numbers, population areas, and maximum distances). Dispersal towards red wood ant nests together with seed loss during transport and redistribution around nests were essential features of the model extension. The observed lag-phase in the initiation of non-random, medium-distance transport was probably due to a change of ant behaviour towards a new food source of increasing importance, being a meaningful example for a lag-phase in local plant species invasion. The results demonstrate that field studies should check model predictions wherever possible. Future research will show whether or not the M. pratense–ant system is representative for migration patterns of similar animal dispersal systems after having crossed range edges by long-distance dispersal events.
urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-46482
4648
Perspectives in plant ecology, evolution and systematics. - 11 (2009), 1, S. 1 - 15, DOI 10.1016/j.ppees.2008.11.001
<hr>The article was originally published by:
<br><a href="http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/homepage.cws_home">
Elsevier</a><br>
<a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/14338319">Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics</a>. - 11 (2009), 1, S. 1-15<br>
ISSN 1433-8319<br>
DOI <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ppees.2008.11.001"> 10.1016/j.ppees.2008.11.001</a>
Keine öffentliche Lizenz: Unter Urheberrechtsschutz
Thilo Heinken
Eckart Winkler
Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe
paper 151
eng
uncontrolled
Melampyrum pratense
eng
uncontrolled
population dynamics
eng
uncontrolled
seed dispersal
eng
uncontrolled
non-random dispersal
eng
uncontrolled
plant-animal interaction
Biowissenschaften; Biologie
open_access
Institut für Biochemie und Biologie
Universität Potsdam
https://publishup.uni-potsdam.de/files/4454/pmnf151.pdf
4457
2007
deu
postprint
1
2010-09-09
--
--
Sand- und Silikat-Kiefernwälder (Dicrano-Pinion) in Deutschland : Gliederungskonzept und Ökologie
Pine forests on sandy and silicate soils (Dicrano-Pinion) in Germany : classification concept and ecology
In preparation for the „Synopsis of plant communities of Germany“ a comprehensive classification concept for the Scots pine forests on sandy and silicate soils is presented. On the basis of 2699 relevés from all natural provinces with important occurrences this classification for the first time integrates both northern and southern German forest stands. Pine forests are stable (“climax”) communities on three distinct habitat types at the drought and wetness limits of forest growth. In the phytosociological system these are reflected by the clearly separated syntaxa Erico-Pinetea (dry-calcareous), Dicrano-Pinion (dry-acidic) and Vaccinio uliginosi- Pinetea (wet-acidic). However, Pulsatillo-Pinetea (dry-moderate basicity) described in earlier publications cannot be separated floristically. In addition to the stable communities on extreme habitats pine forests of the mentioned syntaxa are widespread on potential mixed deciduous forest stands, especially after anthropogenic devastation and even beyond their original range. Six communites of the Dicrano-Pinion which also includes such secondary pine forest stands are occurring in Germany. They are presented in detail and classified according to their dynamic and edaphic differentiation. Lichen-rich pine forests (Cladonio- Pinetum) which grow on extremely dry and nutrient-poor sites are ecologically and floristically well-defined, though closely connected with other Dicrano-Pinion communities by forest succession. After separation of the Cladonio-Pinetum the Leucobryo-Pinetum is a speciespoor “central association” within the alliance. The Deschampsia flexuosa-Pinus-sylvestriscommunity is the most widespread forest type and dynamically and floristically passes into the mixed oak forests on acidic soils (Quercion roboris). On base-rich habitats the Empetro- Pinetum as endemic community of the southern Baltic Sea coasts, and the Peucedano-Pinetum in the northeastern and southern German inland are distinguished. The latter is found both on calcareous sands and primarily acidic sands which are secondary limed by calciferous pollutions. Finally, differences and similarities between the geographically separated northern and southern German Dicrano-Pinion forests are discussed in a biogeographic context, emphasising the advantages of the presented nation-wide classification concept.
urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-46518
4651
Berichte der Reinhold-Tüxen-Gesellschaft. - (2007), 19, S. 146 - 162
<hr>Der Artikel wurde erstmals veröffentlicht bei der:
<br><a href="http://www.reinhold-tuexen-gesellschaft.de/">
Reinhold-Tüxen-Gesellschaft</a><br>
<a href="http://www.nw-fva.de/index.php?id=339">Berichte der Reinhold-Tüxen-Gesellschaft</a>. - (2007), 19, S. 146-162<br>
ISSN 0940-418X</hr>
Keine öffentliche Lizenz: Unter Urheberrechtsschutz
Thilo Heinken
Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe
paper 154
Biowissenschaften; Biologie
open_access
Institut für Biochemie und Biologie
Universität Potsdam
https://publishup.uni-potsdam.de/files/4457/pmnf154.pdf
4458
2005
deu
postprint
1
2010-09-09
--
--
Schalenwild breitet Gefäßpflanzen in der mitteleuropäischen Kulturlandschaft aus : ein erster Überblick
The dispersal by hoofed game of vascularplants in the Central European cultural landscape : a first overview
Im Norddeutschen Tiefland wurde die Ausbreitung von Gefäßpflanzen durch Rehe, Dam- und Rothirsche sowie Wildschweine untersucht. Diese Tiere transportieren zahlreiche Pflanzenarten in teilweise erheblichen Mengen über größere Distanzen, sowohl durch den Kot nach Darmpassage (Endozoochorie) als auch durch Anheftung an Fell und Schalen (Epizoochorie). Besondere Bedeutung kommt dabei Wildschweinen zu, die potenziell fast alle Pflanzenarten ausbreiten können. Bevorzugt werden im Wald wie im Offenland vorkommende Pflanzen und Arten des Offenlands ausgebreitet, während Arten mit enger Waldbindung nur in geringem Maße transportiert werden. Zoochorie durch Schalenwild bietet Erklärungsansätze sowohl für Ausbreitungsphänomene wie auch für das weitgehend fehlende Ausbreitungspotenzial vieler Pflanzenarten. Der Einfluss des Schalenwilds auf die Artenzusammensetzung und Gefäßpflanzen-Diversität in der mitteleuropäischen Kulturlandschaft sollte in seine naturschutzfachliche Neubewertung miteinbezogen werden. Die Einschränkung von Aktionsradien der Tiere durch die Zerschneidung von Lebensräumen sowie die Wildfütterung können für Ausbreitungsprozesse bisher kaum beachtete Konsequenzen haben.
The dispersal of vascular plants by roe deer, fallow deer, reed deer and wild boar was studied in the lowlands of northern Germany. Hoofed game species transport numerous plant species - partially in large amounts - over relatively long distances, both by faeces after gut passage (endozoochory) and by adhesion to coats and hooves (epizoochory). Wild boar are of particular importance as they potentially disperse almost all plant species. Species occurring both in forests and the open landscape as well as species of the open landscape are preferentially dispersed, while species restricted to forests are only transported to a minor degree. Patterns of zoochory by hoofed game provide explanations for dispersal phenomena and for the low dispersal potential of many plant species. Hoofed game's influence on species composition and phytodiversity in the Central European cultural landscape needs to be re-assessed in terms of its nature conservation relevance. The reduction of home ranges by habitat dissection and the feeding of game animals may have consequences for dispersal processes that have been underestimated until now.
urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-46522
4652
Natur und Landschaft. - 80 (2005), 4, S. 141 - 147
<hr>Der Artikel wurde erstmals veröffentlicht bei :
<br><a href="http://www.kohlhammer.de/">
Kohlhammer</a><br>
Natur und Landschaft. - 80 (2005), 4, S. 141-147<br>
ISSN 0028-0615</hr>
Keine öffentliche Lizenz: Unter Urheberrechtsschutz
Thilo Heinken
Goddert von Oheimb
Marcus Schmidt
Wolf-Ulrich Kriebitzsch
Hermann Ellenberg
Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe
paper 155
Biowissenschaften; Biologie
open_access
Institut für Biochemie und Biologie
Universität Potsdam
https://publishup.uni-potsdam.de/files/4458/pmnf155.pdf
4453
2006
eng
postprint
0
2010-09-09
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--
Soil seed banks near rubbing trees indicate dispersal of plant species into forests by wild boar
Current knowledge about processes that generate long-distance dispersal of plants is still limited despite its importance for persistence of populations and colonization of new potential habitats. Today wild large mammals are presumed to be important vectors for long-distance transport of diaspores within and between European temperate forest patches, and in particular wild boars recently came into focus. Here we use a specific habit of wild boar, i.e. wallowing in mud and subsequent rubbing against trees, to evaluate epizoic dispersal of vascular plant diaspores. We present soil seed bank data from 27 rubbing trees versus 27 control trees from seven forest areas in Germany. The mean number of viable seeds and the plant species number were higher in soil samples near rubbing trees compared with control trees. Ten of the 20 most frequent species were more frequent, and many species exclusively appeared in the soil samples near rubbing trees. The large number of plant species and seeds – approximated > 1000 per tree – in the soils near rubbing trees is difficult to explain unless the majority were dispersed by wild boar. Hooked and bristly diaspores, i.e. those adapted to epizoochory, were more frequent, above that many species with unspecialised diaspores occurred exclusively near rubbing trees. Different to plant species closely tied to forest species which occur both in forest and open vegetation, and non-forest species were more frequent near rubbing trees compared with controls. These findings are consistent with previous studies on diaspore loads in the coats and hooves of shot wild boars. However, our method allows to identify the transport of diaspores from the open landscape into forest stands where they might especially emerge after disturbance, and a clustered distribution of epizoochorically dispersed seeds. Moreover, accumulation of seeds of wetness indicators near rubbing trees demonstrates directed dispersal of plant species inhabiting wet places between remote wallows.
Das aktuelle Wissen über Prozesse, die zur Fernausbreitung von Pflanzen führen, ist trotz ihrer Bedeutung für das Überleben von Populationen und die Besiedlung neuer potenzieller Habitate noch immer sehr begrenzt. Wildlebende Großsäuger sind heutzutage vermutlich wichtige Vektoren für den Ferntransport von Diasporen innerhalb und zwischen den einzelnen Waldflächen in Mitteleuropa, und speziell das Wildschwein (Sus scrofa L.) spielt dabei offenbar eine herausragende Rolle. Wir nutzen hier ein spezifisches Verhalten des Wildschweins – Suhlen im Schlamm und nachfolgendes Scheuern an sogenannten Malbäumen – um die epizoochore Ausbreitung von Gefäßpflanzen-Diasporen einzuschätzen. Dargestellt werden die Ergebnisse von Samenbank-Untersuchungen von 27 Malbäumen im Vergleich zu 27 Kontrollbäumen aus sieben Waldgebieten in Deutschland. Sowohl die mittlere Zahl lebensfähiger Samen als auch die Artenzahl waren höher in Bodenproben neben Malbäumen. Zehn der 20 in der Samenbank verbreitetsten Pflanzenarten hatten hier ihren Schwerpunkt, und viele Arten kamen ausschließlich in den neben Malbäumen gewonnenen Proben vor. Die große Zahl von Pflanzenarten und Samen – zumindest > 1000 pro Baum – im Boden an Malbäumen lässt sich nur durch die Aktivität der Wildschweine erklären. Mit Haken oder Borsten ausgestattete, d.h. an Epizoochorie angepasste Diasporen waren häufiger, aber auch viele Arten mit unspezialisierten Diasporen kamen ausschließlich in der Samenbank bei Malbäumen vor. Anders als weitgehend an Wald gebundene Pflanzenarten waren solche, die sowohl im Wald und im Offenland vorkommen, sowie nicht im Wald vorkommende Arten häufiger neben Malbäumen als neben Kontrollbäumen. Diese Befunde stimmen mit denen früherer Untersuchungen von Diasporenladungen im Fell und in den Hufen geschossener Wildschweine überein. Unsere Methode erlaubt darüber hinaus aber die Identifizierung des Diasporentransports aus dem Offenland in die Waldbestände, wo sie insbesondere nach Störungen keimen dürften, sowie einer ungleichmäßigen Verteilung epizoochor ausgebreiteter Diasporen. Außerdem zeigt die Akkumulation von Samen von Nässezeigern neben den Malbäumen eine gezielte Ausbreitung nasse Standorte bewohnender Pflanzenarten zwischen entfernt gelegenen Suhlen.
urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-46476
4647
Basic and applied ecology. - 7 (2006), 1, S. 31 - 44, DOI 10.1016/j.baae.2005.04.006
<hr>The article was originally published by:
<br><a href="http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/homepage.cws_home">
Elsevier</a><br>
<a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/14391791">Basic and Applied Ecology</a>. - 7 (2006), 1, S. 31-44<br>
ISSN 1439-1791<br>
DOI <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2005.04.006"> 10.1016/j.baae.2005.04.006</a>
Keine öffentliche Lizenz: Unter Urheberrechtsschutz
Thilo Heinken
Marcus Schmidt
Goddert von Oheimb
Wolf-Ulrich Kriebitzsch
Hermann Ellenberg
Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe
paper 150
eng
uncontrolled
Diaspore morphology
eng
uncontrolled
directed dispersal
eng
uncontrolled
epizoochory
eng
uncontrolled
long-distance dispersal
eng
uncontrolled
Sus scrofa
Biowissenschaften; Biologie
open_access
Institut für Biochemie und Biologie
Universität Potsdam
https://publishup.uni-potsdam.de/files/4453/pmnf150.pdf
4455
2007
eng
postprint
0
2010-09-09
--
--
Spread of an ant-dispersed annual herb : an individual-based simulation study on population development of Melampyrum pratense L.
The paper presents a simulation and parameter-estimation approach for evaluating stochastic patterns of population growth and spread of an annual forest herb, Melampyrum pratense (Orobanchaceae). The survival of a species during large-scale changes in land use and climate will depend, to a considerable extent, on its dispersal and colonisation abilities. Predictions on species migration need a combination of field studies and modelling efforts. Our study on the ability of M. pratense to disperse into so far unoccupied areas was based on experiments in secondary woodland in NE Germany. Experiments started in 1997 at three sites where the species was not yet present, with 300 seeds sown within one square meter. Population development was then recorded until 2001 by mapping of individuals with a resolution of 5 cm. Additional observations considered density dependence of seed production. We designed a spatially explicit individual-based computer simulation model to explain the spatial patterns of population development and to predict future population spread. Besides primary drop of seeds (barochory) it assumed secondary seed transport by ants (myrmecochory) with an exponentially decreasing dispersal tail. An important feature of populationpattern explanation was the simultaneous estimation of both population-growth and dispersal parameters from consistent spatio-temporal data sets. As the simulation model produced stochastic time series and random spatially discrete distributions of individuals we estimated parameters by minimising the expectation of weighted sums of squares. These sums-ofsquares criteria considered population sizes, radial population distributions around the area of origin and distributions of individuals within squares of 25*25 cm, the range of density action. Optimal parameter values, together with the precision of the estimates, were obtained from calculating sums of squares in regular grids of parameter values. Our modelling results showed that transport of fractions of seeds by ants over distances of 1…2 m was indispensable for explaining the observed population spread that led to distances of at most 8 m from population origin within 3 years. Projections of population development over 4 additional years gave a diffusion-like increase of population area without any “outposts”. This prediction generated by the simulation model gave a hypothesis which should be revised by additional field observations. Some structural deviations between observations and model output already indicated that for full understanding of population spread the set of dispersal mechanisms assumed in the model may have to be extended by additional features of plant-animal mutualism.
urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-46491
4649
Ecological modelling. - 203 (2007), 3-4, S. 424 - 438, DOI 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2006.12.006
<hr>The article was originally published by:
<br><a href="http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/homepage.cws_home">
Elsevier</a><br>
<a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03043800">Ecological Modelling</a>. - 203 (2007), 3-4, S. 424-438<br>
ISSN 0304-3800<br>
DOI <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2006.12.006"> 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2006.12.006</a>
Keine öffentliche Lizenz: Unter Urheberrechtsschutz
Eckart Winkler
Thilo Heinken
Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe
paper 152
eng
uncontrolled
Pattern-oriented parameter estimation
eng
uncontrolled
spatially explicit modelling
eng
uncontrolled
individual-based model
eng
uncontrolled
Melampyrum pratense
eng
uncontrolled
seed dispersal
Biowissenschaften; Biologie
open_access
Institut für Biochemie und Biologie
Universität Potsdam
https://publishup.uni-potsdam.de/files/4455/pmnf152.pdf