56660
2021
2021
eng
1130
1139
10
9
58
article
Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group
New York
1
2021-09-08
2021-09-08
--
Pathways from college students’ cognitive scripts for consensual sex to sexual victimization
Sexual scripts serve as cognitive representations of typical elements of sexual interactions that guide sexual behavior. To the extent that cognitive scripts for consensual sex comprise elements associated with a risk of experiencing nonconsensual sex, they may be indirectly linked to sexual victimization via risky sexual behavior. A longitudinal study with 2,425 college students in Germany (58% female) examined pathways from sexual scripts for consensual sex, sexual behavior, and sexual victimization over three data waves separated by 12-month intervals. Sexual scripts and behavior were defined as risky to the extent that they include known vulnerability factors for sexual victimization (casual sex, alcohol consumption, ambiguous communication of sexual intentions). Path analyses confirmed that more risky sexual scripts prospectively predicted more risky sexual behavior, which predicted higher odds of sexual victimization. The findings held for men and women and participants with exclusively opposite-sex and both same- and opposite-sex contacts. Moreover, reciprocal influences between risky scripts and risky sexual behavior were found over time, confirming the proposed mutual reinforcement of scripts and behavior. The findings have implications for conceptualizing the role of scripts for consensual sex as vulnerability factors for sexual victimization among women and men and may inform intervention efforts.
The journal of sex research : the publication of the Society for the Scientific Study of Sex
a three-wave longitudinal study
10.1080/00224499.2021.1972922
34494461
0022-4499
1559-8519
outputup:dataSource:PubMed:2021
WOS:000693980100001
Krahe, B (corresponding author), Univ Potsdam, Dept Psychol, Karl Liebknecht Str 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany., krahe@uni-potsdam.de
German Research FoundationGerman Research Foundation (DFG) [Kr 972/11-1]
Krahé, Barbara
2022-11-14T08:49:13+00:00
sword
importub
filename=package.tar
c6855b0310aae4f1a7ee1f3dd15113ad
2066650-0
220889-1
false
true
CC-BY-NC-ND - Namensnennung, nicht kommerziell, keine Bearbeitungen 4.0 International
Barbara Krahé
Anja Berger
eng
uncontrolled
sexual scripts
eng
uncontrolled
sexual victimization
eng
uncontrolled
sexual behavior
eng
uncontrolled
college students
eng
uncontrolled
Germany
Psychologie
Sozialwissenschaften
Referiert
Department Psychologie
Import
Hybrid Open-Access
57020
2020
2020
eng
564
574
11
5
10
article
American Psychological Association
Washington
1
2020-09-01
2020-09-01
--
Correlates of victim-perpetrator overlap in sexual aggression among men and women
Objective: The study replicated and extended a study by Peterson, Beagley, McCallum, and Artime (2019), who studied differences in sexual attitudes and behaviors in men who were both victims and perpetrators of sexual assault, only victims, only perpetrators, or neither. They found a heightened rate of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and some evidence of greater traumatic sexualization in men who were both victims and perpetrators.
Method: Our sample consisted of 2,149 college students (39.6% male) in Germany. We measured sexual aggression perpetration and victimization, CSA, sexual self-esteem, depressive symptoms, risky sexual scripts, and risky sexual behavior.
Results: Perpetration rates were significantly higher among victims than among nonvictims, and the victim-perpetrator group scored highest on CSA. A significant effect of group membership was found on measures of depressive symptoms, risky sexual scripts, and risky sexual behavior in both sex groups, mainly due to differences of the victim-only, perpetrator-only, and victim-perpetrator groups from the nonvictim-nonperpetrator group. The effect on sexual self-esteem was found for women only. Few differences emerged between the victim-only, perpetrator-only, and victim-perpetrator groups. Most associations remained significant when controlling for CSA.
Conclusion: We found a substantial overlap between victimization and perpetration but no evidence for a special vulnerability of the victim-perpetrator group. Instead, experiences of victimization, perpetration, or both were linked to more negative correlates compared with individuals who were neither victims nor perpetrators. The findings need to be interpreted with caution due to the small number of individuals in the perpetrator-only and victim-perpetrator groups.
Psychology of violence
a conceptual replication and extension
10.1037/vio0000282
2152-0828
2152-081X
outputup:dataSource:WoS:2020
WOS:000566727300010
Krahe, B (corresponding author), Univ Potsdam, Dept Psychol, Karl Liebknecht Str 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany., krahe@uni-potsdam.de
German Research FoundationGerman Research Foundation (DFG) [Kr 972/11-1]
Krahé, Barbara
2022-12-08T07:32:09+00:00
sword
importub
filename=package.tar
9b9328113fd2d033e2ed2aaa680f412b
2584128-2
2674727-3
false
true
Barbara Krahé
Anja Berger
eng
uncontrolled
victim-perpetrator overlap
eng
uncontrolled
childhood sexual abuse
eng
uncontrolled
sexual aggression
eng
uncontrolled
sexual scripts
eng
uncontrolled
depressive symptoms
Psychologie
Referiert
Department Psychologie
Import
55289
2017
2016
eng
147
155
9
2
9
article
American Psychological Association
Washington
1
2016-09-26
2016-09-26
--
Longitudinal pathways of sexual victimization, sexual self-esteem, and depression in women and men
Objective: This article presents a longitudinal analysis of the links between sexual assault victimization, depression, and sexual self-esteem by examining their cross-lagged paths among both men and women. Method: Male and female college students (N = 2,425) in Germany participated in the study that comprised 3 data waves in their first, second, and third year of university, separated by 12-month intervals. Sexual assault victimization was assessed at Time 1 (T1) since the age of 14 and at Time 2 (T2) and Time 3 (T3) for the last 12 months. Depression and sexual self-esteem were measured at each wave. Results: Random-intercept cross-lagged panel analyses, controlling for individual differences in depression and sexual self-esteem, showed that sexual assault at T1 predicted depression and lower sexual self-esteem at T2, and depression and lower self-esteem at T2 predicted sexual assault victimization at T3. In addition, significant paths were found from T1 depression to T2 sexual assault victimization and from T2 sexual assault victimization to depression at T3. Sexual victimization at T1 was indirectly linked to sexual victimization at T3 via depression at T2. Both depression and sexual self-esteem at T1 were indirectly linked to sexual victimization at T3. The paths did not differ significantly between men and women. Conclusion: Sexual assault victimization was shown to be a risk factor for both depression as a general mental health indicator and lowered sexual self-esteem as a specific outcome in the domain of sexuality. Moreover, depression and sexual self-esteem increased the vulnerability for sexual assault victimization, which has implications for prevention and intervention efforts. This document is copyrighted by the American Psychological Association or one of its allied publishers. This article is intended solely for the personal use of the individual user and is not to be disseminated broadly.
Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy
10.1037/tra0000198
27669161
1942-9681
1942-969X
wos:2017
WOS:000395860100003
Krahe, B (reprint author), Univ Potsdam, Dept Psychol, Karl Liebknecht Str 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany., krahe@uni-potsdam.de
2022-06-23T05:38:58+00:00
sword
importub
filename=package.tar
5ce60c4170b001a8ef662676d81019d0
false
true
Barbara Krahé
Anja Berger
eng
uncontrolled
sexual assault victimization
eng
uncontrolled
depression
eng
uncontrolled
sexual self-esteem
eng
uncontrolled
longitudinal study
eng
uncontrolled
Germany
Psychologie
Referiert
Department Psychologie
Import
38768
2015
2015
eng
682
699
18
6
17
article
Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group
Abingdon
1
--
--
--
Prevalence and correlates of young people's sexual aggression perpetration and victimisation in 10 European countries: a multi-level analysis
Data are presented on young people's sexual victimisation and perpetration from 10 European countries (Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Greece, Lithuania, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia and Spain) using a shared measurement tool (N = 3480 participants, aged between 18 and 27 years). Between 19.7 and 52.2% of female and between 10.1 and 55.8% of male respondents reported having experienced at least one incident of sexual victimisation since the age of consent. In two countries, victimisation rates were significantly higher for men than for women. Between 5.5 and 48.7% of male and 2.6 and 14.8% of female participants reported having engaged in a least one act of sexual aggression perpetration, with higher rates for men than for women in all countries. Victimisation rates correlated negatively with sexual assertiveness and positively with alcohol use in sexual encounters. Perpetration rates correlated positively with attitudes condoning physical dating violence and with alcohol use in men, and negatively with sexual assertiveness in women. At the country level, lower gender equality in economic power and in the work domain was related to higher male perpetration rates. Lower gender equality in political power and higher sexual assertiveness in women relative to men were linked to higher male victimisation rates.
Culture, health & sexuality : a journal for research, intervention and care
10.1080/13691058.2014.989265
25567318
1369-1058
1464-5351
wos:2015
WOS:000352285800002
Krahe, B (reprint author), Univ Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany., krahe@uni-potsdam.de
European Agency for Health and Consumers (EAHC) [A/101082]; Slovak
Academy of Sciences
Barbara Krahé
Anja Berger
Ine Vanwesenbeeck
Gabriel Bianchi
Joannes Chliaoutakis
Andres A. Fernandez-Fuertes
Antonio Fuertes
Margarida Gaspar de Matos
Eleni Hadjigeorgiou
Birgitt Haller
Sabine Hellemans
Zbigniew Izdebski
Christiana Kouta
Dwayne Meijnckens
Liubove Murauskiene
Maria Papadakaki
Lucia Ramiro
Marta Reis
Katrien Symons
Paulina Tomaszewska
Isabel Vicario-Molina
Andrzej Zygadlo
eng
uncontrolled
young people
eng
uncontrolled
sexual aggression
eng
uncontrolled
multi-level correlates
eng
uncontrolled
European Union
eng
uncontrolled
sexual victimisation
Referiert
Department Psychologie
Institut für Psychologie
34796
2013
2013
eng
391
404
14
5
39
article
Wiley-Blackwell
Hoboken
1
--
--
--
Men and women as perpetrators and victims of sexual aggression in heterosexual and same-sex encounters : a study of first-year college students in Germany
This study examined the prevalence of sexual aggression and victimization in a large convenience sample of N=2,149 first-year college students from different universities in Germany. Participants were asked about both victimization by, and perpetration of, sexual aggression since the age of 14. Both same-sex and heterosexual victim-perpetrator constellations were examined. Prevalence rates were established for different victim-perpetrator relationships (partners, acquaintances, strangers) and for incidents involving alcohol consumption by one or both partners. The overall perpetration rate was 13.2%, for men and 7.6% for women. The overall victimization rate was 35.9% for women and 19.4% for men. A disparity between victimization and perpetration reports was found for both men and women. Perpetration and victimization rates were highest among participants who had sexual contacts with both opposite-sex and same-sex partners. Sexual aggression and victimization rates were higher between current or former partners and acquaintances than between strangers. Alcohol consumption by one or both partners was involved in almost 75% of all victimization and almost 70% of all perpetration incidents. The findings portray a comprehensive picture of the scale of sexual aggression and victimization in college students with different sexual lifestyles.
Aggressive behavior : a multidisciplinary journal devoted to the experimental and observational analysis of conflict in humans and animals
10.1002/ab.21482
0096-140X
wos:2011-2013
WOS:000321562000006
Krahe, B (reprint author), Univ Potsdam, Dept Psychol, Karl Liebknecht Str 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany., krahe@uni-potsdam.de
German Research Foundation [Kr 972/11-1]
Barbara Krahé
Anja Berger
eng
uncontrolled
sexual aggression
eng
uncontrolled
sexual victimization
eng
uncontrolled
male victims
eng
uncontrolled
female perpetrators
eng
uncontrolled
same-sex contacts
Referiert
Department Psychologie
Institut für Psychologie
34697
2013
2013
eng
516
531
16
6
43
article
Wiley-Blackwell
Hoboken
1
--
--
--
Negative attributes are gendered too - conceptualizing and measuring positive and negative facets of sex-role identity
Measures of gender identity have almost exclusively relied on positive aspects of masculinity and femininity, although conceptually the self-concept is not limited to positive attributes. A theoretical argument is made for considering negative attributes of gender identity, followed by five studies developing the Positive-Negative Sex-Role Inventory (PN-SRI) as a new measure of gender identity. Study 1 demonstrated that many of the attributes of a German version of the Bem Sex-Role Inventory are no longer considered to differ in desirability for men and women. For the PN-SRI, Study 2 elicited attributes characterizing men and women in today's society, for which ratings of typicality and desirability as well as self-ratings by men and women were obtained in Study 3. Study 4 examined the reliability and factorial structure of the four subscales of positive and negative masculinity and femininity and demonstrated the construct and discriminant validity of the PN-SRI by showing that the negative masculinity and femininity scales were unique predictors of select validation constructs. Study 5 showed that the new instrument explained variance in the validation constructs beyond earlier measures of gender identity. Key message: Even in the construction of negative aspects of gender identity, individuals prefer gender-congruent attributes. Negative masculinity and femininity make a unique contribution to understanding gender-related differences in psychological outcome variables.
European journal of social psychology
10.1002/ejsp.1970
0046-2772
wos:2011-2013
WOS:000325077900008
Krahe, B (reprint author), Univ Potsdam, Dept Psychol, Karl Liebknecht Str 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany., krahe@uni-potsdam.de
Anja Berger
Barbara Krahé
Referiert
Department Psychologie
Institut für Psychologie
36929
2011
2011
eng
630
646
17
4
100
article
American Psychological Association
Washington
1
--
--
--
Desensitization to media violence links with habitual media violence exposure, aggressive cognitions, and aggressive behavior
This study examined the links between desensitization to violent media stimuli and habitual media violence exposure as a predictor and aggressive cognitions and behavior as outcome variables. Two weeks after completing measures of habitual media violence exposure, trait aggression, trait arousability, and normative beliefs about aggression, undergraduates (N = 303) saw a violent film clip and a sad or a funny comparison clip. Skin conductance level (SCL) was measured continuously, and ratings of anxious and pleasant arousal were obtained after each clip. Following the clips, participants completed a lexical decision task to measure accessibility of aggressive cognitions and a competitive reaction time task to measure aggressive behavior. Habitual media violence exposure correlated negatively with SCL during violent clips and positively with pleasant arousal, response times for aggressive words, and trait aggression, but it was unrelated to anxious arousal and aggressive responding during the reaction time task. In path analyses controlling for trait aggression, normative beliefs, and trait arousability, habitual media violence exposure predicted faster accessibility of aggressive cognitions, partly mediated by higher pleasant arousal. Unprovoked aggression during the reaction time task was predicted by lower anxious arousal. Neither habitual media violence usage nor anxious or pleasant arousal predicted provoked aggression during the laboratory task, and SCL was unrelated to aggressive cognitions and behavior. No relations were found between habitual media violence viewing and arousal in response to the sad and funny film clips, and arousal in response to the sad and funny clips did not predict aggressive cognitions or aggressive behavior on the laboratory task. This suggests that the observed desensitization effects are specific to violent content.
Journal of personality and social psychology
10.1037/a0021711
0022-3514
wos:2011-2013
WOS:000288776100006
Krahe, B (reprint author), Univ Potsdam, Dept Psychol, Karl Liebknecht Str 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany., krahe@uni-potsdam.de
Barbara Krahé
Ingrid Moeller
Lucyna Kirwil
L. Rowell Huesmann
Juliane Felber
Anja Berger
eng
uncontrolled
media violence
eng
uncontrolled
desensitization
eng
uncontrolled
physiological arousal
eng
uncontrolled
aggressive cognitions
eng
uncontrolled
aggressive behavior
Referiert
Department Psychologie
Institut für Psychologie
37034
2011
2011
eng
165
190
26
1
79
article
Wiley-Blackwell
Malden
1
--
--
--
Repression versus sensitization in response to media violence as predictors of cognitive avoidance and vigilance
Repression and sensitization as situational modes of coping with anxiety were examined as predictors of trait measures of cognitive avoidance and vigilance. In this study, 303 undergraduates saw a violent film clip to elicit anxiety. Increases in skin conductance level (SCL) and state anxiety (STA) from baseline were measured to identify repressors (high SCL, low STA) and contrast them with sensitizers (low SCL, high STA) and genuinely low anxious individuals (low SCL, low STA). State anger was also recorded. Trait measures of vigilance and cognitive avoidance were collected 2 weeks earlier. Significant SCL x STA interactions indicated that repressors scored higher on cognitive avoidance and lower on vigilance compared to sensitizers and low anxious participants. Repressors were less likely than sensitizers to report gaze avoidance during the clip. The anger by SCL interaction was nonsignificant, suggesting that repressors and sensitizers differ specifically in the processing of anxiety rather than negative affect in general.
Journal of personality
10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00674.x
0022-3506
wos:2011-2013
WOS:000286111000007
Krahe, B (reprint author), Univ Potsdam, Dept Psychol, Karl Liebknecht Str 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany., krahe@uni-potsdam.de
Barbara Krahé
Ingrid Möller
Anja Berger
Juliane Felber
Referiert
Department Psychologie
Institut für Psychologie
4851
2010
deu
doctoralthesis
1
2011-03-14
--
2010-12-08
Entwicklung und Validierung eines Inventars zur Erfassung positiver und negativer Attribute des Geschlechtsrollenselbstkonzepts
Development and validation of a gender role inventory with positive and negative attributes
Das Geschlechtsrollenselbstkonzept, das sich im Laufe der Sozialisation in Auseinandersetzung mit den vorherrschenden Vorstellungen der umgebenden Kultur entwickelt, steht in Beziehung zu Affekten, Kognitionen und Verhaltensweisen in einer Vielzahl von Bereichen. Bisherige GSK-Instrumente messen jedoch nahezu ausschließlich den positiven Aspekt von Maskulinität und Femininität. Die Definition des allgemeinen Selbstkonzepts gibt diese Limitierung auf positive Valenz nicht vor, und aus gesundheitspsychologischer Sicht sowie der Gruppenforschung ist die Bedeutung negativer Eigenschaften zur Selbstbeschreibung bekannt. Vor diesem Hintergrund wurden sieben aufeinander aufbauende Studien durchgeführt mit dem Ziel ein neues Instrument zu entwickeln, deren Items zum einen kulturell aktuellen Eigenschaften zur Selbstbeschreibung entsprechen und zum anderen die Valenzunterschiede dieser Merkmalsbeschreibungen berücksichtigen. Nach einer kritischen empirischen Überprüfung des deutschen BSRI, um Schwächen der Items ausschließlich positiver Valenz aufzudecken, wurde eine neue Skala entwickelt, die von Beginn an auch negative Selbstbeschreibungen berücksichtigte um der Komplexität des geschlechtlichen Selbst gerecht zu werden. Aufgrund der Einschätzungen zur Typizität und sozialen Erwünschtheit sowie mit ersten Resultaten aus der Selbstbeschreibung wurde die Auswahl der Items für die Teilskalen vorgenommen. In zwei weiteren Studien wurden schließlich die vier neu entwickelten Teilskalen des neuen GSK-Inventars einer Validierung unterzogen. Jeder der Teilskalen wurden theoriegeleitet spezifische Konstrukte zugeordnet und es konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass alle Teilskalen ihren eigenen Beitrag zur Vorhersage psychologischer Konzepte leisten können. So standen beispielsweise die negativen maskulinen Eigenschaften in engerer Beziehung zu Aggressivität und machtbezogenen Werten als die positiven Aspekte der Maskulinität. Als Ergebnis dieser Entwicklung stehen am Ende vier kurze, unabhängige, reliable Teilskalen, die positive als auch negative Aspekte von Maskulinität und Femininität abbilden und mittels sehr unterschiedlicher psychologischer Erlebens- und Verhaltenskonstrukte validiert wurden, die die Unabhängigkeit der Skalen belegen und diese für einen Einsatz in der Forschung empfehlen. Die Einführung einer individuellen Wertkomponente im Zuge der Selbstbeschreibung, angelehnt an das bekannte Erwartungs-mal-Wert Modell der Motivations- und Einstellungsforschung, und die daraus mögliche multiplikative Verknüpfung von Selbsteinschätzung und persönlicher Wichtigkeit der Eigenschaften konnten den Aufklärungswert in Bezug auf unterschiedliche Validierungskonstrukte dagegen nicht verbessern und wurden daher nicht ins das Instrument integriert.
The gender role self concept - developed throughout one’s socialisation - has strong relations to a number of affects, cognitions and behaviours. Instruments to asses that part of the self have yet only relied on mostly positive aspects of masculinity and femininity. However, the definition of the self concept is not limited to that kind of merely positive valence, and from health psychology as well as group research the relevance of negative traits for self description is known and proven. Hence, in a series of seven studies, new items were developed that reflect actual cultural descriptions of masculinity and femininity including both, traits of positive and negative valence. Following a critical reflection of the German BSRI, to once more identify its weaknesses of positive scales only, four new scales are introduced, based on evaluations of typicality and social desirability. In two studies those four scales were allocated to specific psychological constructs of emotions and behaviours. It was shown that each single scale has its own relevance regarding the gendered self in prediction of validation constructs: negative masculine traits e.g. had a stronger relationship to aggression and power compared to positive aspects of masculinity. The result of that development and validation process are four short, independent, and reliable scales, that reflect positive as well as negative aspects of masculinity and femininity. The introduction of an individual importance measure as part of the self description - comparable to the expectation-value-model in motivation and attitude research - could not add any predictive power in the validation process and therefore will not be included in the final instrument.
urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-51215
5121
CR 6000
CT 6100
Anja Berger
deu
uncontrolled
Geschlechtsrollenselbstkonzept
deu
uncontrolled
Maskulinität
deu
uncontrolled
Femininität
deu
uncontrolled
PoNeGri
deu
uncontrolled
Selbstzuschreibung
eng
uncontrolled
Gender role stereotypes
eng
uncontrolled
masculinity
eng
uncontrolled
femininity
Psychologie
open_access
Department Psychologie
Institut für Psychologie
Universität Potsdam
Universität Potsdam
https://publishup.uni-potsdam.de/files/4851/berger_diss.pdf
30964
2007
2007
deu
article
1
--
--
--
Entwicklung und Validierung eines Inventars zur Erfassung des Geschlechtsrollenselbstkonzepts im Jugendalter
allegro:1991-2014
10107102
Zeitschrift für Sozialpsychologie. - 38 (2007), 3, S. 195 - 208
Barbara Krahé
Anja Berger
Ingrid Moeller
Department Psychologie
Institut für Psychologie