@phdthesis{Washuettl2004,
author = {Wash{\"u}ttl, Albert},
title = {EI Eridani and the art of doppler imaging : a long-term study},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-0001714},
school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
year = {2004},
abstract = {Das Verst{\"a}ndnis magnetisch verursachter Aktivit{\"a}t auf Sternen sowie der zugrundeliegenden Dynamoprozesse ist von fundamentaler Bedeutung f{\"u}r das Verst{\"a}ndnis von Entstehung und Entwicklung von Sternen sowie des Lebens im Universum. Sichtbare Erscheinungen dieser stellaren Aktivit{\"a}t sind u.a. Sternflecken, welche als Indikatoren des zugrundeliegenden Magnetfeldes dienen. Solche Flecken k{\"o}nnen auf anderen Sternen als der Sonne nicht direkt beobachtet werden, zumal mit den heutigen technischen Mitteln eine Aufl{\"o}sung der Oberfl{\"a}che selbst der benachbarten Sterne unm{\"o}glich ist. Eine indirekte Rekonstruktionsmethode namens 'Doppler Imaging' erlaubt es jedoch, auf die Temperaturverteilung auf der Sternoberfl{\"a}che zu schließen. F{\"u}r diese Arbeit wurden elf Jahre kontinuierlicher spektroskopischer Beobachtungen des aktiven Doppelsterns EI Eridani herangezogen, um insgesamt 34 Dopplerkarten zu erstellen. In der Folge wird versucht, eine Grundlage zu schaffen f{\"u}r die Analyse des zweidimensionalen Informationsgehalts dieser Karten. Drei Oberfl{\"a}chenkartenparameter werden vorgeschlagen: gemittelte Temperatur, getrennt f{\"u}r verschiedenen stellare Breitenb{\"a}nder; relative Fleckenh{\"a}ufigkeit; und, zum Zwecke der Auswertung der strukturellen Temperaturverteilung, L{\"a}ngen- und Breiten-Ortsfunktion der Sternfleckenh{\"a}ufung. Die resultierenden Werte zeigen deutlich, daß kein zeitlicher Zusammenhang mit dem photometrischen Aktivit{\"a}tszyklus besteht. Die Morphologie der Fleckenverteilung bleibt w{\"a}hrend des kompletten Beobachtungszeitraums im wesentlichen konstant. Im Gegensatz zur Sonne gibt es also, im beobachteten Zeitraum und innerhalb der bestehenden Genauigkeit, keinen Fleckenzyklus auf dem aktiven Stern EI Eri. Dar{\"u}berhinaus wurde eine ausf{\"u}hrliche Studie der stellaren Parameter von EI Eri und eine vorl{\"a}ufige Absch{\"a}tzung der differentiellen Rotation auf EI Eri durchgef{\"u}hrt, die eine anti-solare Ausrichtung aufzuweisen scheint, d.h. der Pol rotiert schneller als der {\"A}quator.},
language = {en}
}
@phdthesis{RomanoBlasco2004,
author = {Romano Blasco, M. Carmen},
title = {Synchronization analysis by means of recurrences in phase space},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-0001756},
school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
year = {2004},
abstract = {Die t{\"a}gliche Erfahrung zeigt uns, daß bei vielen physikalischen Systemen kleine {\"A}nderungen in den Anfangsbedingungen auch zu kleinen {\"A}nderungen im Verhalten des Systems f{\"u}hren. Wenn man z.B. das Steuerrad beim Auto fahren nur ein wenig zur Seite dreht, unterscheidet sich die Richtung des Wagens auch nur wenig von der urspr{\"u}nglichen Richtung. Aber es gibt auch Situationen, f{\"u}r die das Gegenteil dieser Regel zutrifft. Die Folge von Kopf und Zahl, die wir erhalten, wenn wir eine M{\"u}nze werfen, zeigt ein irregul{\"a}res oder chaotisches Zeitverhalten, da winzig kleine {\"A}nderungen in den Anfangsbedingungen, die z.B. durch leichte Drehung der Hand hervorgebracht werden, zu vollkommen verschiedenen Resultaten f{\"u}hren. In den letzten Jahren hat man sehr viele nichtlineare Systeme mit schnellen Rechnern untersucht und festgestellt, daß eine sensitive Abh{\"a}ngigkeit von den Anfangsbedingungen, die zu einem chaotischen Verhalten f{\"u}hrt, keinesfalls die Ausnahme darstellt, sondern eine typische Eigenschaft vieler Systeme ist. Obwohl chaotische Systeme kleinen {\"A}nderungen in den Anfangsbedingungen gegen{\"u}ber sehr empfindlich reagieren, k{\"o}nnen sie synchronisieren wenn sie durch eine gemeinsame {\"a}ußere Kraft getrieben werden, oder wenn sie miteinander gekoppelt sind. Das heißt, sie vergessen ihre Anfangsbedingungen und passen ihre Rhythmen aneinander. Diese Eigenschaft chaotischer Systeme hat viele Anwendungen, wie z.B. das Design von Kommunikationsger{\"a}te und die verschl{\"u}sselte {\"U}bertragung von Mitteilungen. Abgesehen davon, findet man Synchronisation in nat{\"u}rlichen Systemen, wie z.B. das Herz-Atmungssystem, raumverteilte {\"o}kologische Systeme, die Magnetoenzephalographische Aktivit{\"a}t von Parkinson Patienten, etc. In solchen komplexen Systemen ist es nicht trivial Synchronisation zu detektieren und zu quantifizieren. Daher ist es notwendig, besondere mathematische Methoden zu entwickeln, die diese Aufgabe erledigen. Das ist das Ziel dieser Arbeit. Basierend auf dergrundlegenden Idee von Rekurrenzen (Wiederkehr) von Trajektorien dynamischer Systeme, sind verschiedene Maße entwickelt worden, die Synchronisation in chaotischen und komplexen Systemen detektieren. Das Wiederkehr von Trajektorien erlaubt uns Vorhersagen {\"u}ber den zuk{\"u}nftigen Zustand eines Systems zu treffen. Wenn man diese Eigenschaft der Wiederkehr von zwei interagierenden Systemen vergleicht, kann man Schl{\"u}sse {\"u}ber ihre dynamische Anpassung oder Synchronisation ziehen. Ein wichtiger Vorteil der Rekurrenzmaße f{\"u}r Synchronisation ist die Robustheit gegen Rauschen und Instationari{\"a}t. Das erlaubt eine Synchronisationsanalyse in Systemen durchzuf{\"u}hren, die bisher nicht darauf untersucht werden konnten.},
language = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Bischofs2004,
author = {Bischofs, Ilka Bettina},
title = {Elastic interactions of cellular force patterns},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-0001767},
school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
year = {2004},
abstract = {Gewebezellen sammeln st{\"a}ndig Informationen {\"u}ber die mechanischen Eigenschaften ihrer Umgebung, indem sie aktiv an dieser ziehen. Diese Kr{\"a}fte werden an Zell-Matrix-Kontakten {\"u}bertragen, die als Mechanosensoren fungieren. J{\"u}ngste Experimente mit Zellen auf elastischen Substraten zeigen, dass Zellen sehr empfindlich auf Ver{\"a}nderungen der effektiven Steifigkeit ihrer Umgebung reagieren, die zu einer Reorganisation des Zytoskeletts f{\"u}hren k{\"o}nnen. In dieser Arbeit wird ein theoretisches Model entwickelt, um die Selbstorganisation von Zellen in weichen Materialien vorherzusagen. Obwohl das Zellverhalten durch komplexe regulatorische Vorg{\"a}nge in der Zelle gesteuert wird, scheint die typische Antwort von Zellen auf mechanische Reize eine einfache Pr{\"a}ferenz f{\"u}r große effektive Steifigkeit der Umgebung zu sein, m{\"o}glicherweise weil in einer steiferen Umgebung Kr{\"a}fte an den Kontakten effektiver aufgebaut werden k{\"o}nnen. Der Begriff Steifigkeit umfasst dabei sowohl Effekte, die durch gr{\"o}ßere H{\"a}rte als auch durch elastische Verzerrungsfelder in der Umgebung verursacht werden. Diese Beobachtung kann man als ein Extremalprinzip in der Elastizit{\"a}tstheorie formulieren. Indem man das zellul{\"a}re Kraftmuster spezifiziert, mit dem Zellen mit ihrer Umgebung wechselwirken, und die Umgebung selbst als linear elastisches Material modelliert, kann damit die optimale Orientierung und Position von Zellen vorhergesagt werden. Es werden mehrere praktisch relevante Beispiele f{\"u}r Zellorganisation theoretisch betrachtet: Zellen in externen Spannungsfeldern und Zellen in der N{\"a}he von Grenzfl{\"a}chen f{\"u}r verschiedene Geometrien und Randbedingungen des elastischen Mediums. Daf{\"u}r werden die entsprechenden elastischen Randwertprobleme in Vollraum, Halbraum und Kugel exakt gel{\"o}st. Die Vorhersagen des Models stimmen hervorragend mit experimentellen Befunden f{\"u}r Fibroblastzellen {\"u}berein, sowohl auf elastischen Substraten als auch in physiologischen Hydrogelen. Mechanisch aktive Zellen wie Fibroblasten k{\"o}nnen auch elastisch miteinander wechselwirken. Es werden daher optimale Strukturen als Funktion von Materialeigenschaften und Zelldichte bzw. der Geometrie der Zellpositionen berechnet. Schließlich wird mit Hilfe von Monte Carlo Simulationen der Einfluss stochastischer St{\"o}rungen auf die Strukturbildung untersucht. Das vorliegende Model tr{\"a}gt nicht nur zu einem besseren Verst{\"a}ndnis von vielen physiologischen Situationen bei, sondern k{\"o}nnte in Zukunft auch f{\"u}r biomedizinische Anwendungen benutzt werden, um zum Beispiel Protokolle f{\"u}r k{\"u}nstliche Gewebe im Bezug auf Substratgeometrie, Randbedingungen, Materialeigenschaften oder Zelldichte zu optimieren.},
language = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Helms2004,
author = {Helms, Andreas},
title = {Anwendung des Mikrogravitationslinseneffekts zur Untersuchung astronomischer Objekte},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-0001532},
school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
year = {2004},
abstract = {Die Untersuchung mikrogelinster astronomischer Objekte erm{\"o}glicht es, Informationen {\"u}ber die Gr{\"o}ße und Struktur dieser Objekte zu erhalten. Im ersten Teil dieser Arbeit werden die Spektren von drei gelinsten Quasare, die mit dem Potsdamer Multi Aperture Spectrophotometer (PMAS) erhalten wurden, auf Anzeichen f{\"u}r Mikrolensing untersucht. In den Spektren des Vierfachquasares HE 0435-1223 und des Doppelquasares HE 0047-1756 konnten Hinweise f{\"u}r Mikrolensing gefunden werden, w{\"a}hrend der Doppelquasar UM 673 (Q 0142--100) keine Anzeichen f{\"u}r Mikrolensing zeigt. Die Invertierung der Lichtkurve eines Mikrolensing-Kausik-Crossing-Ereignisses erm{\"o}glicht es, das eindimensionale Helligkeitsprofil der gelinsten Quelle zu rekonstruieren. Dies wird im zweiten Teil dieser Arbeit untersucht. Die mathematische Beschreibung dieser Aufgabe f{\"u}hrt zu einer Volterra'schen Integralgleichung der ersten Art, deren L{\"o}sung ein schlecht gestelltes Problem ist. Zu ihrer L{\"o}sung wird in dieser Arbeit ein lokales Regularisierungsverfahren angewendet, das an die kausale Strukture der Volterra'schen Gleichung besser angepasst ist als die bisher verwendete Tikhonov-Phillips-Regularisierung. Es zeigt sich, dass mit dieser Methode eine bessere Rekonstruktion kleinerer Strukturen in der Quelle m{\"o}glich ist. Weiterhin wird die Anwendbarkeit der Regularisierungsmethode auf realistische Lichtkurven mit irregul{\"a}rem Sampling bzw. gr{\"o}ßeren L{\"u}cken in den Datenpunkten untersucht.},
language = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Ullner2004,
author = {Ullner, Ekkehard},
title = {Noise-induced phenomena of signal transmission in excitable neural models},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-0001522},
school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
year = {2004},
abstract = {Meine Dissertation behandelt verschiedene neue rauschinduzierte Ph{\"a}nomene in anregbaren Neuronenmodellen, insbesondere solche mit FitzHugh-Nagumo Dynamik. Ich beschreibe das Auftreten von vibronischer Resonanz in anregbaren Systemen. Sowohl in einer anregbaren elektronischen Schaltung als auch im FitzHugh-Nagumo Modell zeige ich, daß eine optimale Amplitude einer hochfrequenten externen Kraft die Signalantwort bez{\"u}glich eines niederfrequenten Signals verbessert. Weiterhin wird der Einfluß von additivem Rauschen auf das Zusammenwirken von stochastischer und vibronischer Resonanz untersucht. Weiterhin untersuche ich Systeme, die sowohl oszillierende als auch anregbare Eigenschaften beinhalten und dadurch zwei interne Frequenzen aufweisen. Ich zeige, daß in solchen Systemen der Effekt der stochastischen Resonanz deutlich erh{\"o}ht werden kann, wenn eine zus{\"a}tzliche hochfrequente Kraft in Resonanz mit den kleinen Oszillationen unterhalb der Anregungsschwelle hinzugenommen wird. Es ist beachtenswert, daß diese Verst{\"a}rkung der stochastischen Resonanz eine geringere Rauschintensit{\"a}t zum Erreichen des Optimums ben{\"o}tigt als die standartm{\"a}ßige stochastische Resonanz in anregbaren Systemen. Ich untersuche Frequenzselektivit{\"a}t bei der rauschinduzierten Signalverarbeitung von Signalen unterhalb der Anregungsschwelle in Systemen mit vielen rauschunterst{\"u}tzten stochastischen Attraktoren. Diese neuen Attraktoren mit abweichenden gemittelten Perioden weisen auch unterschiedliche Phasenbeziehungen zwischen den einzelnen Elementen auf. Ich zeige, daß die Signalantwort des gekoppelten Systems unter verschiedenen Rauscheinwirkungen deutlich verbessert oder auch reduziert werden kann durch das Treiben einzelner Elemente in Resonanz mit diesen neuen Resonanzfrequenzen, die mit passenden Phasenbeziehungen korrespondieren. Weiterhin konnte ich einen rauschinduzierten Phasen{\"u}bergang von einem selbstoszillierenden System zu einem anregbaren System nachweisen. Dieser {\"U}bergang erfolgt durch eine rauschinduzierte Stabilisierung eines deterministisch instabilen Fixpunktes der lokalen Dynamik, w{\"a}hrend die gesamte Phasenraumstruktur des Systems erhalten bleibt. Die gemeinsame Wirkung von Kopplung und Rauschen f{\"u}hrt zu einem neuen Typ von Phasen{\"u}berg{\"a}ngen und bewirkt eine Stabilisierung des Systems. Das sich daraus ergebende rauschinduziert anregbare Regime zeigt charakteristische Eigenschaften von klassisch anregbaren Systemen, wie stochastische Resonanz und Wellenausbreitung. Dieser rauschinduzierte Phasen{\"u}bergang erm{\"o}glicht dadurch die {\"U}bertragung von Signalen durch ansonsten global oszillierende Systeme und die Kontrolle der Signal{\"u}bertragung durch Ver{\"a}nderung der Rauschintensit{\"a}t. Insbesondere er{\"o}ffnen diese theoretischen Ergebnisse einen m{\"o}glichen Mechanismus zur Unterdr{\"u}ckung unerw{\"u}nschter globaler Oszillationen in neuronalen Netzwerken, welche charakteristisch f{\"u}r abnorme medizinische Zust{\"a}nde, wie z.B. bei der Parkinson\′schen Krankheit oder Epilepsie, sind. Die Wirkung von Rauschen w{\"u}rde dann wieder die Anregbarkeit herstellen, die den normalen Zustand der erkrankten Neuronen darstellt.},
language = {en}
}
@phdthesis{SvirejevaHopkins2004,
author = {Svirejeva-Hopkins, Anastasia},
title = {Urbanised territories as a specific component of the global carbon cycle},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-0001512},
school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
year = {2004},
abstract = {Wir betrachten folgende Teile: die zus{\"a}tzlichen Kohlenstoff(C)-emissionen, welche aus der Umwandlung von nat{\"u}rlichem Umland durch Stadtwachstum resultieren, und die {\"A}nderung des C-Flusses durch 'urbanisierte' {\"O}kosysteme, soweit atmosph{\"a}risches C durch diese in umliegende nat{\"u}rliche {\"O}kosysteme entlang der Kette \“Atmosph{\"a}re -> Vegetation -> abgestorbene organische Substanzen\” gepumpt wird: d.h. C-Export; f{\"u}r den Zeitraum von 1980 bis 2050. Als Szenario nutzen wir Prognosen der regionalen Stadtbev{\"o}lkerung, welche durch ein 'Hybridmodell' generiert werden f{\"u}r acht Regionen. Alle Sch{\"a}tzungen der C-Fl{\"u}sse basieren auf zwei Modellen: das Regression Modell und das sogenannte G-Modell. Die Siedlungsfl{\"a}che, welche mit dem Wachstum der Stadtbev{\"o}lkerung zunimmt, wird in 'Gr{\"u}nfl{\"a}chen' (Parks, usw.), Geb{\"a}udefl{\"a}chen und informell st{\"a}dtisch genutzte Fl{\"a}chen (Slums, illegale Lagerpl{\"a}tze, usw.) unterteilt. Es werden j{\"a}hrlich die regionale und globale Dynamik der C-Emissionen und des C-Exports sowie die C-Gesamtbilanz berechnet. Dabei liefern beide Modelle qualitativ {\"a}hnliche Ergebnisse, jedoch gibt es einige quantitative Unterschiede. Im ersten Modell erreicht die globale Jahresemission f{\"u}r die Dekade 2020-2030 resultierend aus der Landnutzungs{\"a}nderung ein Maximum von 205 Mt/a. Die maximalen Beitr{\"a}ge zur globalen Emission werden durch China, die asiatische und die pazifische Region erbracht. Im zweiten Modell erh{\"o}ht sich die j{\"a}hrliche globale Emission von 1.12 GtC/a f{\"u}r 1980 auf 1.25 GtC/a f{\"u}r 2005 (1Gt = 109 t). Danach beginnt eine Reduzierung. Vergleichen wir das Emissionmaximum mit der Emission durch Abholzung im Jahre 1980 (1.36 GtC/a), k{\"o}nnen wir konstatieren, daß die Urbanisierung damit in vergleichbarer Gr{\"o}sse zur Emission beitr{\"a}gt. Bezogen auf die globale Dynamik des j{\"a}hrlichen C-Exports durch Urbanisierung beobachten wir ein monotones Wachstum bis zum nahezu dreifachen Wert von 24 MtC/a f{\"u}r 1980 auf 66 MtC/a f{\"u}r 2050 im ersten Modell, bzw. im zweiten Modell von 249 MtC/a f{\"u}r 1980 auf 505 MtC/a f{\"u}r 2050. Damit ist im zweiten Fall die Transportleistung der Siedlungsgebiete mit dem C-Transport durch Fl{\"u}sse in die Ozeane (196 .. 537 MtC/a) vergleichbar. Bei der Absch{\"a}tzung der Gesamtbilanz finden wir, daß die Urbanisierung die Bilanz in Richtung zu einer 'Senke' verschiebt. Entsprechend dem zweiten Modell beginnt sich die C-Gesamtbilanz (nach ann{\"a}hernder Konstanz) ab dem Jahre 2000 mit einer fast konstanten Rate zu verringern. Wenn das Maximum im Jahre 2000 bei 905MtC/a liegt, f{\"a}llt dieser Wert anschliessend bis zum Jahre 2050 auf 118 MtC/a. Bei Extrapolation dieser Dynamik in die Zukunft k{\"o}nnen wir annehmen, daß am Ende des 21. Jahrhunderts die \“urbane\” C-Gesamtbilanz Null bzw. negative Werte erreicht.},
language = {en}
}
@book{Jung2004,
author = {Jung, Carl Christoph},
title = {Lichtinduzierte Generierung und Charakterisierung optischer Anisotropie. - [{\"u}berarb. Diss.]},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-0001501},
publisher = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
year = {2004},
abstract = {Eine Nutzung der optischen Anisotropie d{\"u}nner Schichten ist vor allem f{\"u}r die Displaytechnologie, die optische Datenspeicherung und f{\"u}r optische Sicherheitselemente von hoher Bedeutung. Diese Doktorarbeit befasst sich mit theoretischen und experimentellen Untersuchung von dreidimensionaler Anisotropie und dabei insbesondere mit der Untersuchung von lichtinduzierter dreidimensionaler Anisotropie in organischen d{\"u}nnen Polymer-Schichten. Die gewonnenen Erkentnisse und entwickelten Methoden k{\"o}nnen wertvolle Beitr{\"a}ge f{\"u}r Optimierungsprozesse, wie bei der Kompensation der Blickwinkelabh{\"a}ngigkeit von Fl{\"u}ssigkristall-Displays, liefern. Die neue Methode der Immersions-Transmissions-Ellipsometrie (ITE) zur Untersuchung von d{\"u}nneren Schichten wurde im Rahmen dieser Dissertation entwickelt. Diese Methode gestattet es, in Kombination mit konventioneller Reflexions- und Transmissionsellipsometrie, die absoluten dreidimensionalen Brechungsindices einer biaxialen Schicht zu bestimmen. Erstmals gelang es damit, das dreidimensionale Brechungsindexellipsoid von transparenten, d{\"u}nneren (150 nm) Filmen hochgenau (drei Stellen hinter dem Komma) zu bestimmen. Die ITE-Methode hat demzufolge das Potential, auch bei noch d{\"u}nneren Schichten mit Gewinn eingesetzt werden zu k{\"o}nnen. Die lichtinduzierte Generierung von dreidimensionaler Anisotropie wurde in d{\"u}nnen Schichten von azobenzenhaltigen und zimts{\"a}urehaltigen, amorphen und fl{\"u}ssig-kristallinen Homo- und Copolymeren untersucht. Erstmals wurden quantitative Untersuchungen zur {\"A}nderung von lichtinduzierten, dreidimensionalen Anisotropien in d{\"u}nnen Schichten von azobenzenhaltigen und zimts{\"a}urehaltigen Polymeren bei Tempern oberhalb der Glastemperatur durchgef{\"u}hrt. Bei vielen der untersuchten Polymere war die dreidimensionale Ordnung nach dem Bestrahlen mit polarisiertem Licht und anschließendem Tempern oberhalb der Glastemperatur scheinbar von der Schichtdicke abh{\"a}ngig. Die Ursache liegt wohl in der, mit der neuentwickelten ITE-Methode detektierten, planaren Ausgangsorientierung der aufgeschleuderten d{\"u}nneren Schichten. Um Verkippungs-Gradienten in dickeren Polymerschichten in ihrem Verlauf zu bestimmen, wurde eine spezielle Methode unter Benutzung der Wellenleitermoden-Spektroskopie entwickelt. Quantenchemisch bestimmte, maximal induzierbare Doppelbrechungen in fl{\"u}ssig-kristallinen Polymeren wurden mit den experimentell gefundenen Ordnungen verglichen.},
language = {de}
}
@phdthesis{MontbrioiFairen2004,
author = {Montbri{\´o} i Fairen, Ernest},
title = {Synchronization in ensembles of nonisochronous oscillators},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-0001492},
school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
year = {2004},
abstract = {Diese Arbeit analysiert Synchronisationsphaenomene, die in grossen Ensembles von interagierenden Oszillatoren auftauchen. Im speziellen werden die Effekte von Nicht-Isochronizitaet (die Abhaengigkeit der Frequenz von der Amplitude des Oszillators) auf den makroskopischen Uebergang zur Synchronisation im Detail studiert. Die neu gefundenen Phaenomene (Anomale Synchronisation) werden sowohl in Populationen von Oszillatoren als auch zwischen Oszillator-Ensembles untersucht.},
language = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Timpanaro2004,
author = {Timpanaro, Salvatore},
title = {Conductive properties and morphology of conjugated molecular materials studied by local probe techniques},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-0001929},
school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
year = {2004},
abstract = {Die vorgelegte Arbeit befasst sich mit der Untersuchung von Zusammenh{\"a}ngen zwischen der Struktur d{\"u}nner organischer Schichten und stellt einen Bezug zur Leitf{\"a}higkeit der Schichten her. Sie liefert einen Beitrag zum vertieften Verst{\"a}ndnis der Transporteigenschaf-ten organischer Halbleiter und soll so zur Verbesserung organischer elektronischer Bauele-mente beitragen. Es ist bekannt, dass die Effizienz von Organischen Leuchtdioden (OLEDs) stark von der Qualit{\"a}t der eingesetzten d{\"u}nnen Filme abh{\"a}ngt. Es ist deshalb interessant, die Strukturen technologisch interessanter organischer Filme mittels Scanning Probe Mikrosko-pie (SPM) zu charakterisieren, um ein besseres Verst{\"a}ndnis sowohl der Oberfl{\"a}chen-Morphologie als auch der molekularen/atomaren Packungen zu erhalten. Die Untersuchung von Quaterthiophen (4T), welches vielfach in Feldeffekt-Transistoren eingesetzt wird, bildet einen ersten Schwerpunkt der Arbeit. Es konnte eine neue Kristall-struktur von 4T gefunden werden, die bisher nicht bekannt war. Daf{\"u}r wurden Quaterthi-ophen-Filme untersucht, welche auf Kaliumphthalat (KAP) aufwuchsen. Die Aufkl{\"a}rung der neuen Struktur gelang durch Kombinierten Einsatz von optischen und R{\"o}ntgen-Beugungsmessungen. Zur Best{\"a}tigung der triklinen Kristall-Einheitszelle mit den Parame-tern a = 0,721 nm, b = 0,632 nm, c = 0,956 nm und α = 91o, β = 91,4o, γ = 91o wurde außer-dem die Atomkraft-Mikroskopie (AFM) angewendet. In Fortf{\"u}hrung der rastermikroskopischen Messungen sind die Morphologien von Filmen vier weiterer organischer Materialien technologischer Relevanz untersucht worden: He-xanthiol-Monoschichten auf Gold, Azobenzenthiol-Monoschichten auf Gold, Para-Phenylenvinylen-Oligomer-Filme auf Gold und Phenyl-Oxadiazol-Filme auf Gold. Daf{\"u}r kam zus{\"a}tzlich die Ultrahochvakuum-Scanning-Tunneling-Mikroskopie (UHV-STM) zum Einsatz. Es zeigte sich eine Vielzahl morphologischer Eigenheiten, deren Besonderheiten sowohl von den gew{\"a}hlten Substraten als auch von der chemischen Struktur der untersuchten organischen Materialien abh{\"a}ngen. So zeigen Para-Phenylenvinylen-Oligomer-Filme eine St{\"a}bchen- und Oxadiazol-Filme eine K{\"o}rnchen-Struktur auf Gold. Auf Basis dieser Kenntnisse gelang es, das optisch induzierte Schalten von Azobenzen durch STM-Untersuchungen und durch Scanning Tunneling Spektroskopie (STS) auf molekularer Skale nachzuweisen. Die Topographie einer Reihe von Poly(3,4-ethylendioxythiophen)-(PEDOT)-Filmen und de-ren Bezug zu den Ladungstransporteigenschaften dieser Filme war ein weiterer Arbeits-schwerpunkt. PEDOT-Filme auf Indium-Zinn-Oxid (ITO) kommen in organischen elektro-nischen Bauelementen als Lochinjektionsschichten zum Einsatz. F{\"u}r die Schichtherstellung kamen Dispersionen des Polymers unterschiedlicher Konzentration zur Anwendung: Mittels AFM und STM konnte gezeigt werden, dass unterschiedliche Konzentrationen zu unter-schiedlichen Topographien f{\"u}hren. Besonders die Oberfl{\"a}che der Filme mit hoher Konzent-ration von PEDOT, d.h. die der leitf{\"a}higsten Filme, wird durch eine k{\"o}rnchenartige Struktur eingebetteter Teilchen charakterisiert. Durch STM Strom-Abstands-(I-d)-Untersuchungen wurde gefunden, dass diese Teilchen die „Spitze eines Eisbergs" leitf{\"a}higer Dom{\"a}nen dar-stellen. Ausgehend von dieser Erkenntnis wird ein Strukturmodell f{\"u}r die Filme vorgeschla-gen, in dem die leitf{\"a}higen Dom{\"a}nen / Partikel in eine weniger leitf{\"a}hige Matrix eingebettet sind. Durch Zugabe von Polyolen wie Sorbitol zur PEDOT-Dispersion ließen sich Filme mit h{\"o}herer Leitf{\"a}higkeit herstellen. Eine klare Abh{\"a}ngigkeit zwischen der Leitf{\"a}higkeit und der bisher nicht beschrieben nano-Morphologie wurde gefunden.},
language = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Haluska2004,
author = {Haluska, Christopher K.},
title = {Interactions of functionalized vesicles in the presence of Europium (III) Chloride},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-2482},
school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
year = {2004},
abstract = {We incorporate amphiphilic receptors bearing ß-diketone functional units into large (LUV's) and giant unilamellar vesicles (GUV's). Electrolyte solutions containing di- and trivalent ions were used to induce inter-membrane interactions. Measurements performed with isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) revealed that interaction between EuCl3 and ß-diketone receptors was characterized by a molar enthalpy 126 ± 5 kcal/mole and an equilibrium binding constant 26 ± 4 mM-1. The results indicate a molecular complex formed binding two ß-diketone receptors to one Eu3+ ion. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) was used to follow changes in LUV diameter indicated in an increase in vesicle size distribution of on average 20 \%. Optical microscopy was employed to visualize the inter-membrane interaction measured using DLS and ITC. Depending on membrane composition of the functionalized vesicles we found that local injections of micromolar EuCl¬3 induced membrane pore formation and membrane fusion. Our collection of results leads to the conclusion that formation of intra-molecular ligand receptor complexes leads to pore formation and inter-membrane complex formation leads to membrane fusion. Detailed characterization of the fusion process shows that irreversible opening of the fusion pore can be extrapolated to times below 50 µsec. We have found that formation of membrane bound ligand (Eu3+)-receptor complexes provides versatility to the function of vesicle membranes.},
subject = {Biophysik},
language = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Pietzker2003,
author = {Pietzker, Christian},
title = {In-situ Wachstumsuntersuchungen beim reaktiven Anlassen von Cu, In Schichten in elementarem Schwefel},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-0001219},
school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
year = {2003},
abstract = {In dieser Arbeit wurde das reaktive Anlassen von d{\"u}nnen Kupfer-Indium-Schichten in elementarem Schwefel mittels energiedispersiver R{\"o}ntgenbeugung untersucht. Durch die simultane Aufnahme der R{\"o}ntgenspektren und der Messung der diffusen Reflexion von Laserlicht der Wellenl{\"a}nge 635 nm an der Oberfl{\"a}che der Probe w{\"a}hrend des Schichtwachstums von CuInS2 konnte eine Methode zur Prozesskontrolle f{\"u}r ein Herstellungsverfahren von CuInS2 etabliert werden. Die Bildung von CuInS2 aus Kupfer-Indium-Vorl{\"a}uferschichten wird dominiert von Umwandlungen der intermetallischen Phasen. CuInS2 w{\"a}chst innerhalb der Aufheizperiode ab einer Temperatur von ca. 200°C aus der Phase Cu11In9. Jedoch zerf{\"a}llt letztere metallische Phase in Cu16In9 und fl{\"u}ssiges Indium bei einer Temperatur von ca. 310°C. Das fl{\"u}ssige Indium reagiert im Falle von Kupferarmut mit dem Schwefel und f{\"u}hrt zu einem zus{\"a}tzlichen Reaktionspfad {\"u}ber InS zu CuIn5S8. Unter Pr{\"a}parationsbedingungen mit Kupfer{\"u}berschuss wird das Indium in einer intermetallischen Phase gebunden.Erstmals konnte die Phase Digenite bei Temperaturen {\"u}ber 240°C beobachtet werden. Beim Abk{\"u}hlen auf Raumtemperatur wandelt sich diese Phase unter dem Verbrauch von Schwefel in Covellite um.F{\"u}r Proben mit Kupfer{\"u}berschuss konnte eine Wachstumskinetik proportional zur Temperatur beobachtet werden. Dieses Verhalten wurde durch eine stress-induzierte Diffusion als dominierenden Reaktionsmechanismus interpretiert. Dabei werden w{\"a}hrend der Bildung von CuInS2 durch unterschiedliche Ausdehnungen der metallischen und sulfidischen Schichten eine Spannung in der CuInS2-Schicht induziert, die nach {\"U}berschreiten einer Grenzspannung zu Rissen in der CuInS2-Schicht f{\"u}hrt. Entlang dieser Risse findet ein schneller Transport der Metalle zur Oberfl{\"a}che, wo diese mit dem Schwefel reagieren k{\"o}nnen, statt. Die Risse heilen durch die Bildung neuen Sulfids wieder aus.},
language = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Koppitz2004,
author = {Koppitz, Michael},
title = {Numerical studies of Black Hole initial data},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-0001245},
school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
year = {2004},
abstract = {Diese Doktorarbeit behandelt neue Methoden der numerischen Evolution von Systemen mit bin{\"a}ren Schwarzen L{\"o}chern. Wir analysieren und vergleichen Evolutionen von verschiedenen physikalisch motivierten Anfangsdaten und zeigen Resultate der ersten Evolution von so genannten 'Thin Sandwich' Daten, die von der Gruppe in Meudon entwickelt wurden. Zum ersten Mal wurden zwei verschiedene Anfangsdaten anhand von dreidimensionalen Evolutionen verglichen: die Puncture-Daten und die Thin-Sandwich Daten. Diese zwei Datentypen wurden im Hinblick auf die physikalischen Eigenschaften w{\"a}hrend der Evolution verglichen. Die Evolutionen zeigen, dass die Meudon Daten im Vergleich zu Puncture Daten wesentlich mehr Zeit ben{\"o}tigen bevor sie kollidieren. Dies deutet auf eine bessere Absch{\"a}tzung der Parameter hin. Die Kollisionszeiten der numerischen Evolutionen sind konsistent mit unabh{\"a}ngigen Sch{\"a}tzungen basierend auf Post-Newtonschen N{\"a}herungen die vorhersagen, dass die Schwarzen L{\"o}cher ca. 60\% eines Orbits rotieren bevor sie kollidieren.},
language = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Albers2006,
author = {Albers, Nicole},
title = {On the relevance of adhesion : applications to Saturn's rings},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-10848},
school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
year = {2006},
abstract = {Since their discovery in 1610 by Galileo Galilei, Saturn's rings continue to fascinate both experts and amateurs. Countless numbers of icy grains in almost Keplerian orbits reveal a wealth of structures such as ringlets, voids and gaps, wakes and waves, and many more. Grains are found to increase in size with increasing radial distance to Saturn. Recently discovered "propeller" structures in the Cassini spacecraft data, provide evidence for the existence of embedded moonlets. In the wake of these findings, the discussion resumes about origin and evolution of planetary rings, and growth processes in tidal environments. In this thesis, a contact model for binary adhesive, viscoelastic collisions is developed that accounts for agglomeration as well as restitution. Collisional outcomes are crucially determined by the impact speed and masses of the collision partners and yield a maximal impact velocity at which agglomeration still occurs. Based on the latter, a self-consistent kinetic concept is proposed. The model considers all possible collisional outcomes as there are coagulation, restitution, and fragmentation. Emphasizing the evolution of the mass spectrum and furthermore concentrating on coagulation alone, a coagulation equation, including a restricted sticking probability is derived. The otherwise phenomenological Smoluchowski equation is reproduced from basic principles and denotes a limit case to the derived coagulation equation. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the relevance of adhesion to force-free granular gases and to those under the influence of Keplerian shear is investigated. Capture probability, agglomerate stability, and the mass spectrum evolution are investigated in the context of adhesive interactions. A size dependent radial limit distance from the central planet is obtained refining the Roche criterion. Furthermore, capture probability in the presence of adhesion is generally different compared to the case of pure gravitational capture. In contrast to a Smoluchowski-type evolution of the mass spectrum, numerical simulations of the obtained coagulation equation revealed, that a transition from smaller grains to larger bodies cannot occur via a collisional cascade alone. For parameters used in this study, effective growth ceases at an average size of centimeters.},
subject = {Saturn},
language = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Dominis2006,
author = {Dominis, Dijana},
title = {The role of binary stars in searches for extrasolar planets by microlensing and astrometry},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-10814},
school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
year = {2006},
abstract = {When Galactic microlensing events of stars are observed, one usually measures a symmetric light curve corresponding to a single lens, or an asymmetric light curve, often with caustic crossings, in the case of a binary lens system. In principle, the fraction of binary stars at a certain separation range can be estimated based on the number of measured microlensing events. However, a binary system may produce a light curve which can be fitted well as a single lens light curve, in particullary if the data sampling is poor and the errorbars are large. We investigate what fraction of microlensing events produced by binary stars for different separations may be well fitted by and hence misinterpreted as single lens events for various observational conditions. We find that this fraction strongly depends on the separation of the binary components, reaching its minimum at between 0.6 and 1.0 Einstein radius, where it is still of the order of 5\% The Einstein radius is corresponding to few A.U. for typical Galactic microlensing scenarios. The rate for misinterpretation is higher for short microlensing events lasting up to few months and events with smaller maximum amplification. For fixed separation it increases for binaries with more extreme mass ratios. Problem of degeneracy in photometric light curve solution between binary lens and binary source microlensing events was studied on simulated data, and data observed by the PLANET collaboration. The fitting code BISCO using the PIKAIA genetic algorithm optimizing routine was written for optimizing binary-source microlensing light curves observed at different sites, in I, R and V photometric bands. Tests on simulated microlensing light curves show that BISCO is successful in finding the solution to a binary-source event in a very wide parameter space. Flux ratio method is suggested in this work for breaking degeneracy between binary-lens and binary-source photometric light curves. Models show that only a few additional data points in photometric V band, together with a full light curve in I band, will enable breaking the degeneracy. Very good data quality and dense data sampling, combined with accurate binary lens and binary source modeling, yielded the discovery of the lowest-mass planet discovered outside of the Solar System so far, OGLE-2005-BLG-390Lb, having only 5.5 Earth masses. This was the first observed microlensing event in which the degeneracy between a planetary binary-lens and an extreme flux ratio binary-source model has been successfully broken. For events OGLE-2003-BLG-222 and OGLE-2004-BLG-347, the degeneracy was encountered despite of very dense data sampling. From light curve modeling and stellar evolution theory, there was a slight preference to explain OGLE-2003-BLG-222 as a binary source event, and OGLE-2004-BLG-347 as a binary lens event. However, without spectra, this degeneracy cannot be fully broken. No planet was found so far around a white dwarf, though it is believed that Jovian planets should survive the late stages of stellar evolution, and that white dwarfs will retain planetary systems in wide orbits. We want to perform high precision astrometric observations of nearby white dwarfs in wide binary systems with red dwarfs in order to find planets around white dwarfs. We selected a sample of observing targets (WD-RD binary systems, not published yet), which can possibly have planets around the WD component, and modeled synthetic astrometric orbits which can be observed for these targets using existing and future astrometric facilities. Modeling was performed for the astrometric accuracy of 0.01, 0.1, and 1.0 mas, separation between WD and planet of 3 and 5 A.U., binary system separation of 30 A.U., planet masses of 10 Earth masses, 1 and 10 Jupiter masses, WD mass of 0.5M and 1.0 Solar masses, and distances to the system of 10, 20 and 30 pc. It was found that the PRIMA facility at the VLTI will be able to detect planets around white dwarfs once it is operating, by measuring the astrometric wobble of the WD due to a planet companion, down to 1 Jupiter mass. We show for the simulated observations that it is possible to model the orbits and find the parameters describing the potential planetary systems.},
subject = {Mikrogravitationslinseneffekt},
language = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Richter2007,
author = {Richter, Andreas},
title = {Structure formation and fractionation in systems of colloidal rods},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-13090},
school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
year = {2007},
abstract = {Nowadays, colloidal rods can be synthesized in large amounts. The rods are typically cylindrically and their length ranges from several nanometers to a few micrometers. In solution, systems of colloidal rodlike molecules or aggregates can form liquid-crystalline phases with long-range orientational and spatial order. In the present work, we investigate structure formation and fractionation in systems of rodlike colloids with the help of Monte Carlo simulations in the NPT ensemble. Repulsive interactions can successfully be mimicked by the hard rod model, which has been studied extensively in the past. In many cases, attractive interactions like van der Waals or depletion forces cannot be neglected, however. In the first part of this work, the phase behavior of monodisperse attractive rods is characterized for different interaction strengths. Phase diagrams as a function of rod length and pressure are presented. Most systems of synthesized mesoscopic rods have a polydisperse length distribution as a consequence of the longitudinal growth process of the rods. For many technical and research applications, a rather small polydispersity is desired in order to have well defined material properties. The polydispersity can be reduced by a spatial demixing (fractionation) of long and short rods. Fractionation and structure formation is studied in a tridisperse and a polydisperse bulk suspension of rods. We observe that the resulting structures depend distinctly on the interaction strength. The fractionation in the system is strongly enhanced with increasing interaction strength. Suspensions are typically confined in a container. We also examine the influence of adjacent substrates in systems of tridisperse and polydisperse rod suspensions. Three different substrate types are studied in detail: a planar wall, a corrugated substrate, and a substrate with rectangular cavities. We analyze the fluid structure close to the substrate and substrate controlled fractionation. The spatial arrangement of long and short rods in front of the substrate depends sensitively on the substrate structure and the pressure. Rods with a predefined length are segregated at substrates with rectangular cavities.},
language = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Tegtmeier2006,
author = {Tegtmeier, Susann},
title = {Variationen der stratosph{\"a}rischen Residualzirkulation und ihr Einfluss auf die Ozonverteilung},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-12118},
school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
year = {2006},
abstract = {Die Residualzirkulation entspricht der mittleren Massenzirkulation und beschreibt die im zonalen Mittel stattfindenden meridionalen Transportprozesse. Die Variationen der Residualzirkulation bestimmen gemeinsam mit dem anthropogen verursachten Ozonabbau die j{\"a}hrlichen Schwankungen der Ozongesamts{\"a}ule im arktischen Fr{\"u}hling. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die Geschwindigkeit des arktischen Astes der Residualzirkulation aus atmosph{\"a}rischen Daten gewonnen. Zu diesem Zweck wird das diabatische Absinken im Polarwirbel mit Hilfe von Trajektorienrechnungen bestimmt. Die vertikalen Bewegungen der Luftpakete k{\"o}nnen mit vertikalen Windfeldern oder entsprechend einem neuen Ansatz mit diabatischen Heizraten angetrieben werden. Die Eingabedaten stammen aus dem 45 Jahre langen Reanalyse-Datensatz des "European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecast" (ECMWF). Außerdem kann f{\"u}r die Jahre ab 1984 die operationelle ECMWF-Analyse verwendet werden. Die Qualit{\"a}t und Robustheit der Heizraten- und Trajektorienrechnungen werden durch Sensitivit{\"a}tsstudien und Vergleiche mit anderen Modellen untermauert. Anschließend werden umfangreiche Trajektorienensemble statistisch ausgewertet, um ein detailliertes, zeit- und h{\"o}henaufgel{\"o}stes Bild des diabatischen Absinkens zu ermitteln. In diesem Zusammenhang werden zwei Methoden entwickelt, um das Absinken gemittelt im Polarwirbel oder als Funktion der {\"a}quivalenten Breite zu bestimmen. Es wird gezeigt, dass es notwendig ist den Lagrangeschen auf Trajektorienrechnungen basierenden Ansatz zu verfolgen, da die einfachen Eulerschen Mittel Abweichungen zu den Lagrangeschen Vertikalgeschwindigkeiten aufweisen. Das wirbelgemittelte Absinken wird f{\"u}r einzelne Winter mit dem beobachteten Absinken langlebiger Spurengase und anderen Modellstudien verglichen. Der Vergleich zeigt, dass das Absinken basierend auf den vertikalen Windfeldern der ECMWF-Datens{\"a}tze den Nettoluftmassentransport durch die Residualzirkulation sehr stark {\"u}bersch{\"a}tzt. Der neue Ansatz basierend auf den Heizraten ergibt hingegen realistische Ergebnisse und wird aus diesem Grund f{\"u}r alle Rechnungen verwendet. Es wird erstmalig eine Klimatologie des diabatischen Absinkens {\"u}ber einen fast f{\"u}nf Jahrzehnte umfassenden Zeitraum erstellt. Die Klimatologie beinhaltet das vertikal und zeitlich aufgel{\"o}ste diabatische Absinken gemittelt {\"u}ber den gesamten Polarwirbel und Informationen {\"u}ber die r{\"a}umliche Struktur des vertikalen Absinkens. Die nat{\"u}rliche Jahr-zu-Jahr Variabilit{\"a}t des diabatischen Absinkens ist sehr stark ausgepr{\"a}gt. Es wird gezeigt, dass zwischen der ECMWF-Zeitreihe des diabatischen Absinkens und der Zeitreihe aus einem unabh{\"a}ngig analysierten Temperaturdatensatz hohe Korrelationen bestehen. Erstmals wird der Einfluss von Transportprozessen auf die Ozongesamts{\"a}ule im arktischen Fr{\"u}hling direkt quantifiziert. Es wird gezeigt, dass die Jahr-zu-Jahr Variabilit{\"a}t der Ozongesamts{\"a}ule im arktischen Fr{\"u}hling zu gleichen Anteilen durch die Variabilit{\"a}t der dynamischen Komponente und durch die Variabilit{\"a}t der chemischen Komponente beeinflusst wird. Die gefundenen Variabilit{\"a}ten von diabatischem Absinken und Ozoneintrag in hohen Breiten werden mit der vertikalen Ausbreitung planetarer Wellen aus der Troposph{\"a}re in die Stratosph{\"a}re in Beziehung gesetzt.},
language = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Korn2007,
author = {Korn, Christian},
title = {Stochastic dynamics of cell adhesion in hydrodynamic flow},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-12997},
school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
year = {2007},
abstract = {In this thesis the interplay between hydrodynamic transport and specific adhesion is theoretically investigated. An important biological motivation for this work is the rolling adhesion of white blood cells experimentally investigated in flow chambers. There, specific adhesion is mediated by weak bonds between complementary molecular building blocks which are either located on the cell surface (receptors) or attached to the bottom plate of the flow chamber (ligands). The model system under consideration is a hard sphere covered with receptors moving above a planar ligand-bearing wall. The motion of the sphere is influenced by a simple shear flow, deterministic forces, and Brownian motion. An algorithm is given that allows to numerically simulate this motion as well as the formation and rupture of bonds between receptors and ligands. The presented algorithm spatially resolves receptors and ligands. This opens up the perspective to apply the results also to flow chamber experiments done with patterned substrates based on modern nanotechnological developments. In the first part the influence of flow rate, as well as of the number and geometry of receptors and ligands, on the probability for initial binding is studied. This is done by determining the mean time that elapses until the first encounter between a receptor and a ligand occurs. It turns out that besides the number of receptors, especially the height by which the receptors are elevated above the surface of the sphere plays an important role. These findings are in good agreement with observations of actual biological systems like white blood cells or malaria-infected red blood cells. Then, the influence of bonds which have formed between receptors and ligands, but easily rupture in response to force, on the motion of the sphere is studied. It is demonstrated that different states of motion-for example rolling-can be distinguished. The appearance of these states depending on important model parameters is then systematically investigated. Furthermore, it is shown by which bond property the ability of cells to stably roll in a large range of applied flow rates is increased. Finally, the model is applied to another biological process, the transport of spherical cargo particles by molecular motors. In analogy to the so far described systems molecular motors can be considered as bonds that are able to actively move. In this part of the thesis the mean distance the cargo particles are transported is determined.},
language = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Erdmann2005,
author = {Erdmann, Thorsten},
title = {Stochastic dynamics of adhesion clusters under force},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-5564},
school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
year = {2005},
abstract = {Adhesion of biological cells to their environment is mediated by two-dimensional clusters of specific adhesion molecules which are assembled in the plasma membrane of the cells. Due to the activity of the cells or external influences, these adhesion sites are usually subject to physical forces. In recent years, the influence of such forces on the stability of cellular adhesion clusters was increasingly investigated. In particular, experimental methods that were originally designed for the investigation of single bond rupture under force have been applied to investigate the rupture of adhesion clusters. The transition from single to multiple bonds, however, is not trivial and requires theoretical modelling. Rupture of biological adhesion molecules is a thermally activated, stochastic process. In this work, a stochastic model for the rupture and rebinding dynamics of clusters of parallel adhesion molecules under force is presented. In particular, the influence of (i) a constant force as it may be assumed for cellular adhesion clusters is investigated and (ii) the influence of a linearly increasing force as commonly used in experiments is considered. Special attention is paid to the force-mediated cooperativity of parallel adhesion bonds. Finally, the influence of a finite distance between receptors and ligands on the binding dynamics is investigated. Thereby, the distance can be bridged by polymeric linker molecules which tether the ligands to a substrate.},
subject = {Biophysik},
language = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Elsner2005,
author = {Elsner, Nils},
title = {Nanomechanik und Adh{\"a}sion von Polyelektrolytmultischicht-Hohlkapseln},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-5555},
school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
year = {2005},
abstract = {Die vorliegende Arbeit besch{\"a}ftigte sich mit zwei Themengebieten. Es ging zum einen um die mechanischen Eigenschaften von Polyelektrolythohlkapseln und zum anderen um die Adh{\"a}sion von Polyelektrolythohlkapseln. Die mechanischen Eigenschaften wurden mit der AFM „colloidal probe" Technik untersucht. Dabei zeigte sich, dass die Kraftdeformationskurven f{\"u}r kleine Deformationen den nach der Schalentheorie vorhergesagten linearen Verlauf haben. Ebenso wurde die quadratische Abh{\"a}ngigkeit der Federkonstanten von der Dicke best{\"a}tigt. F{\"u}r PAH/PSS findet man einen E-Modul von 0.25 GPa. Zusammen mit der Tatsache, dass die Deformationskurven unabh{\"a}ngig von der Geschwindigkeit sind und praktisch keine Hysterese zeigen, sowie der M{\"o}glichkeit die Kapseln plastisch zu deformieren, kann man schließen, dass das System in einem glasartigen Zustand vorliegt. Erwartungsgem{\"a}ß zeigte der pH einen starken Einfluss auf die PEM. W{\"a}hrend in einem pH-Bereich zwischen 2 und 11.5 keine morphologischen {\"A}nderungen festgestellt werden konnten, vergr{\"o}ßerte sich der Radius bei pH = 12 um bis zu 50 \%. Diese Radien{\"a}nderung war reversibel und ging einher mit einem sichtbaren Weicherwerden der Kapseln. Eine Abnahme des E-Moduls um mindestens drei Gr{\"o}ßenordungen wurde durch Kraftdeformationsmessungen best{\"a}tigt. Die Kraftdeformationskurven zeigen eine starke Hysterese. Das System befindet sich nun nicht mehr in einem glasartigen Zustand, sondern ist viskos bis gummiartig geworden. Messungen an Kapseln, die mit Glutardialdehyd behandelt wurden, zeigten, dass die Behandlung das pH-abh{\"a}ngige Verhalten ver{\"a}ndert. Dies kann darauf zur{\"u}ckgef{\"u}hrt werden, dass das PAH durch den Glutardialdehyd quervernetzt wird. Bei einem hohen Quervernetzungsgrad, zeigen die Kapseln keine {\"A}nderung des mechanischen Verhaltens bei pH = 12. Schwach quervernetzte Kapseln werden immer noch signifikant weicher bei pH = 12, jedoch {\"a}ndert sich der Radius nicht. Außerdem wurden Multilagenkapseln untersucht, deren Stabilit{\"a}t nicht auf elektrostatischen Wechselwirkungen sondern auf Wasserstoffbr{\"u}ckenbindungen beruhte. Diese Kapseln zeigten eine deutlich h{\"o}here Steifigkeit mit E-Modulen bis zu 1 GPa. Es wurde gefunden, dass auch dieses System f{\"u}r kleine Deformationen ein lineares Kraft-Deformationsverhalten zeigt, und dass die Federkonstante quadratisch von der Dicke abh{\"a}ngt. Die Kapseln l{\"o}sen sich praktisch sofort bei pH = 6.5 auf. In der N{\"a}he dieses pHs konnte das Abnehmen der Federkonstanten verfolgt werden. Außerdem wurde das Adh{\"a}sionsverhalten von PAH/PSS Kapseln auf mit PEI-beschichtetem Glas untersucht. Die Adh{\"a}sionsfl{\"a}chen waren zu einem großen Teil rund und ließen sich quantitativ auswerten. Der Adh{\"a}sionsradius nimmt mit dem Kapselradius zu und mit der Dicke ab. Das Verhalten konnte mit zwei Modellen, einem f{\"u}r die große und einem f{\"u}r die kleine Deformation beschrieben werden. Das große Deformationsmodell liefert um eine Gr{\"o}ßenordung niedrigere Adh{\"a}sionsenergien als das kleine Deformationsmodell, welches mit Werten von ‑0.2 mJ/m2 Werte in einem plausiblen Bereich liefert. Es wurde gefunden, dass bei einem Verh{\"a}ltnis von Dicke zu Deformation von etwa eins "buckling" auftritt. Dieser Punkt markierte zugleich den {\"U}bergang von der großen zur kleinen Deformation.},
subject = {Polyelektrolyt},
language = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Lazar2005,
author = {Lazar, Paul},
title = {Transport mechanisms and wetting dynamics in molecularly thin films of long-chain alkanes at solid/vapour interface : relation to the solid-liquid phase transition},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-5275},
school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
year = {2005},
abstract = {Wetting and phase transitions play a very important role our daily life. Molecularly thin films of long-chain alkanes at solid/vapour interfaces (e.g. C30H62 on silicon wafers) are very good model systems for studying the relation between wetting behaviour and (bulk) phase transitions. Immediately above the bulk melting temperature the alkanes wet partially the surface (drops). In this temperature range the substrate surface is covered with a molecularly thin ordered, solid-like alkane film ("surface freezing"). Thus, the alkane melt wets its own solid only partially which is a quite rare phenomenon in nature. The thesis treats about how the alkane melt wets its own solid surface above and below the bulk melting temperature and about the corresponding melting and solidification processes. Liquid alkane drops can be undercooled to few degrees below the bulk melting temperature without immediate solidification. This undercooling behaviour is quite frequent and theoretical quite well understood. In some cases, slightly undercooled drops start to build two-dimensional solid terraces without bulk solidification. The terraces grow radially from the liquid drops on the substrate surface. They consist of few molecular layers with the thickness multiple of all-trans length of the molecule. By analyzing the terrace growth process one can find that, both below and above the melting point, the entire substrate surface is covered with a thin film of mobile alkane molecules. The presence of this film explains how the solid terrace growth is feeded: the alkane molecules flow through it from the undercooled drops to the periphery of the terrace. The study shows for the first time the coexistence of a molecularly thin film ("precursor") with partially wetting bulk phase. The formation and growth of the terraces is observed only in a small temperature interval in which the 2D nucleation of terraces is more likely than the bulk solidification. The nucleation mechanisms for 2D solidification are also analyzed in this work. More surprising is the terrace behaviour above bulk the melting temperature. The terraces can be slightly overheated before they melt. The melting does not occur all over the surface as a single event; instead small drops form at the terrace edge. Subsequently these drops move on the surface "eating" the solid terraces on their way. By this they grow in size leaving behind paths from were the material was collected. Both overheating and droplet movement can be explained by the fact that the alkane melt wets only partially its own solid. For the first time, these results explicitly confirm the supposed connection between the absence of overheating in solid and "surface melting": the solids usually start to melt without an energetic barrier from the surface at temperatures below the bulk melting point. Accordingly, the surface freezing of alkanes give rise of an energetic barrier which leads to overheating.},
subject = {Benetzung},
language = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Kraikivski2005,
author = {Kraikivski, Pavel},
title = {Non-equilibrium dynamics of adsorbed polymers and filaments},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-5979},
school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
year = {2005},
abstract = {In the present work, we discuss two subjects related to the nonequilibrium dynamics of polymers or biological filaments adsorbed to two-dimensional substrates. The first part is dedicated to thermally activated dynamics of polymers on structured substrates in the presence or absence of a driving force. The structured substrate is represented by double-well or periodic potentials. We consider both homogeneous and point driving forces. Point-like driving forces can be realized in single molecule manipulation by atomic force microscopy tips. Uniform driving forces can be generated by hydrodynamic flow or by electric fields for charged polymers. In the second part, we consider collective filament motion in motility assays for motor proteins, where filaments glide over a motor-coated substrate. The model for the simulation of the filament dynamics contains interactive deformable filaments that move under the influence of forces from molecular motors and thermal noise. Motor tails are attached to the substrate and modeled as flexible polymers (entropic springs), motor heads perform a directed walk with a given force-velocity relation. We study the collective filament dynamics and pattern formation as a function of the motor and filament density, the force-velocity characteristics, the detachment rate of motor proteins and the filament interaction. In particular, the formation and statistics of filament patterns such as nematic ordering due to motor activity or clusters due to blocking effects are investigated. Our results are experimentally accessible and possible experimental realizations are discussed.},
subject = {Polymere},
language = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Sempf2005,
author = {Sempf, Mario},
title = {Nichtlineare Dynamik atmosph{\"a}rischer Zirkulationsregime in einem idealisierten Modell},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-5989},
school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
year = {2005},
abstract = {Unter atmosph{\"a}rischen Zirkulationsregimen versteht man bevorzugte quasi-station{\"a}re Zust{\"a}nde der atmosph{\"a}rischen Zirkulation auf der planetaren Skala, die f{\"u}r eine bis mehrere Wochen persistieren k{\"o}nnen. Klima{\"a}nderungen, ob nat{\"u}rlich entstanden oder anthropogen verursacht, {\"a}ußern sich in erster Linie durch {\"A}nderungen der Auftrittswahrscheinlichkeiten der nat{\"u}rlichen Regime. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden dynamische Mechanismen des Regimeverhaltens und der dekadischen Klimavariabilit{\"a}t der Atmosph{\"a}re bei Abwesenheit zeitlich ver{\"a}nderlicher externer Einflussfaktoren untersucht. Das Hauptwerkzeug daf{\"u}r war ein quasi-geostrophisches Dreischichtenmodell der winterlichen atmosph{\"a}rischen Zirkulation auf der Nordhemisph{\"a}re, das eine spektrale T21-Aufl{\"o}sung, einen orographischen und einen zeitlich konstanten thermischen Antrieb mit nicht-zonalen Anteilen besitzt. Ein solches Modell vermag großskalige atmosph{\"a}rische Str{\"o}mungsvorg{\"a}nge außerhalb der Tropen mit einiger Genauigkeit zu simulieren. Nicht ber{\"u}cksichtigt werden Feuchteprozesse, die Wechselwirkung der Atmosph{\"a}re mit anderen Teilen des Klimasystems sowie anthropogene Einfl{\"u}sse. F{\"u}r das Dreischichtenmodell wurde ein automatisiertes, iteratives Verfahren zur Anpassung des thermischen Modellantriebs neu entwickelt. Jede Iteration des Verfahrens besteht aus einer Testintegration des Modells, ihrer Auswertung, dem Vergleich der Ergebnisse mit den NCEP-NCAR-Reanalysedaten aus den Wintermonaten Dezember, Januar und Februar sowie einer auf diesem Vergleich basierenden Antriebskorrektur. Nach Konvergenz des Verfahrens stimmt das Modell sowohl bez{\"u}glich des zonal gemittelten Klimazustandes als auch bez{\"u}glich der zeitgemittelten nicht-zonalen außertropischen diabatischen Erw{\"a}rmung nahezu perfekt mit den wintergemittelten Reanalysedaten {\"u}berein. In einer 1000-j{\"a}hrigen Simulation wurden die beobachtete mittlere Zirkulation im Winter sowie ihre Variabilit{\"a}t realit{\"a}tsnah reproduziert, insbesondere die Arktische Oszillation (AO) und ihre vertikale Ausdehnung. Der AO-Index des Modells weist deutliche dekadische Schwankungen auf, die allein durch die interne Modelldynamik bedingt sind. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus zeigt das Modell ein Regimeverhalten, das gut mit den Beobachtungsdaten {\"u}bereintimmt. Es besitzt ein Regime, das in etwa der negativen Phase der Nordatlantischen Oszillation (NAO) entspricht und eines, das der positiven Phase der AO {\"a}hnelt. Eine weit verbreitete Hypothese ist die n{\"a}herungsweise {\"U}bereinstimmung zwischen Regimen und station{\"a}ren L{\"o}sungen der Bewegungsgleichungen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde diese Hypothese f{\"u}r das Dreischichtenmodell {\"u}berpr{\"u}ft, mit negativem Resultat. Es wurden mittels eines Funktionalminimierungsverfahrens sechs verschiedene station{\"a}re Zust{\"a}nde gefunden. Diese sind allesamt durch eine {\"a}ußerst unrealistische Zirkulation gekennzeichnet und sind daher weit vom Modellattraktor entfernt. F{\"u}nf der sechs Zust{\"a}nde zeichnen sich durch einen extrem starken subtropischen Jet in der mittleren und obereren Modellschicht aus. Da die Ursache des Regimeverhaltens des Dreischichtenmodells nach wie vor unklar war, wurde auf ein einfacheres Modell, n{\"a}mlich ein barotropes Modell mit T21-Aufl{\"o}sung zur{\"u}ckgegriffen. F{\"u}r die Anpassung des Oberfl{\"a}chenantriebs wurde eine modifizierte Form der iterativen Prozedur verwendet. Die zeitgemittelte Zirkulation des barotropen Modells stimmt sehr gut mit der zeitlich und vertikal gemittelten Zirkulation des Dreischichtenmodells {\"u}berein. Das dominierende r{\"a}umliche Muster der Variabilit{\"a}t besitzt eine AO-{\"a}hnliche Struktur. Zudem besitzt das barotrope Modell zwei Regime, die n{\"a}herungsweise der positiven und negativen Phase der AO entsprechen und somit auch den Regimen des Dreischichtenmodells {\"a}hneln. Im Verlauf der Justierung des Oberfl{\"a}chenantriebs konnte beobachtet werden, dass die zwei Regime des barotropen Modells durch die Vereinigung zweier koexistierender Attraktoren entstanden. Der wahrscheinliche Mechanismus der Attraktorvereinigung ist eine Randkrise eines der beiden Attraktoren, gefolgt von einer explosiven Bifurkation des anderen Attraktors. Es wird die Hypothese aufgestellt, dass der beim barotropen Modell vorgefundene Mechanismus der Regimeentstehung f{\"u}r atmosph{\"a}rische Zirkulationsmodelle mit realit{\"a}tsnahem Regimeverhalten Allgemeing{\"u}ltigkeit besitzt. Gest{\"u}tzt wird die Hypothese durch vier Experimente mit dem Dreischichtenmodell, bei denen jeweils der Parameter der Bodenreibung verringert und die Antriebsanpassung wiederholt wurde. Bei diesen Experimenten erh{\"o}hte sich die Persistenz und die Separiertheit der Regime bei abnehmender Reibung drastisch und damit auch der Anteil dekadischer Zeitskalen an der Variabilit{\"a}t. Die Zunahme der Persistenz der Regime ist charakteristisch f{\"u}r die Ann{\"a}herung an eine inverse innere Krise, deren Existenz aber nicht nachgewiesen werden konnte.},
subject = {Nichtlineare Dynamik},
language = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Linke2005,
author = {Linke, Gunnar Torsten},
title = {Eigenschaften fluider Vesikeln bei endlichen Temperaturen},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-5835},
school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
year = {2005},
abstract = {In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden die Eigenschaften geschlossener fluider Membranen, sogenannter Vesikeln, bei endlichen Temperaturen untersucht. Dies beinhaltet Betrachtungen zur Form freier Vesikeln, eine Untersuchung des Adh{\"a}sionsverhaltens von Vesikeln an planaren Substraten sowie eine Untersuchung der Eigenschaften fluider Vesikeln in eingeschr{\"a}nkten Geometrien. Diese Untersuchungen fanden mit Hilfe von Monte-Carlo-Simulationen einer triangulierten Vesikeloberfl{\"a}che statt. Die statistischen Eigenschaften der fluktuierenden fluiden Vesikeln wurden zum Teil mittels Freier-Energie-Profile analysiert. In diesem Zusammenhang wurde eine neuartige Histogrammethode entwickelt.
Die Form f{\"u}r eine freie fluide Vesikel mit frei ver{\"a}nderlichem Volumen, die das Konfigurationsenergie-Funktional minimiert, ist im Falle verschwindender Temperatur eine Kugel. Mit Hilfe von Monte-Carlo-Simulationen sowie einem analytisch behandelbaren Modellsystem konnte gezeigt werden, daß sich dieses Ergebnis nicht auf endliche Temperaturen verallgemeinern l{\"a}sst und statt dessen leicht prolate und oblate Vesikelformen gegen{\"u}ber der Kugelgestalt {\"u}berwiegen. Dabei ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit f{\"u}r eine prolate Form ein wenig gr{\"o}oßer als f{\"u}r eine oblate. Diese spontane Asph{\"a}rizit{\"a}t ist entropischen Ursprungs und tritt nicht bei zweidimensionalen Vesikeln auf. Durch osmotische Dr{\"u}cke in der Vesikel, die gr{\"o}ßer sind als in der umgebenden Fl{\"u}ssigkeit, l{\"a}sst sich die Asph{\"a}rizit{\"a}t reduzieren oder sogar kompensieren. Die {\"U}berg{\"a}nge zwischen den beobachteten prolaten und oblaten Formen erfolgen im Bereich von Millisekunden in Abwesenheit osmotisch aktiver Partikel. Bei Vorhandensein derartiger Partikel ergeben sich {\"U}bergangszeiten im Bereich von Sekunden. Im Rahmen der Untersuchung des Adh{\"a}sionsverhaltens fluider Vesikeln an planaren, homogenen Substraten konnte mit Hilfe von Monte-Carlo-Simulationen festgestellt werden, dass die Eigenschaften der Kontaktfl{\"a}che der Vesikeln stark davon abh{\"a}ngen, welche Kr{\"a}fte den Kontakt bewirken. F{\"u}r eine dominierende attraktive Wechselwirkung zwischen Substrat und Vesikelmembran sowie im Falle eines Massendichteunterschieds der Fl{\"u}ssigkeiten innerhalb und außerhalb der Vesikel, der die Vesikel auf das Substrat sinken l{\"a}sst, fndet man innerhalb der Kontakt � ache eine ortsunabh� angige Verteilung des Abstands zwischen Vesikelmembran und Substrat. Dr{\"u}ckt die Vesikel ohne Ber{\"u}cksichtigung osmotischer Effekte auf Grund einer Differenz der Massendichten der Membran und der umgebenden Fl{\"u}ssigkeit gegen das Substrat, so erh{\"a}lt man eine Abstandsverteilung zwischen Vesikelmembran und Substrat, die mit dem Abstand vom Rand der Kontaktfl{\"a}che variiert. Dieser Effekt ist zudem temperaturabh{\"a}ngig. Ferner wurde die Adh{\"a}sion fluider Vesikeln an chemisch strukturierten planaren Substraten untersucht. Durch das Wechselspiel von entropischen Effekten und Konfigurationsenergien entsteht eine komplexe Abh{\"a}ngigkeit der Vesikelform von Biegesteifigkeit, osmotischen Bedingungen und der Geometrie der attraktiven Dom{\"a}nen. F{\"u}r die Bestimmung der Biegesteifigkeit der Vesikelmembranen liefern die existierenden Verfahren stark voneinander abweichende Ergebnisse. In der vorliegenden Arbeit konnte mittels Monte-Carlo-Simulationen zur Bestimmung der Biegesteifigkeit anhand des Mikropipettenverfahrens von Evans gezeigt werden, dass dieses Verfahren die a priori f{\"u}r die Simulation vorgegebene Biegesteifigkeit im wesentlichen reproduzieren kann. Im Hinblick auf medizinisch-pharmazeutische Anwendungen ist der Durchgang fluider Vesikeln durch enge Poren relevant. In Monte-Carlo-Simulationen konnte gezeigt werden, dass ein spontaner Transport der Vesikel durch ein Konzentrationsgef{\"a}lle osmotisch aktiver Substanzen, das den physiologischen Bedingungen entspricht, induziert werden kann. Es konnten die hierf{\"u}r notwendigen osmotischen Bedingungen sowie die charakteristischen Zeitskalen abgesch{\"a}tzt werden. Im realen Experiment sind Eindringzeiten in eine enge Pore im Bereich weniger Minuten zu erwarten. Ferner konnte beobachtet werden, dass bei Vesikeln mit einer homogenen, positiven spontanen Kr{\"u}mmung Deformationen hin zu prolaten Formen leichter erfolgen als bei Vesikeln ohne spontane Kr{\"u}mmung. Mit diesem Effekt ist eine Verringerung der Energiebarriere f{\"u}r das Eindringen in eine Pore verbunden, deren Radius nur wenig kleiner als der Vesikelradius ist.},
subject = {Membran},
language = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Kleinen2005,
author = {Kleinen, Thomas Christopher},
title = {Stochastic information in the assessment of climate change},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-5382},
school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
year = {2005},
abstract = {Stochastic information, to be understood as \"information gained by the application of stochastic methods\", is proposed as a tool in the assessment of changes in climate. This thesis aims at demonstrating that stochastic information can improve the consideration and reduction of uncertainty in the assessment of changes in climate. The thesis consists of three parts. In part one, an indicator is developed that allows the determination of the proximity to a critical threshold. In part two, the tolerable windows approach (TWA) is extended to a probabilistic TWA. In part three, an integrated assessment of changes in flooding probability due to climate change is conducted within the TWA. The thermohaline circulation (THC) is a circulation system in the North Atlantic, where the circulation may break down in a saddle-node bifurcation under the influence of climate change. Due to uncertainty in ocean models, it is currently very difficult to determine the distance of the THC to the bifurcation point. We propose a new indicator to determine the system's proximity to the bifurcation point by considering the THC as a stochastic system and using the information contained in the fluctuations of the circulation around the mean state. As the system is moved closer to the bifurcation point, the power spectrum of the overturning becomes \"redder\", i.e. more energy is contained in the low frequencies. Since the spectral changes are a generic property of the saddle-node bifurcation, the method is not limited to the THC, but it could also be applicable to other systems, e.g. transitions in ecosystems. In part two, a probabilistic extension to the tolerable windows approach (TWA) is developed. In the TWA, the aim is to determine the complete set of emission strategies that are compatible with so-called guardrails. Guardrails are limits to impacts of climate change or to climate change itself. Therefore, the TWA determines the \"maneuvering space\" humanity has, if certain impacts of climate change are to be avoided. Due to uncertainty it is not possible to definitely exclude the impacts of climate change considered, but there will always be a certain probability of violating a guardrail. Therefore the TWA is extended to a probabilistic TWA that is able to consider \"probabilistic uncertainty\", i.e. uncertainty that can be expressed as a probability distribution or uncertainty that arises through natural variability. As a first application, temperature guardrails are imposed, and the dependence of emission reduction strategies on probability distributions for climate sensitivities is investigated. The analysis suggests that it will be difficult to observe a temperature guardrail of 2\°C with high probabilities of actually meeting the target. In part three, an integrated assessment of changes in flooding probability due to climate change is conducted. A simple hydrological model is presented, as well as a downscaling scheme that allows the reconstruction of the spatio-temporal natural variability of temperature and precipitation. These are used to determine a probabilistic climate impact response function (CIRF), a function that allows the assessment of changes in probability of certain flood events under conditions of a changed climate. The assessment of changes in flooding probability is conducted in 83 major river basins. Not all floods can be considered: Events that either happen very fast, or affect only a very small area can not be considered, but large-scale flooding due to strong longer-lasting precipitation events can be considered. Finally, the probabilistic CIRFs obtained are used to determine emission corridors, where the guardrail is a limit to the fraction of world population that is affected by a predefined shift in probability of the 50-year flood event. This latter analysis has two main results. The uncertainty about regional changes in climate is still very high, and even small amounts of further climate change may lead to large changes in flooding probability in some river systems.},
subject = {Anthropogene Klima{\"a}nderung},
language = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Koelsch2005,
author = {K{\"o}lsch, Patrick},
title = {Static and dynamic properties of soluble surfactants at the air/water interface},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-5716},
school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
year = {2005},
abstract = {Amphiphilic molecules contain a hydrophilic headgroup and a hydrophobic tail. The headgroup is polar or ionic and likes water, the tail is typically an aliphatic chain that cannot be accommodated in a polar environment. The prevailing molecular asymmetry leads to a spontaneous adsorption of amphiphiles at the air/water or oil/water interfaces. As a result, the surface tension and the surface rheology is changed. Amphiphiles are important tools to deliberately modify the interfacial properties of liquid interfaces and enable new phenomena such as foams which cannot be formed in a pure liquid. In this thesis we investigate the static and dynamic properties of adsorption layers of soluble amphiphiles at the air/water interface, the so called Gibbs monolayers. The classical way for an investigation of these systems is based on a thermodynamic analysis of the equilibrium surface tension as a function of the bulk composition in the framework of Gibbs theory. However, thermodynamics does not provide any structural information and several recent publications challenge even fundamental text book concepts. The experimental investigation faces difficulties imposed by the low surface coverage and the presence of dissolved amphiphiles in the adjacent bulk phase. In this thesis we used a suite of techniques with the sensitivity to detect less than a monolayer of molecules at the air-water interface. Some of these techniques are extremely complex such as infrared visible sum frequency generation (IR-VIS SFG) spectroscopy or second harmonic generation (SHG). Others are traditional techniques, such as ellipsometry employed in new ways and pushed to new limits. Each technique probes selectively different parts of the interface and the combination provides a profound picture of the interfacial architecture. The first part of the thesis is dedicated to the distribution of ions at interfaces. Adsorption layers of ionic amphiphiles serve as model systems allowing to produce a defined surface charge. The charge of the monolayer is compensated by the counterions. As a result of a complex zoo of interactions there will be a defined distribution of ions at the interface, however, its experimental determination is a big scientific challenge. We could demonstrate that a combination of linear and nonlinear techniques gives direct insights in the prevailing ion distribution. Our investigations reveal specific ion effects which cannot be described by classical Poisson-Boltzmann mean field type theories. Adsorption layer and bulk phase are in thermodynamic equilibrium, however, it is important to stress that there is a constant molecular exchange between adsorbed and dissolved species. This exchange process is a key element for the understanding of some of the thermodynamic properties. An excellent way to study Gibbs monolayers is to follow the relaxation from a non-equilibrium to an equilibrium state. Upon compression amphiphiles must leave the adsorption layer and dissolve in the adjacent bulk phase. Upon expansion amphiphiles must adsorb at the interface to restore the equilibrium coverage. Obviously the frequency of the expansion and compression cycles must match the molecular exchange processes. At too low frequencies the equilibrium is maintained at all times. If the frequency is too fast the system behaves as a monolayer of insoluble surfactants. In this thesis we describe an unique variant of an oscillating bubble technique that measures precisely the real and imaginary part of the complex dilational modulus E in a frequency range up to 500 Hz. The extension of about two decades in the time domain in comparison to the conventional method of an oscillating drop is a tremendous achievement. The imaginary part of the complex dilational modulus E is a consequence of a dissipative process which is interpreted as an intrinsic surface dilational viscosity. The IR-VIS SFG spectra of the interfacial water provide a molecular interpretation of the underlying dissipative process.},
subject = {Nichtlineare Optik},
language = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Kubas2005,
author = {Kubas, Daniel},
title = {Applications of Galactic Microlensing},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-5179},
school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
year = {2005},
abstract = {Subject of this work is the study of applications of the Galactic Microlensing effect, where the light of a distant star (source) is bend according to Einstein's theory of gravity by the gravitational field of intervening compact mass objects (lenses), creating multiple (however not resolvable) images of the source. Relative motion of source, observer and lens leads to a variation of deflection/magnification and thus to a time dependant observable brightness change (lightcurve), a so-called microlensing event, lasting weeks to months. The focus lies on the modeling of binary-lens events, which provide a unique tool to fully characterize the lens-source system and to detect extra-solar planets around the lens star. Making use of the ability of genetic algorithms to efficiently explore large and intricate parameter spaces in the quest for the global best solution, a modeling software (Tango) for binary lenses is developed, presented and applied to data sets from the PLANET microlensing campaign. For the event OGLE-2002-BLG-069 the 2nd ever lens mass measurement has been achieved, leading to a scenario, where a G5III Bulge giant at 9.4 kpc is lensed by an M-dwarf binary with total mass of M=0.51 solar masses at distance 2.9 kpc. Furthermore a method is presented to use the absence of planetary lightcurve signatures to constrain the abundance of extra-solar planets.},
subject = {Planeten},
language = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Luebbert1999,
author = {L{\"u}bbert, Daniel},
title = {Strain and lattice distortion in semiconductor structures : a synchrotron radiation study},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-0000195},
school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
year = {1999},
abstract = {Die Arbeit stellt neu entwickelte R{\"o}ntgenbeugungsmethoden vor, mit deren Hilfe der Verzerrungszustand des Kristallgitters von Halbleiter-Wafern und -Bauteilen im Detail charakterisiert werden kann. Hierzu werden die aussergew{\"o}hnlichen Eigenschaften der an modernen Synchrotrons wie der ESRF (Grenoble) verf{\"u}gbaren R{\"o}ntgenstrahlung genutzt. Im ersten Teil der Arbeit werden R{\"o}ntgen-Diffraktometrie und -Topographie zu einer Untersuchungsmethode kombiniert, mit der die makroskopische Kr{\"u}mmung von Halbleiter-Wafern ebenso wie ihre mikroskopische Defektstruktur abgebildet werden kann. Der zweite Teil ist der Untersuchung von epitaktisch gewachsenen und ge{\"a}tzten Oberfl{\"a}chengittern mit Abmessungen im Submikrometer-Bereich gewidmet. Die unterschiedlichen Gitterkonstanten der beteiligten Halbleitermaterialien f{\"u}hren zu einem inhomogenen Verzerrungsfeld in der Probe, das sich im R{\"o}ntgenbild durch eine charakteristische Verformung des Beugungsmusters in der Umgebung der Bragg-Reflexe {\"a}ussert. Die Analyse der experimentell gemessenen Beugungsmuster geschieht mit Hilfe eines neu entwickelten Simulationsverfahrens, das Elastizit{\"a}tstheorie und eine semi-kinematische R{\"o}ntgenbeugungstheorie miteinander verbindet. Durch quantitativen Vergleich der Simulationsergebnisse mit den Messdaten kann auf den genauen Verlauf des Verzerrungsfeldes in den Proben zur{\"u}ckgeschlossen werden. Dieses Verfahren wird erfolgreich auf verschiedene Halbleiter-Probensysteme angewendet, und schliesslich auch auf die Untersuchung von akustischen Oberfl{\"a}chenwellen in Halbleiterkristallen {\"u}bertragen.},
subject = {Halbleiter / Kristallgitter / Verzerrung / R{\"o}ntgenbeugung / Synchrotronstrahlung},
language = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Schmidt2000,
author = {Schmidt, Robert W.},
title = {Cosmological applications of gravitational lensing},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-0000261},
school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
year = {2000},
abstract = {In dieser Arbeit benutze ich den Gravitationslinseneffekt als ein Werkzeug, um zwei recht unterschiedliche kosmologische Fragestellungen zu bearbeiten: die Natur der dunklen Materie in Galaxienhalos und die Rotation des Universums. Zuerst untersuche ich den Mikrolinseneffekt in den Gravitationlinsensystemen Q0957+561 und Q2237+0305. In diesen Systemen scheint das Licht eines Quasars durch die Linsengalaxie hindurch. Aufgrund der Relativbewegung zwischen Quasar, Linsengalaxie und Beobachter verursachen kompakte Objekte innerhalb der Galaxie oder dem Galaxienhalo Helligkeitsfluktuationen des Hintergrundquasars. Ich vergleiche die am 3.5m Teleskop des Apache Point Observatory zwischen 1995 und 1998 gewonnene Lichtkurve des Doppelquasars Q0957+561 (Colley, Kundic \& Turner 2000) mit numerischen Simulationen, um zu untersuchen, ob der Halo der Linsengalaxie aus massiven kompakten Objekten (MACHOs) besteht. Dieser Test wurde zuerst von Gott (1981) vorgeschlagen. Ich kann MACHO-Massen von 10^-6 M_sun bis zu 10^-2 M_sun ausschliessen, sofern der Quasar kleiner ist als 3x10^14 h_60^-0.5 cm und MACHOs mehr als 50\% des dunklen Halos ausmachen. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit stelle ich neue Beobachtungsdaten fuer den Vierfachquasar Q2237+0305 vor, die am 3.5m Teleskop des Apache Point Observatory zwischen Juni 1995 und Januar 1998 gewonnen wurden. Obwohl die Daten bei veraenderlichen, oft schlechten Seeing Bedingungen und grober Pixelaufloesung aufgenommen wurden, ist die Photometrie der beiden helleren Quasarbilder A und B mit Hilfe von HST-Beobachtungen moeglich. Ich finde ein Helligkeitsmaximum in Bild A mit einer Amplitude von 0.4 bis 0.5 mag und einer Dauer von wenigstens 100 Tagen. Dies zeigt, dass in der Linsengalaxie der Mikrolinseneffekt stattgefunden hat. Im abschliessenden Teil der Arbeit benutze ich dann den schwachen Gravitationslinseneffekt, um Grenzen fuer eine Klasse von rotierenden Kosmologien vom Goedel-Typ zu ermitteln, die von Korotky \& Obukhov (1996) beschrieben wurde. In Studien des schwachen Linseneffektes werden die Formen von tausenden von Hintergrundgalaxien vermessen und gemittelt. Dabei werden kohaerente Verzerrungen der Galaxienformen gemessen, die von Massenverteilungen im Vordergrund oder von der grossraeumigen Struktur der Raumzeit selbst verursacht werden. Ich berechne die vorhergesagte Scherung als Funktion der Rotverschiebung in rotierenden Kosmologien vom Goedel-Typ und vergleiche diese mit der oberen Grenze fuer die kosmische Scherung gamma_limit von 0.04, die in Studien des schwachen Linseneffektes gewonnen wurde. Dieser Vergleich zeigt, dass Modelle vom Goedel-Typ keine groesseren Rotationen omega als H_0=6.1x10^-11 h_60/Jahr haben koennen, wenn die Grenze fuer die kosmische Scherung fuer den ganzen Himmel gilt.},
language = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Nikolov2004,
author = {Nikolov, Vesselin Kirolov},
title = {Model membranes grafted with long polymers},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-0001409},
school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
year = {2004},
abstract = {Wir untersuchen, welchen Einfluss die Verankerung von langen, hydrophilen Polymeren in Lipidmembranen auf deren elastische Eigenschaften aus{\"u}bt. Theoretisch werden zwei Grenzbereiche f{\"u}r die spontane Kr{\"u}mmung der Membran erwartet: i) bei kleinen Oberfl{\"a}chenkonzentrationen des Polymers (Pilzgebiet) sollte die spontane Kr{\"u}mmung linear von der Oberfl{\"a}chendichte des verankerten Polymers abh{\"a}ngen; ii) bei hoher Bedeckung (B{\"u}rstengebiet) sollte die Abh{\"a}ngigkeit quadratisch sein. Wir versuchen, Vorhersagen f{\"u}r das B{\"u}rstengebiet zu pr{\"u}fen, indem wir die morphologischen Ver{\"a}nderungen beobachten, die bei Riesen (Giant)- Vesikeln hervorgerufen werden. Als lange Polymere verwenden wir fluoreszenzmarkierte \&\#955;-Phage DNA Molek{\"u}le, die durch eine Biotin-Avidin-Biotin Verbindung an biotinhaltigen Lipidvesikeln befestigt sind. Wir kontrollieren die Oberfl{\"a}chenkonzentration der Anker durch Variation der Menge an biotinhaltigem Lipid in der Membran. Die Menge der an der Membran verankerten DNA wird durch Fluoreszenzmessungen quantifiziert. {\"A}nderungen in den elastischen Eigenschaften der Membran bei Anbindung der DNA, werden {\"u}ber eine Analyse der Vesikel-Fluktuationen kontrolliert. Die spontane Kr{\"u}mmung der Membran steigt mit der Oberfl{\"a}chenbeladung. Bei h{\"o}heren Verankerungen bilden die Vesikel Knospen (budding). Die Gr{\"o}ße der Knospen kann ebenfalls zur Bestimmung der Kr{\"u}mmung der Membran verwendet werden. Der Einfluss auf die Biegesteifigkeit ist Thema weiterer Untersuchungen.},
language = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Hainzl1999,
author = {Hainzl, Sebastian},
title = {Erdbeben und selbstorganisierte Kritizit{\"a}t : Modellierung der raumzeitlichen Erdbebendynamik},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-0000130},
school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
year = {1999},
abstract = {Diese Arbeit besch{\"a}ftigt sich mit der Annahme, dass den Erdbeben ein selbstorganisiert kritischer Zustand der Erdkruste zugrunde liegt. Mit Hilfe einer Erweiterung bisheriger Modelle wird gezeigt, dass ein solcher Zustand nicht nur f{\"u}r die Gr{\"o}ssenverteilung der Erdbeben (Gutenberg-Richter Gesetz), sondern auch f{\"u}r das beobachtete raumzeitliche Auftreten, z.B. f{\"u}r das Omori-Gesetz f{\"u}r Nachbebenserien, verantwortlich sein kann. Desweiteren wird die Frage nach der Vorhersagbarkeit grosser Erdbeben in solchen Modellsimulationen untersucht.},
language = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Zoeller1999,
author = {Z{\"o}ller, Gert},
title = {Analyse raumzeitlicher Muster in Erdbebendaten},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-0000122},
school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
year = {1999},
abstract = {Die vorliegende Arbeit besch{\"a}ftigt sich mit der Charakterisierung von Seismizit{\"a}t anhand von Erdbebenkatalogen. Es werden neue Verfahren der Datenanalyse entwickelt, die Aufschluss dar{\"u}ber geben sollen, ob der seismischen Dynamik ein stochastischer oder ein deterministischer Prozess zugrunde liegt und was daraus f{\"u}r die Vorhersagbarkeit starker Erdbeben folgt. Es wird gezeigt, dass seismisch aktive Regionen h{\"a}ufig durch nichtlinearen Determinismus gekennzeichent sind. Dies schließt zumindest die M{\"o}glichkeit einer Kurzzeitvorhersage ein. Das Auftreten seismischer Ruhe wird h{\"a}ufig als Vorl{\"a}uferphaenomen f{\"u}r starke Erdbeben gedeutet. Es wird eine neue Methode pr{\"a}sentiert, die eine systematische raumzeitliche Kartierung seismischer Ruhephasen erm{\"o}glicht. Die statistische Signifikanz wird mit Hilfe des Konzeptes der Ersatzdaten bestimmt. Als Resultat erh{\"a}lt man deutliche Korrelationen zwischen seismischen Ruheperioden und starken Erdbeben. Gleichwohl ist die Signifikanz daf{\"u}r nicht hoch genug, um eine Vorhersage im Sinne einer Aussage {\"u}ber den Ort, die Zeit und die St{\"a}rke eines zu erwartenden Hauptbebens zu erm{\"o}glichen.},
language = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Uyaver2004,
author = {Uyaver, Sahin},
title = {Simulation of annealed polyelectrolytes in poor solvents},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-0001488},
school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
year = {2004},
abstract = {Polymere sind lange kettenartige Molek{\"u}le. Sie bestehen aus vielen elementaren chemischen Einheiten, den Monomeren, die durch kovalente Bindungen aneinander gekettet sind. Polyelektrolyte sind Polymere, die ionisierbare Monomeren enthalten. Aufgrund ihrer speziellen Eigenschaften sind Polyelektrolyte sowohl in der Molekular- und Zellbiologie von großen Bedeutung als auch in der Chemie großtechnisch relevant. Verglichen mit ungeladenen Polymeren sind Polyelektrolyte theoretisch noch wenig verstanden. Insbesondere gilt dies f{\"u}r Polyelektrolyte in sogenanntem schlechten L{\"o}sungsmittel. Ein schlechtes L{\"o}sungsmittel bewirkt eine effektive Anziehung zwischen den Monomeren. F{\"u}r Polyelektrolyte in schlechtem L{\"o}sungsmittel kommt es daher zu einer Konkurrenz zwischen dieser Anziehung und der elektrostatischen Abstoßung. Geladene Polymere werden im Rahmen der chemischen Klassifikation in starke und schwache Polyelektrolyte unterschieden. Erstere zeigen vollst{\"a}ndige Dissoziation unabh{\"a}ngig vom pH-Wert der L{\"o}sung. Die Position der Ladungen auf der Kette wird ausschließlich w{\"a}hrend der Polymersynthese festgelegt. In der Physik spricht man deshalb von Polyelektrolyten mit eingefrorener Ladungsverteilung (quenched polyelectrolytes). Im Falle von schwachen Polyelektrolyten ist die Ladungsdichte auf der Kette nicht konstant, sondern wird durch der pH-Wert der L{\"o}sung kontrolliert. Durch Rekombinations- und Dissoziationsprozesse sind die Ladungen auf der Kette beweglich. Im allgemeinen stellt sich eine inhomogene Gleichgewichtsverteilung ein, die mit der Struktur der Kette gekoppelt ist. Diese Polymere werden deshalb auch Polyelektrolyte mit Gleichgewichtsladungsverteilung (annealed polyelectrolytes) genannt. Wegen des zus{\"a}tzlichen Freiheitsgrades in der Ladungsverteilung werden eine Reihe ungew{\"o}hnlicher Eigenschaften theoretisch vorhergesagt. Mit Hilfe von Simulationen ist es zum ersten Mal gelungen, zu zeigen daß 'annealed' Polyelektrolyte in relativ schlechtem L{\"o}sungsmittel einen diskontinuierlichen Phasen{\"u}bergang durchlaufen, wenn ein kritischer pH-Werts der L{\"o}sung {\"u}berschritten wird. Bei diesem Phasen{\"u}bergang, gehen die Polyelektolyte von einer schwach geladenen kompakten globul{\"a}ren Struktur zu einer stark geladenen gestreckten Konfiguration {\"u}ber. Aufgrund theoretischer Vorhersagen wird erwartet, daß die globul{\"a}re Struktur in weniger schlechtem L{\"o}sungsmittel instabil wird und sich eine Perlenkettenkonfiguration ausbildet. Diese Vorhersage konnte f{\"u}r 'annealed' Polyelektrolyte mit den durchgef{\"u}hrten Simulationen zum ersten Mal best{\"a}tigt werden - inzwischen auch durch erste experimentelle Ergebnisse. Schließlich zeigen die Simulationen auch, daß annealed Polyelektrolyte bei einer kritischen Salzkonzentration in der L{\"o}sung einen scharfen {\"U}bergang zwischen einem stark geladenen gestreckten Zustand und einem schwach geladenen globul{\"a}ren Zustand aufweisen, wiederum in {\"U}bereinstimmung mit theoretischen Erwartungen.},
language = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Maraun2006,
author = {Maraun, Douglas},
title = {What can we learn from climate data? : Methods for fluctuation, time/scale and phase analysis},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-9047},
school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
year = {2006},
abstract = {Since Galileo Galilei invented the first thermometer, researchers have tried to understand the complex dynamics of ocean and atmosphere by means of scientific methods. They observe nature and formulate theories about the climate system. Since some decades powerful computers are capable to simulate the past and future evolution of climate. Time series analysis tries to link the observed data to the computer models: Using statistical methods, one estimates characteristic properties of the underlying climatological processes that in turn can enter the models. The quality of an estimation is evaluated by means of error bars and significance testing. On the one hand, such a test should be capable to detect interesting features, i.e. be sensitive. On the other hand, it should be robust and sort out false positive results, i.e. be specific. This thesis mainly aims to contribute to methodological questions of time series analysis with a focus on sensitivity and specificity and to apply the investigated methods to recent climatological problems. First, the inference of long-range correlations by means of Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (DFA) is studied. It is argued that power-law scaling of the fluctuation function and thus long-memory may not be assumed a priori but have to be established. This requires to investigate the local slopes of the fluctuation function. The variability characteristic for stochastic processes is accounted for by calculating empirical confidence regions. The comparison of a long-memory with a short-memory model shows that the inference of long-range correlations from a finite amount of data by means of DFA is not specific. When aiming to infer short memory by means of DFA, a local slope larger than \$\alpha=0.5\$ for large scales does not necessarily imply long-memory. Also, a finite scaling of the autocorrelation function is shifted to larger scales in the fluctuation function. It turns out that long-range correlations cannot be concluded unambiguously from the DFA results for the Prague temperature data set. In the second part of the thesis, an equivalence class of nonstationary Gaussian stochastic processes is defined in the wavelet domain. These processes are characterized by means of wavelet multipliers and exhibit well defined time dependent spectral properties; they allow one to generate realizations of any nonstationary Gaussian process. The dependency of the realizations on the wavelets used for the generation is studied, bias and variance of the wavelet sample spectrum are calculated. To overcome the difficulties of multiple testing, an areawise significance test is developed and compared to the conventional pointwise test in terms of sensitivity and specificity. Applications to Climatological and Hydrological questions are presented. The thesis at hand mainly aims to contribute to methodological questions of time series analysis and to apply the investigated methods to recent climatological problems. In the last part, the coupling between El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Indian Monsoon on inter-annual time scales is studied by means of Hilbert transformation and a curvature defined phase. This method allows one to investigate the relation of two oscillating systems with respect to their phases, independently of their amplitudes. The performance of the technique is evaluated using a toy model. From the data, distinct epochs are identified, especially two intervals of phase coherence, 1886-1908 and 1964-1980, confirming earlier findings from a new point of view. A significance test of high specificity corroborates these results. Also so far unknown periods of coupling invisible to linear methods are detected. These findings suggest that the decreasing correlation during the last decades might be partly inherent to the ENSO/Monsoon system. Finally, a possible interpretation of how volcanic radiative forcing could cause the coupling is outlined.},
subject = {Spektralanalyse },
language = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Kappe2006,
author = {Kappe, Philip},
title = {Design and investigation of the emission dynamics of a mode-locked SBS-laser oscillator},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-11514},
school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
year = {2006},
abstract = {The primary objective of this work was to develop a laser source for fundamental investigations in the field of laser - materials interactions. In particular it is supposed to facilitate the study of the influence of the temporal energy distribution such as the interaction between adjacent pulses on ablation processes. Therefore, the aim was to design a laser with a highly flexible and easily controllable temporal energy distribution. The laser to meet these demands is an SBS-laser with optional active mode-locking. The nonlinear reflectivity of the SBS-mirror leads to a passive Q-switching and issues ns-pulse bursts with µs spacing. The pulse train parameters such as pulse duration, pulse spacing, pulse energy and number of pulses within a burst can be individually adjusted by tuning the pump parameters and the starting conditions for the laser. Another feature of the SBS-reflection is phase conjugation, which leads to an excellent beam quality thanks to the compensation of phase distortions. Transverse fundamental mode operation and a beam quality better than 1.4 times diffraction limited can be maintained for average output powers of up to 10 W. In addition to the dynamics on a ns-timescale described above, a defined splitting up of each ns-pulse into a train of ps-pulses can be achieved by additional active mode-locking. This twofold temporal focussing of the intensity leads to single pulse energies of up to 2 mJ at pulse durations of approximately 400 ps which corresponds to a pulse peak power of 5 MW. While the pulse duration is of the same order of magnitude as those of other passively Q-switched lasers with simultaneous mode-locking, the pulse energy and pulse peak power exceeds the values of these systems found in the literature by an order of magnitude. To the best of my knowledge the laser presented here is the first implementation of a self-starting mode-locked SBS-laser oscillator. In order to gain a better understanding and control of the transient output of the laser two complementary numerical models were developed. The first is based on laser rate equations which are solved for each laser mode individually while the mode-locking dynamics are calculated from the resultant transient spectrum. The rate equations consider the mean photon densities in the resonator, therefore the propagation of the light inside the resonator is not properly displayed. The second model, in contrast, introduces a spatial resolution of the resonator and hence the propagation inside the resonator can more accurately be considered. Consequently, a mismatch between the loss modulation frequency and the resonator round trip time can be conceived. The model calculates all dynamics in the time domain and therefore the spectral influences such as the Stokes-shift have to be neglected. Both models achieve an excellent reproduction of the ns-dynamics that are generated by the SBS-Q-switch. Separately, each model fails to reproduce all aspects of the ps-dynamics of the SBS-laser in detail. This can be attributed to the complexity of the numerous physical processes involved in this system. But thanks to their complementary nature they provide a very useful tool for investigating the various influences on the dynamics of the mode-locked SBS-laser individually. These aspects can eventually be recomposed to give a complete picture of the mechanisms which govern the output dynamics. Among the aspects under scrutiny were in particular the start resonator quality which determines the starting condition for the SBS-Q-switch, the modulation depth of the AOM and the phonon lifetime as well as the Brillouin-frequency of the SBS-medium. The numerical simulations and the experiments have opened several doors inviting further investigations and promising a potential for further improvement of the experimental results: The results of the simulations in combination with the experimental results which determined the starting conditions for the simulations leave no doubt that the bandwidth generation can primarily be attributed to the SBS-Stokes-shift during the buildup of the Q-switch pulse. For each resonator round trip, bandwidth is generated by shifting a part of the revolving light in frequency. The magnitude of the frequency shift corresponds to the Brillouin-frequency which is a constant of the SBS material and amounts in the case of SF6 to 240 MHz. The modulation of the AOM merely provides an exchange of population between spectrally adjacent modes and therefore diminishes a modulation in the spectrum. By use of a material with a Brillouin-frequency in the GHz range the bandwidth generation can be considerably accelerated thereby shortening the pulse duration. Also, it was demonstrated that yet another nonlinear effect of the SBS can be exploited: If the phonon lifetime is short compared to the resonator round trip time we obtain a modulation in the SBS-reflectivity that supports the modulation of the AOM. The application of an external optical feedback by a conventional mirror turns out to be an alternative to the AOM in synchronizing the longitudinal resonator modes. The interesting feature about this system is that it is ― although highly complex in the physical processes and the temporal output dynamics ― very simple and inexpensive from a technical point of view. No expensive modulators and no control electronics are necessary. Finally, the numerical models constitute a powerful tool for the investigation of emission dynamics of complex laser systems on arbitrary timescales and can also display the spectral evolution of the laser output. In particular it could be demonstrated that differences in the results of the complementary models vanish for systems of lesser complexity.},
language = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Streibel2005,
author = {Streibel, Martin Albert Gerhard},
title = {Bestimmung von Ozonabbauraten {\"u}ber der Arktis und Antarktis mittels Ozonsonden- und Satellitendaten},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-6570},
school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
year = {2005},
abstract = {Diese Arbeit besch{\"a}ftigt sich mit der chemischen Ozonzerst{\"o}rung im arktischen und antarktischen stratosph{\"a}rischen Polarwirbel. Diese wird durch Abbauprodukte von anthropogen emittierten Fluorchlorkohlenwasserstoffen und Halonen, Chlor- und Bromradikale, verursacht. Studien in denen der gemessene und modellierte Ozonabbau verglichen wird zeigen, dass die Prozeße bekannt sind, der quantitative Verlauf allerdings nicht vollst{\"a}ndig verstanden ist. Die Prozesse, die zur Ozonzerst{\"o}rung f{\"u}hren sind in beiden Polarwirbeln {\"a}hnlich. Allerdings f{\"a}llt als Konsequenz unterschiedlicher meteorologischer Bedingungen der chemische Ozonabbau im arktischen Polarwirbel weniger drastisch aus als {\"u}ber der Antarktis. Der arktische Polarwirbel ist im Mittel st{\"a}rker dynamisch gest{\"o}rt als der antarktische und weist eine st{\"a}rkere Jahr-zu-Jahr Variabilit{\"a}t auf. Das erschwert die Messung des chemischen Ozonabbaus. Zur Trennung des chemischen Ozonabbaus von der dynamischen Umverteilung des Ozons im arktischen Polarwirbel wurde die Matchmethode entwickelt. Bei dieser Methode werden Luftpakete innerhalb des Polarwirbels mehrfach beprobt, um den chemischen Anteil der Ozon{\"a}nderung zu quantifizieren. Zur Identifizierung von doppelt beprobten Luftpaketen werden Trajektorien aus Windfeldern berechnet. K{\"o}nnen zwei Messungen im Rahmen bestimmter Qualit{\"a}tskriterien durch eine Trajektorie verbunden werden, kann die Ozondifferenz zwischen beiden Sondierungen berechnet und als chemischer Ozonabbau interpretiert werden. Eine solche Koinzidenz wird Match genannt. Der Matchmethode liegt ein statistischer Ansatz zugrunde, so dass eine Vielzahl solcher doppelt beprobter Luftmassen vorliegen muss, um gesicherte Aussagen {\"u}ber die Ozonzerst{\"o}rung gewinnen zu k{\"o}nnen. So erh{\"a}lt man die Ozonzerst{\"o}rung in einem bestimmten Zeitintervall, also Ozonabbauraten. Um die Anzahl an doppelt beprobten Luftpackten zu erh{\"o}hen wurde eine aktive Koordinierung der Ozonsondenaufstiege entwickelt. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden Matchkampagnen w{\"a}hrend des arktischen Winters 2002/2003 und zum ersten Mal w{\"a}hrend eines antarktischen Winter (2003) durchgef{\"u}hrt. Aus den gewonnenen Daten wurden Ozonabbauraten in beiden Polarwirbeln bestimmt. Diese Abbauraten dienen zum einen der Evaluierung von Modellen, erm{\"o}glichen aber auch den direkten Vergleich von Ozonabbauraten in beiden Polarwirbeln. Der Winter 2002/2003 war zu Beginn durch sehr tiefe Temperaturen in der mittleren und unteren Stratosph{\"a}re charakterisiert, so dass die Matchkampagne Ende November gestartet wurde. Ab Januar war der Polarwirbel zeitweise stark dynamisch gest{\"o}rt. Die Kampagne ging bis Mitte M{\"a}rz. F{\"u}r den H{\"o}henbereich von 400 bis 550 K potentieller Temperatur (15-23 km) konnten Ozonabbauraten und der Verlust in der Gesamts{\"a}ule berechnet werden. Die Ozonabbauraten wurden in verschiedenen Tests auf ihre Stabilit{\"a}t {\"u}berpr{\"u}ft. Der antarktische Polarwirbel war vom Beginn des Winters bis Mitte Oktober 2003 sehr kalt und stellte Ende September kurzzeitig den Rekord f{\"u}r die gr{\"o}ßte bisher aufgetretene Ozonloch-Fl{\"a}che ein. Es konnten f{\"u}r den Kampagnenzeitraum, Anfang Juni bis Anfang Oktober, Ozonabbauraten im H{\"o}henbereich von 400 bis 550 K potentieller Temperatur ermittelt werden. Der zeitliche Verlauf des Ozonabbaus war dabei auf fast allen H{\"o}henniveaus identisch. Die Zunahme des Sonnenlichtes im Polarwirbel mit der Zeit f{\"u}hrt zu einem starken Anwachsen der Ozonabbauraten. Ab Mitte September gingen die Ozonabbauraten auf Null zur{\"u}ck, da bis zu diesem Zeitpunkt das gesamte Ozon zwischen ca. 14 und 21 km zerst{\"o}rt wurde. Im letzten Teil der Arbeit wird ein neuer Algorithmus auf Basis der multivariaten Regression vorgestellt, mit dem Ozonabbauraten aus Ozonprofilen verschiedener Sensoren gleichzeitig berechnet werden k{\"o}nnen. Dabei k{\"o}nnen neben der Ozonabbaurate die systematischen Fehler zwischen den einzelnen Sensoren bestimmt werden. Dies wurde exemplarisch am antarktischen Winter 2003 f{\"u}r das 475 K potentielle Temperatur Niveau gezeigt. Neben den Ozonprofilen der Sonden wurden Daten von zwei Satellitenexperimenten verwendet. Die mit der multivariaten Matchtechnik berechneten Ozonabbauraten stimmen gut mit den Ozonabbauraten der Einzelsensor-Matchans{\"a}tze {\"u}berein.},
subject = {Ozon},
language = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Boroudjerdi2005,
author = {Boroudjerdi, Hoda},
title = {Charged polymer-macroion complexes},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-6282},
school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
year = {2005},
abstract = {This work explores the equilibrium structure and thermodynamic phase behavior of complexes formed by charged polymer chains (polyelectrolytes) and oppositely charged spheres (macroions). Polyelectrolyte-macroion complexes form a common pattern in soft-matter physics, chemistry and biology, and enter in numerous technological applications as well. From a fundamental point of view, such complexes are interesting in that they combine the subtle interplay between electrostatic interactions and elastic as well as entropic effects due to conformational changes of the polymer chain, giving rise to a wide range of structural properties. This forms the central theme of theoretical studies presented in this thesis, which concentrate on a number of different problems involving strongly coupled complexes, i.e. complexes that are characterized by a large adsorption energy and small chain fluctuations. In the first part, a global analysis of the structural phase behavior of a single polyelectrolyte-macroion complex is presented based on a dimensionless representation, yielding results that cover a wide range of realistic system parameters. Emphasize is made on the interplay between the effects due to the polyelectrolytes chain length, salt concentration and the macroion charge as well as the mechanical chain persistence length. The results are summarized into generic phase diagrams characterizing the wrapping-dewrapping behavior of a polyelectrolyte chain on a macroion. A fully wrapped chain state is typically obtained at intermediate salt concentrations and chain lengths, where the amount of polyelectrolyte charge adsorbed on the macroion typically exceeds the bare macroion charge leading thus to a highly overcharged complex. Perhaps the most striking features occur when a single long polyelectrolyte chain is complexed with many oppositely charged spheres. In biology, such complexes form between DNA (which carries the cell's genetic information) and small oppositely charged histone proteins serving as an efficient mechanism for packing a huge amount of DNA into the micron-size cell nucleus in eucaryotic cells. The resultant complex fiber, known as the chromatin fiber, appears with a diameter of 30~nm under physiological conditions. Recent experiments indicate a zig-zag spatial arrangement for individual DNA-histone complexes (nucleosome core particles) along the chromatin fiber. A numerical method is introduced in this thesis based on a simple generic chain-sphere cell model that enables one to investigate the mechanism of fiber formation on a systematic level by incorporating electrostatic and elastic contributions. As will be shown, stable complex fibers exhibit an impressive variety of structures including zig-zag, solenoidal and beads-on-a-string patterns, depending on system parameters such as salt concentration, sphere charge as well as the chain contour length (per sphere). The present results predict fibers of compact zig-zag structure within the physiologically relevant regime with a diameter of about 30~nm, when DNA-histone parameters are adopted. In the next part, a numerical method is developed in order to investigate the role of thermal fluctuations on the structure and thermodynamic phase behavior of polyelectrolyte-macroion complexes. This is based on a saddle-point approximation, which allows to describe the experimentally observed reaction (or complexation) equilibrium in a dilute solution of polyelectrolytes and macroions on a systematic level. This equilibrium is determined by the entropy loss a single polyelectrolyte chain suffers as it binds to an oppositely charged macroion. This latter quantity can be calculated from the spectrum of polyelectrolyte fluctuations around a macroion, which is determined by means of a normal-mode analysis. Thereby, a stability phase diagram is obtained, which exhibits qualitative agreement with experimental findings. At elevated complex concentrations, one needs to account for the inter-complex interactions as well. It will be shown that at small separations, complexes undergo structural changes in such a way that positive patches from one complex match up with negative patches on the other. Furthermore, one of the polyelectrolyte chains may bridge between the two complexes. These mechanisms lead to a strong inter-complex attraction. As a result, the second virial coefficient associated with the inter-complex interaction becomes negative at intermediate salt concentrations in qualitative agreement with recent experiments on solutions of nucleosome core particles.},
subject = {Biopolymere},
language = {en}
}
@phdthesis{NarayananNair2006,
author = {Narayanan Nair, Arun Kumar},
title = {Molecular dynamics simulations of polyelectrolyte brushes},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-7005},
school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
year = {2006},
abstract = {This thesis studies strong, completely charged polyelectrolyte brushes. Extensive molecular dynamics simulations are performed on different polyelectrolyte brush systems using local compute servers and massively parallel supercomputers. The full Coulomb interaction of charged monomers, counterions, and salt ions is treated explicitly. The polymer chains are anchored by one of their ends to a uncharged planar surface. The chains are treated under good solvent conditions. Monovalent salt ions (1:1 type) are modelled same as counterions. The studies concentrate on three different brush systems at constant temperature and moderate Coulomb interaction strength (Bjerrum length equal to bond length): The first system consists of a single polyelectrolyte brush anchored with varying grafting density to a plane. Results show that chains are extended up to about 2/3 of their contour length. The brush thickness slightly grows with increasing anchoring density. This slight dependence of the brush height on grafting density is in contrast to the well known scaling result for the osmotic brush regime. That is why the result obtained by simulations has stimulated further development of theory as well as new experimental investigations on polyelectrolyte brushes. This observation can be understood on a semi-quantitative level using a simple scaling model that incorporates excluded volume effects in a free-volume formulation where an effective cross section is assigned to the polymer chain from where couterions are excluded. The resulting regime is called nonlinear osmotic brush regime. Recently this regime was also obtained in experiments. The second system studied consists of polyelectrolyte brushes with added salt in the nonlinear osmotic regime. Varying salt is an important parameter to tune the structure and properties of polyelectrolytes. Further motivation is due to a theoretical scaling prediction by Pincus for the salt dependence of brush thickness. In the high salt limit (salt concentration much larger than counterion concentration) the brush height is predicted to decrease with increasing external salt, but with a relatively weak power law showing an exponent -1/3. There is some experimental and theoretical work that confirms this prediction, but there are other results that are in contradiction. In such a situation simulations are performed to validate the theoretical prediction. The simulation result shows that brush thickness decreases with added salt, and indeed is in quite good agreement with the scaling prediction by Pincus. The relation between buffer concentration and the effective ion strength inside the brush at varying salt concentration is of interest both from theoretical as well as experimental point of view. The simulation result shows that mobile ions (counterions as well as salt) distribute nonhomogeneously inside and outside of the brush. To explain the relation between the internal ion concentration with the buffer concentration a Donnan equilibrium approach is employed. Modifying the Donnan approach by taking into account the self-volume of polyelectrolyte chains as indicated above, the simulation result can be explained using the same effective cross section for the polymer chains. The extended Donnan equilibrium relation represents a interesting theoretical prediction that should be checked by experimental data. The third system consist of two interacting polyelectrolyte brushes that are grafted to two parallel surfaces. The interactions between brushes are important, for instance, in stabilization of dispersions against flocculation. In the simulations pressure is evaluated as a function of separation D between the two grafting planes. The pressure behavior shows different regimes for decreasing separation. This behavior is in qualitative agreement with experimental data. At relatively weak compression the pressure behavior obtained in the simulation agrees with a 1/D power law predicted by scaling theory. Beyond that the present study could supply new insight for understanding the interaction between polyelectrolyte brushes.},
subject = {Molekulardynamik},
language = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Kucklaender2006,
author = {Kuckl{\"a}nder, Nina},
title = {Synchronization via correlated noise and automatic control in ecological systems},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-10826},
school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
year = {2006},
abstract = {
Subject of this work is the possibility to synchronize nonlinear systems via correlated noise and automatic control. The thesis is divided into two parts. The first part is motivated by field studies on feral sheep populations on two islands of the St. Kilda archipelago, which revealed strong correlations due to environmental noise. For a linear system the population correlation equals the noise correlation (Moran effect). But there exists no systematic examination of the properties of nonlinear maps under the influence of correlated noise. Therefore, in the first part of this thesis the noise-induced correlation of logistic maps is systematically examined. For small noise intensities it can be shown analytically that the correlation of quadratic maps in the fixed-point regime is always smaller than or equal to the noise correlation. In the period-2 regime a Markov model explains qualitatively the main dynamical characteristics. Furthermore, two different mechanisms are introduced which lead to a higher correlation of the systems than the environmental correlation. The new effect of "correlation resonance" is described, i. e. the correlation yields a maximum depending on the noise intensity. In the second part of the thesis an automatic control method is presented which synchronizes different systems in a robust way. This method is inspired by phase-locked loops and is based on a feedback loop with a differential control scheme, which allows to change the phases of the controlled systems. The effectiveness of the approach is demonstrated for controlled phase synchronization of regular oscillators and foodweb models.},
subject = {Markov-Prozess},
language = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Yin2010,
author = {Yin, Fan},
title = {Mathematic approaches for the calibration of the CHAMP satellite magnetic field measurements},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-41201},
school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
year = {2010},
abstract = {CHAMP (CHAllenging Minisatellite Payload) is a German small satellite mission to study the earth's gravity field, magnetic field and upper atmosphere. Thanks to the good condition of the satellite so far, the planned 5 years mission is extended to year 2009. The satellite provides continuously a large quantity of measurement data for the purpose of Earth study. The measurements of the magnetic field are undertaken by two Fluxgate Magnetometers (vector magnetometer) and one Overhauser Magnetometer (scalar magnetometer) flown on CHAMP. In order to ensure the quality of the data during the whole mission, the calibration of the magnetometers has to be performed routinely in orbit. The scalar magnetometer serves as the magnetic reference and its readings are compared with the readings of the vector magnetometer. The readings of the vector magnetometer are corrected by the parameters that are derived from this comparison, which is called the scalar calibration. In the routine processing, these calibration parameters are updated every 15 days by means of scalar calibration. There are also magnetic effects coming from the satellite which disturb the measurements. Most of them have been characterized during tests before launch. Among them are the remanent magnetization of the spacecraft and fields generated by currents. They are all considered to be constant over the mission life. The 8 years of operation experience allow us to investigate the long-term behaviors of the magnetometers and the satellite systems. According to the investigation, it was found that for example the scale factors of the FGM show obvious long-term changes which can be described by logarithmic functions. The other parameters (offsets and angles between the three components) can be considered constant. If these continuous parameters are applied for the FGM data processing, the disagreement between the OVM and the FGM readings is limited to \pm1nT over the whole mission. This demonstrates, the magnetometers on CHAMP exhibit a very good stability. However, the daily correction of the parameter Z component offset of the FGM improves the agreement between the magnetometers markedly. The Z component offset plays a very important role for the data quality. It exhibits a linear relationship with the standard deviation of the disagreement between the OVM and the FGM readings. After Z offset correction, the errors are limited to \pm0.5nT (equivalent to a standard deviation of 0.2nT). We improved the corrections of the spacecraft field which are not taken into account in the routine processing. Such disturbance field, e.g. from the power supply system of the satellite, show some systematic errors in the FGM data and are misinterpreted in 9-parameter calibration, which brings false local time related variation of the calibration parameters. These corrections are made by applying a mathematical model to the measured currents. This non-linear model is derived from an inversion technique. If the disturbance field of the satellite body are fully corrected, the standard deviation of scalar error \triangle B remains about 0.1nT. Additionally, in order to keep the OVM readings a reliable standard, the imperfect coefficients of the torquer current correction for the OVM are redetermined by solving a minimization problem. The temporal variation of the spacecraft remanent field is investigated. It was found that the average magnetic moment of the magneto-torquers reflects well the moment of the satellite. This allows for a continuous correction of the spacecraft field. The reasons for the possible unknown systemic error are discussed in this thesis. Particularly, both temperature uncertainties and time errors have influence on the FGM data. Based on the results of this thesis the data processing of future magnetic missions can be designed in an improved way. In particular, the upcoming ESA mission Swarm can take advantage of our findings and provide all the auxiliary measurements needed for a proper recovery of the ambient magnetic field.},
language = {en}
}
@phdthesis{GamezLopez2006,
author = {G{\´a}mez L{\´o}pez, Antonio Juan},
title = {Application of nonlinear dimensionality reduction to climate data for prediction},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-10956},
school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
year = {2006},
abstract = {This Thesis was devoted to the study of the coupled system composed by El Ni{\~n}o/Southern Oscillation and the Annual Cycle. More precisely, the work was focused on two main problems: 1. How to separate both oscillations into an affordable model for understanding the behaviour of the whole system. 2. How to model the system in order to achieve a better understanding of the interaction, as well as to predict future states of the system. We focused our efforts in the Sea Surface Temperature equations, considering that atmospheric effects were secondary to the ocean dynamics. The results found may be summarised as follows: 1. Linear methods are not suitable for characterising the dimensionality of the sea surface temperature in the tropical Pacific Ocean. Therefore they do not help to separate the oscillations by themselves. Instead, nonlinear methods of dimensionality reduction are proven to be better in defining a lower limit for the dimensionality of the system as well as in explaining the statistical results in a more physical way [1]. In particular, Isomap, a nonlinear modification of Multidimensional Scaling methods, provides a physically appealing method of decomposing the data, as it substitutes the euclidean distances in the manifold by an approximation of the geodesic distances. We expect that this method could be successfully applied to other oscillatory extended systems and, in particular, to meteorological systems. 2. A three dimensional dynamical system could be modeled, using a backfitting algorithm, for describing the dynamics of the sea surface temperature in the tropical Pacific Ocean. We observed that, although there were few data points available, we could predict future behaviours of the coupled ENSO-Annual Cycle system with an accuracy of less than six months, although the constructed system presented several drawbacks: few data points to input in the backfitting algorithm, untrained model, lack of forcing with external data and simplification using a close system. Anyway, ensemble prediction techniques showed that the prediction skills of the three dimensional time series were as good as those found in much more complex models. This suggests that the climatological system in the tropics is mainly explained by ocean dynamics, while the atmosphere plays a secondary role in the physics of the process. Relevant predictions for short lead times can be made using a low dimensional system, despite its simplicity. The analysis of the SST data suggests that nonlinear interaction between the oscillations is small, and that noise plays a secondary role in the fundamental dynamics of the oscillations [2]. A global view of the work shows a general procedure to face modeling of climatological systems. First, we should find a suitable method of either linear or nonlinear dimensionality reduction. Then, low dimensional time series could be extracted out of the method applied. Finally, a low dimensional model could be found using a backfitting algorithm in order to predict future states of the system.},
subject = {Nichtlineare Dynamik},
language = {en}
}
@unpublished{WittKurthsKrauseetal.1994,
author = {Witt, Annette and Kurths, J{\"u}rgen and Krause, F. and Fischer, K.},
title = {On the validity of a model for the reversals of the Earth's magnetic field},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-13460},
year = {1994},
abstract = {We have used techniques of nonlinear dynamics to compare a special model for the reversals of the Earth's magnetic field with the observational data. Although this model is rather simple, there is no essential difference to the data by means of well-known characteristics, such as correlation function and probability distribution. Applying methods of symbolic dynamics we have found that the considered model is not able to describe the dynamical properties of the observed process. These significant differences are expressed by algorithmic complexity and Renyi information.},
language = {en}
}
@unpublished{KurthsVossWittetal.1994,
author = {Kurths, J{\"u}rgen and Voss, A. and Witt, Annette and Saparin, P. and Kleiner, H. J. and Wessel, Niels},
title = {Quantitative analysis of heart rate variability},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-13470},
year = {1994},
abstract = {In the modern industrialized countries every year several hundred thousands of people die due to the sudden cardiac death. The individual risk for this sudden cardiac death cannot be defined precisely by common available, non-invasive diagnostic tools like Holter-monitoring, highly amplified ECG and traditional linear analysis of heart rate variability (HRV). Therefore, we apply some rather unconventional methods of nonlinear dynamics to analyse the HRV. Especially, some complexity measures that are basing on symbolic dynamics as well as a new measure, the renormalized entropy, detect some abnormalities in the HRV of several patients who have been classified in the low risk group by traditional methods. A combination of these complexity measures with the parameters in the frequency domain seems to be a promising way to get a more precise definition of the individual risk. These findings have to be validated by a representative number of patients.},
language = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Rust2007,
author = {Rust, Henning},
title = {Detection of long-range dependence : applications in climatology and hydrology},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-13347},
school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
year = {2007},
abstract = {It is desirable to reduce the potential threats that result from the variability of nature, such as droughts or heat waves that lead to food shortage, or the other extreme, floods that lead to severe damage. To prevent such catastrophic events, it is necessary to understand, and to be capable of characterising, nature's variability. Typically one aims to describe the underlying dynamics of geophysical records with differential equations. There are, however, situations where this does not support the objectives, or is not feasible, e.g., when little is known about the system, or it is too complex for the model parameters to be identified. In such situations it is beneficial to regard certain influences as random, and describe them with stochastic processes. In this thesis I focus on such a description with linear stochastic processes of the FARIMA type and concentrate on the detection of long-range dependence. Long-range dependent processes show an algebraic (i.e. slow) decay of the autocorrelation function. Detection of the latter is important with respect to, e.g. trend tests and uncertainty analysis. Aiming to provide a reliable and powerful strategy for the detection of long-range dependence, I suggest a way of addressing the problem which is somewhat different from standard approaches. Commonly used methods are based either on investigating the asymptotic behaviour (e.g., log-periodogram regression), or on finding a suitable potentially long-range dependent model (e.g., FARIMA[p,d,q]) and test the fractional difference parameter d for compatibility with zero. Here, I suggest to rephrase the problem as a model selection task, i.e.comparing the most suitable long-range dependent and the most suitable short-range dependent model. Approaching the task this way requires a) a suitable class of long-range and short-range dependent models along with suitable means for parameter estimation and b) a reliable model selection strategy, capable of discriminating also non-nested models. With the flexible FARIMA model class together with the Whittle estimator the first requirement is fulfilled. Standard model selection strategies, e.g., the likelihood-ratio test, is for a comparison of non-nested models frequently not powerful enough. Thus, I suggest to extend this strategy with a simulation based model selection approach suitable for such a direct comparison. The approach follows the procedure of a statistical test, with the likelihood-ratio as the test statistic. Its distribution is obtained via simulations using the two models under consideration. For two simple models and different parameter values, I investigate the reliability of p-value and power estimates obtained from the simulated distributions. The result turned out to be dependent on the model parameters. However, in many cases the estimates allow an adequate model selection to be established. An important feature of this approach is that it immediately reveals the ability or inability to discriminate between the two models under consideration. Two applications, a trend detection problem in temperature records and an uncertainty analysis for flood return level estimation, accentuate the importance of having reliable methods at hand for the detection of long-range dependence. In the case of trend detection, falsely concluding long-range dependence implies an underestimation of a trend and possibly leads to a delay of measures needed to take in order to counteract the trend. Ignoring long-range dependence, although present, leads to an underestimation of confidence intervals and thus to an unjustified belief in safety, as it is the case for the return level uncertainty analysis. A reliable detection of long-range dependence is thus highly relevant in practical applications. Examples related to extreme value analysis are not limited to hydrological applications. The increased uncertainty of return level estimates is a potentially problem for all records from autocorrelated processes, an interesting examples in this respect is the assessment of the maximum strength of wind gusts, which is important for designing wind turbines. The detection of long-range dependence is also a relevant problem in the exploration of financial market volatility. With rephrasing the detection problem as a model selection task and suggesting refined methods for model comparison, this thesis contributes to the discussion on and development of methods for the detection of long-range dependence.},
language = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Bounama2007,
author = {Bounama, Christine},
title = {Thermische Evolution und Habitabilit{\"a}t erd{\"a}hnlicher Exoplaneten},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-16486},
school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
year = {2007},
abstract = {In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden Methoden der Erdsystemanalyse auf die Untersuchung der Habitabilit{\"a}t terrestrischer Exoplaneten angewandt. Mit Hilfe eines parametrisierten Konvektionsmodells f{\"u}r die Erde wird die thermische Evolution von terrestrischen Planeten berechnet. Bei zunehmender Leuchtkraft des Zentralsterns wird {\"u}ber den globalen Karbonat-Silikat-Kreislauf das planetare Klima stabilisiert. F{\"u}r eine photosynthetisch-aktive Biosph{\"a}re, die in einem bestimmten Temperaturbereich bei hinreichender CO2-Konzentration existieren kann, wird eine {\"U}berlebenspanne abgesch{\"a}tzt. Der Abstandsbereich um einen Stern, in dem eine solche Biosph{\"a}re produktiv ist, wird als photosynthetisch-aktive habitable Zone (pHZ) definiert und berechnet. Der Zeitpunkt, zu dem die pHZ in einem extrasolaren Planetensystem endg{\"u}ltig verschwindet, ist die maximale Lebenspanne der Biosph{\"a}re. F{\"u}r Supererden, massereiche terrestrische Planeten, ist sie umso l{\"a}nger, je massereicher der Planet ist und umso k{\"u}rzer, je mehr er mit Kontinenten bedeckt ist. F{\"u}r Supererden, die keine ausgepr{\"a}gten Wasser- oder Landwelten sind, skaliert die maximale Lebenspanne mit der Planetenmasse mit einem Exponenten von 0,14. Um K- und M-Sterne ist die {\"U}berlebensspanne einer Biosph{\"a}re auf einem Planeten immer durch die maximale Lebensspanne bestimmt und nicht durch das Ende der Hauptreihenentwicklung des Zentralsterns limitiert. Das pHZ-Konzept wird auf das extrasolare Planetensystem Gliese 581 angewandt. Danach k{\"o}nnte die 8-Erdmassen-Supererde Gliese 581d habitabel sein. Basierend auf dem vorgestellten pHZ-Konzept wird erstmals die von Ward und Brownlee 1999 aufgestellte Rare-Earth-Hypothese f{\"u}r die Milchstraße quantifiziert. Diese Hypothese besagt, dass komplexes Leben im Universum vermutlich sehr selten ist, wohingegen primitives Leben weit verbreitet sein k{\"o}nnte. Unterschiedliche Temperatur- und CO2-Toleranzen sowie ein unterschiedlicher Einfluss auf die Verwitterung f{\"u}r komplexe und primitive Lebensformen f{\"u}hrt zu unterschiedlichen Grenzen der pHZ und zu einer unterschiedlichen Absch{\"a}tzung f{\"u}r die Anzahl der Planeten, die mit den entsprechenden Lebensformen besiedelt sein k{\"o}nnten. Dabei ergibt sich, dass komplex besiedelte Planeten heute etwa 100-mal seltener sein m{\"u}ssten als primitiv besiedelte.},
language = {de}
}
@unpublished{ThiessenhusenEspositoKurthsetal.1995,
author = {Thiessenhusen, Kai-Uwe and Esposito, Larry W. and Kurths, J{\"u}rgen and Spahn, Frank},
title = {Detection of hidden resonances in Saturn's B-ring},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-13618},
year = {1995},
abstract = {The Voyager 2 Photopolarimeter experiment has yielded the highest resolved data of Saturn's rings, exhibiting a wide variety of features. The B-ring region between 105000 km and 110000 km distance from Saturn has been investigated. It has a high matter density and contains no significance features visible by eye. Analysis with statistical methods has let us to the detection of two significant events. These features are correlated with the inner 3:2 resonances of the F-ring shepherd satellites Pandora and Prometheus, and may be evidence of large ring paricles caught in the corotation resonances.},
language = {en}
}
@unpublished{Schmidtmann1995,
author = {Schmidtmann, Olaf},
title = {Modelling of the interaction of lower and higher modes in two-dimensional MHD-equations},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-13790},
year = {1995},
abstract = {The present paper is related to the problem of approximating the exact solution to the magnetohydrodynamic equations (MHD). The behaviour of a viscous, incompressible and resistive fluid is exemined for a long period of time. Contents: 1 The magnetohydrodynamic equations 2 Notations and precise functional setting of the problem 3 Existence, uniqueness and regularity results 4 Statement and Proof of the main theorem 5 The approximate inertial manifold 6 Summary},
language = {en}
}
@unpublished{VossKurthsSchwarz1996,
author = {Voss, Henning and Kurths, J{\"u}rgen and Schwarz, Udo},
title = {Reconstruction of grand minima of solar activity from Delta 14 C data : linear and nonlinear signal analysis},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-14083},
year = {1996},
abstract = {Using a special technique of data analysis, we have found out 34 grand minima of solar activity obtained from a 7,700 years long Δ14C record. The method used rests on a proper filtering of the Δ14C record and the extrapolation of verifiable results for the later history back in time. Additionally, we use a method of nonlinear dynamics, the recurrence rate, to back up the results. Our findings are not contradictory to the record of solar maxima resp. minima by Eddy [5], but constitute a considerable extension. Hence, it has become possible to look closer at the validity of models. This way, we have tested several models for solar activity, esp. the model of Barnes et al. [1]. There are hints for that the grand minima might solely be driven by the 209 year period found in the Δ14C record.},
language = {en}
}
@unpublished{BraunFeudel1996,
author = {Braun, Robert and Feudel, Fred},
title = {Supertransient chaos in the two-dimensional complex Ginzburg-Landau equation},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-14099},
year = {1996},
abstract = {We have shown that the two-dimensional complex Ginzburg-Landau equation exhibits supertransient chaos in a certain parameter range. Using numerical methods this behavior is found near the transition line separating frozen spiral solutions from turbulence. Supertransient chaos seems to be a common phenomenon in extended spatiotemporal systems. These supertransients are characterized by an average transient lifetime which depends exponentially on the size of the system and are due to an underlying nonattracting chaotic set.},
language = {en}
}
@unpublished{MaassRieder1996,
author = {Maaß, Peter and Rieder, Andreas},
title = {Wavelet-accelerated Tikhonov-Phillips regularization with applications},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-14104},
year = {1996},
abstract = {Contents: 1 Introduction 1.1 Tikhanov-Phillips Regularization of Ill-Posed Problems 1.2 A Compact Course to Wavelets 2 A Multilevel Iteration for Tikhonov-Phillips Regularization 2.1 Multilevel Splitting 2.2 The Multilevel Iteration 2.3 Multilevel Approach to Cone Beam Reconstuction 3 The use of approximating operators 3.1 Computing approximating families {Ah}},
language = {en}
}
@unpublished{DickenMaass1995,
author = {Dicken, Volker and Maaß, Peter},
title = {Wavelet-Galerkin methods for ill-posed problems},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-13890},
year = {1995},
abstract = {Projection methods based on wavelet functions combine optimal convergence rates with algorithmic efficiency. The proofs in this paper utilize the approximation properties of wavelets and results from the general theory of regularization methods. Moreover, adaptive strategies can be incorporated still leading to optimal convergence rates for the resulting algorithms. The so-called wavelet-vaguelette decompositions enable the realization of especially fast algorithms for certain operators.},
language = {en}
}
@unpublished{Jansen1995,
author = {Jansen, Wolfgang},
title = {CANDYS/QA : algorithms, programs, and user's manual},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-13920},
year = {1995},
abstract = {Contents: I. Algorithms 1. Theoretical Backround 2. Numerical Procedures 3. Graph Representation of the Solutions 4. Applications and Example II. Users' Manual 5. About the Program 6. The Course of a Qualitative Analysis 7. The Model Module 8. Input description 9. Output Description 10. Example 11. Graphics},
language = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Zakrevskyy2006,
author = {Zakrevskyy, Yuriy},
title = {Liquid crystallinity and alignment of ionic self-assembly complexes},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-10048},
school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
year = {2006},
abstract = {In this work the first observation of new type of liquid crystals is presented. This is ionic self-assembly (ISA) liquid crystals formed by introduction of oppositely charged ions between different low molecular tectonic units. As practically all conventional liquid crystals consist of rigid core and alkyl chains the attention is focused to the simplest case where oppositely charged ions are placed between a rigid core and alkyl tails. The aim of this work is to investigate and understand liquid crystalline and alignment properties of these materials. It was found that ionic interactions within complexes play the main role. Presence of these interactions restricts transition to isotropic phase. In addition, these interactions hold the system (like network) allowing crystallization into a single domain from aligned LC state. Alignment of these simple ISA complexes was spontaneous on a glass substrate. In order to show potentials for application perylenediimide and azobenzene containing ISA complexes have been investigated for correlations between phase behavior and their alignment properties. The best results of macroscopic alignment of perylenediimide-based ISA complexes have been obtained by zone-casting method. In the aligned films the columns of the complex align perpendicular to the phase-transition front. The obtained anisotropy (DR = 18) is thermally stable. The investigated photosensitive (azobenzene-based) ISA complexes show formation of columnar LC phases. It was demonstrated that photo alignment of such complexes was very effective (DR = 50 has been obtained). It was shown that photo-reorientation in the photosensitive ISA complexes is cooperative process. The size of domains has direct influence on efficiency of the photo-reorientation process. In the case of small domains the photo-alignment is the most effective. Under irradiation with linearly polarized light domains reorient in the plane of the film leading to macroscopic alignment of columns parallel to the light polarization and joining of small domains into big ones. Finally, the additional distinguishable properties of the ISA liquid crystalline complexes should be noted: (I) the complexes do not solve in water but readily solve in organic solvents; (II) the complexes have good film-forming properties when cast or spin-coated from organic solvent; (III) alignment of the complexes depends on their structure and secondary interactions between tectonic units.},
subject = {Fl{\"u}ssigkristall},
language = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Griesel2005,
author = {Griesel, Alexa},
title = {Modelling large scale ocean circulation : the role of mixing location and meridional pressure gradients for the Atlantic overturning dynamics},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-2609},
school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
year = {2005},
abstract = {Due to its relevance for global climate, the realistic representation of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) in ocean models is a key task. In recent years, two paradigms have evolved around what are its driving mechanisms: diapycnal mixing and Southern Ocean winds. This work aims at clarifying what sets the strength of the Atlantic overturning components in an ocean general circulation model and discusses the role of spatially inhomogeneous mixing, numerical diffusion and winds. Furthermore, the relation of the AMOC with a key quantity, the meridional pressure difference is analyzed. Due to the application of a very low diffusive tracer advection scheme, a realistic Atlantic overturning circulation can be obtained that is purely wind driven. On top of the winddriven circulation, changes of density gradients are caused by increasing the parameterized eddy diffusion in the North Atlantic and Southern Ocean. The linear relation between the maximum of the Atlantic overturning and the meridional pressure difference found in previous studies is confirmed and it is shown to be due to one significant pressure gradient between the average pressure over high latitude deep water formation regions and a relatively uniform pressure between 30°N and 30°S, which can directly be related to a zonal flow through geostrophy. Under constant Southern Ocean windstress forcing, a South Atlantic outflow in the range of 6-16 Sv is obtained for a large variety of experiments. Overall, the circulation is winddriven but its strength not uniquely determined by the Southern Ocean windstress. The scaling of the Atlantic overturning components is linear with the background vertical diffusivity, not confirming the 2/3 power law for one-hemisphere models without wind forcing. The pycnocline depth is constant in the coarse resolution model with large vertical grid extends. It suggests the ocean model operates like the Stommel box model with a linear relation of the pressure difference and fixed vertical scale for the volume transport. However, this seems only valid for vertical diffusivities smaller 0.4 cm²/s, when the dominant upwelling within the Atlantic occurs along the boundaries. For larger vertical diffusivities, a significant amount of interior upwelling occurs. It is further shown that any localized vertical mixing in the deep to bottom ocean cannot drive an Atlantic overturning. However, enhanced boundary mixing at thermocline depths is potentially important. The numerical diffusion is shown to have a large impact on the representation of the Atlantic overturning in the model. While the horizontal numerical diffusion tends to destabilize the Atlantic overturning the verital numerical diffusion denotes an amplifying mechanism.},
subject = {Thermohaline Zirkulation},
language = {en}
}
@article{XuZhouMetzleretal.2020,
author = {Xu, Pengbo and Zhou, Tian and Metzler, Ralf and Deng, Weihua},
title = {L{\´e}vy walk dynamics in an external harmonic potential},
series = {Physical review : E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics},
volume = {101},
journal = {Physical review : E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics},
number = {6},
publisher = {American Physical Society},
address = {College Park},
issn = {2470-0045},
doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.101.062127},
pages = {12},
year = {2020},
abstract = {Levy walks (LWs) are spatiotemporally coupled random-walk processes describing superdiffusive heat conduction in solids, propagation of light in disordered optical materials, motion of molecular motors in living cells, or motion of animals, humans, robots, and viruses. We here investigate a key feature of LWs-their response to an external harmonic potential. In this generic setting for confined motion we demonstrate that LWs equilibrate exponentially and may assume a bimodal stationary distribution. We also show that the stationary distribution has a horizontal slope next to a reflecting boundary placed at the origin, in contrast to correlated superdiffusive processes. Our results generalize LWs to confining forces and settle some longstanding puzzles around LWs.},
language = {en}
}
@article{QuadeIseleAbel2020,
author = {Quade, Markus and Isele, Thomas and Abel, Markus},
title = {Machine learning control},
series = {Physica : D, Nonlinear phenomena},
volume = {412},
journal = {Physica : D, Nonlinear phenomena},
publisher = {Elsevier},
address = {Amsterdam},
issn = {0167-2789},
doi = {10.1016/j.physd.2020.132582},
pages = {11},
year = {2020},
abstract = {Recently, the term explainable AI came into discussion as an approach to produce models from artificial intelligence which allow interpretation. For a long time, symbolic regression has been used to produce explainable and mathematically tractable models. In this contribution, we extend previous work on symbolic regression methods to infer the optimal control of a dynamical system given one or several optimization criteria, or cost functions. In earlier publications, network control was achieved by automated machine learning control using genetic programming. Here, we focus on the subsequent path continuation analysis of the mathematical expressions which result from the machine learning model. In particular, we use AUTO to analyze the solution properties of the controlled oscillator system which served as our model. As a result, we show that there is a considerable advantage of explainable symbolic regression models over less accessible neural networks. In particular, the roadmap of future works may be to integrate such analyses into the optimization loop itself to filter out robust solutions by construction.},
language = {en}
}
@article{Sangian2020,
author = {Sangian, Danial},
title = {Improving the performance of dielectric-elastomer actuators at elevated operating temperatures by means of thermal softening},
series = {Smart materials and structures},
volume = {29},
journal = {Smart materials and structures},
number = {2},
publisher = {IOP Publ. Ltd.},
address = {Bristol},
issn = {0964-1726},
doi = {10.1088/1361-665X/ab6079},
pages = {9},
year = {2020},
abstract = {Dielectric elastomer devices operate on the principle of Maxwell stress and their operating performance significantly rely on the elastomer and compliant electrode's electrical and mechanical properties. This paper reports that performing actuation tests at elevated temperatures resulted in an enhanced performance due to the reduction of Young's modulus and the increase of dielectric permittivity. As a result, considerably higher isometric forces and isotonic strains were achieved above the ambient operating temperature. For actuators made of silicone, polyurethane and acrylic elastomers, 166\%, 70\% and 266\% higher isometric forces and 450\%, 250\% and 54\% higher isotonic strains were observed, respectively, when tested at the temperature of 100 degrees C in comparison to ambient temperature values using the same operating voltages. Values of up to 0.4 J kg(-1) and 3.1 W kg(-1) were achieved for the work and power outputs per mass, respectively, on a silicone elastomer driven with a voltage of 1.5 kV at a temperature of 100 degrees C.},
language = {en}
}
@article{FumaniNematiMahdavifar2020,
author = {Fumani, F. Khastehdel and Nemati, Somayyeh and Mahdavifar, Saeed},
title = {Quantum critical lines in the ground state phase diagram of spin-1/2 frustrated transverse-field ising chains},
series = {Annalen der Physik},
volume = {533},
journal = {Annalen der Physik},
number = {2},
publisher = {Wiley-VCH},
address = {Weinheim},
issn = {0003-3804},
doi = {10.1002/andp.202000384},
pages = {8},
year = {2020},
abstract = {This paper focuses on the ground state phase diagram of a 1D spin-1/2 quantum Ising model with competing first and second nearest neighbour interactions known as the axial next nearest neighbour Ising model in the presence of a transverse magnetic field. Here, using quantum correlations, both numerically and analytically, some evidence is provided to clarify the identification of the ground state phase diagram. Local quantum correlations play a crucial role in detecting the critical lines either revealed or hidden by symmetry-breaking. A non-symmetry-breaking disorder transition line can be identified by the first derivative of both entanglement of formation and quantum discord between nearest neighbour spins. In addition, the quantum correlations between the second neighbour spins can also be used to reveal Kosterlitz-Thouless phase transition when their interaction strength grows and becomes closer to the first nearest neighbour one. The results obtained using the Jordan-Wigner transformation confirm the accuracy of the numerical case.},
language = {en}
}
@misc{MardoukhiChechkinMetzler2020,
author = {Mardoukhi, Yousof and Chechkin, Aleksei V. and Metzler, Ralf},
title = {Spurious ergodicity breaking in normal and fractional Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process},
series = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe},
journal = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe},
number = {981},
issn = {1866-8372},
doi = {10.25932/publishup-47487},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-474875},
pages = {20},
year = {2020},
abstract = {The Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process is a stationary and ergodic Gaussian process, that is fully determined by its covariance function and mean. We show here that the generic definitions of the ensemble- and time-averaged mean squared displacements fail to capture these properties consistently, leading to a spurious ergodicity breaking. We propose to remedy this failure by redefining the mean squared displacements such that they reflect unambiguously the statistical properties of any stochastic process. In particular we study the effect of the initial condition in the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process and its fractional extension. For the fractional Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process representing typical experimental situations in crowded environments such as living biological cells, we show that the stationarity of the process delicately depends on the initial condition.},
language = {en}
}
@misc{MenzelHeuerMilonni2019,
author = {Menzel, Ralf and Heuer, Axel and Milonni, Peter W.},
title = {Entanglement, complementarity, and vacuum fields in spontaneous parametric down-conversion},
series = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe},
journal = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe},
number = {1077},
issn = {1866-8372},
doi = {10.25932/publishup-47354},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-473542},
pages = {16},
year = {2019},
abstract = {Using two crystals for spontaneous parametric down-conversion in a parallel setup, we observe two-photon interference with high visibility. The high visibility is consistent with complementarity and the absence of which-path information. The observations are explained as the effects of entanglement or equivalently in terms of interfering probability amplitudes and also by the calculation of a second-order field correlation function in the Heisenberg picture. The latter approach brings out explicitly the role of the vacuum fields in the down-conversion at the crystals and in the photon coincidence counting. For comparison, we show that the Hong-Ou-Mandel dip can be explained by the same approach in which the role of the vacuum signal and idler fields, as opposed to entanglement involving vacuum states, is emphasized. We discuss the fundamental limitations of a theory in which these vacuum fields are treated as classical, stochastic fields.},
language = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Dahlke2020,
author = {Dahlke, Sandro},
title = {Rapid climate changes in the arctic region of Svalbard},
doi = {10.25932/publishup-44554},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-445542},
school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
pages = {xv, 123},
year = {2020},
abstract = {Over the last decades, the Arctic regions of the earth have warmed at a rate 2-3 times faster than the global average- a phenomenon called Arctic Amplification. A complex, non-linear interplay of physical processes and unique pecularities in the Arctic climate system is responsible for this, but the relative role of individual processes remains to be debated. This thesis focuses on the climate change and related processes on Svalbard, an archipelago in the North Atlantic sector of the Arctic, which is shown to be a "hotspot" for the amplified recent warming during winter. In this highly dynamical region, both oceanic and atmospheric large-scale transports of heat and moisture interfere with spatially inhomogenous surface conditions, and the corresponding energy exchange strongly shapes the atmospheric boundary layer. In the first part, Pan-Svalbard gradients in the surface air temperature (SAT) and sea ice extent (SIE) in the fjords are quantified and characterized. This analysis is based on observational data from meteorological stations, operational sea ice charts, and hydrographic observations from the adjacent ocean, which cover the 1980-2016 period. It is revealed that typical estimates of SIE during late winter range from 40-50\% (80-90\%) in the western (eastern) parts of Svalbard. However, strong SAT warming during winter of the order of 2-3K per decade dictates excessive ice loss, leaving fjords in the western parts essentially ice-free in recent winters. It is further demostrated that warm water currents on the west coast of Svalbard, as well as meridional winds contribute to regional differences in the SIE evolution. In particular, the proximity to warm water masses of the West Spitsbergen Current can explain 20-37\% of SIE variability in fjords on west Svalbard, while meridional winds and associated ice drift may regionally explain 20-50\% of SIE variability in the north and northeast. Strong SAT warming has overruled these impacts in recent years, though. In the next part of the analysis, the contribution of large-scale atmospheric circulation changes to the Svalbard temperature development over the last 20 years is investigated. A study employing kinematic air-back trajectories for Ny-{\AA}lesund reveals a shift in the source regions of lower-troposheric air over time for both the winter and the summer season. In winter, air in the recent decade is more often of lower-latitude Atlantic origin, and less frequent of Arctic origin. This affects heat- and moisture advection towards Svalbard, potentially manipulating clouds and longwave downward radiation in that region. A closer investigation indicates that this shift during winter is associated with a strengthened Ural blocking high and Icelandic low, and contributes about 25\% to the observed winter warming on Svalbard over the last 20 years. Conversely, circulation changes during summer include a strengthened Greenland blocking high which leads to more frequent cold air advection from the central Arctic towards Svalbard, and less frequent air mass origins in the lower latitudes of the North Atlantic. Hence, circulation changes during winter are shown to have an amplifying effect on the recent warming on Svalbard, while summer circulation changes tend to mask warming. An observational case study using upper air soundings from the AWIPEV research station in Ny-{\AA}lesund during May-June 2017 underlines that such circulation changes during summer are associated with tropospheric anomalies in temperature, humidity and boundary layer height. In the last part of the analysis, the regional representativeness of the above described changes around Svalbard for the broader Arctic is investigated. Therefore, the terms in the diagnostic temperature equation in the Arctic-wide lower troposphere are examined for the Era-Interim atmospheric reanalysis product. Significant positive trends in diabatic heating rates, consistent with latent heat transfer to the atmosphere over regions of increasing ice melt, are found for all seasons over the Barents/Kara Seas, and in individual months in the vicinity of Svalbard. The above introduced warm (cold) advection trends during winter (summer) on Svalbard are successfully reproduced. Regarding winter, they are regionally confined to the Barents Sea and Fram Strait, between 70°-80°N, resembling a unique feature in the whole Arctic. Summer cold advection trends are confined to the area between eastern Greenland and Franz Josef Land, enclosing Svalbard.},
language = {en}
}
@article{LaingOmel'chenko2020,
author = {Laing, Carlo R. and Omel'chenko, Oleh},
title = {Moving bumps in theta neuron networks},
series = {Chaos : an interdisciplinary journal of nonlinear science},
volume = {30},
journal = {Chaos : an interdisciplinary journal of nonlinear science},
number = {4},
publisher = {American Institute of Physics},
address = {Melville},
issn = {1054-1500},
doi = {10.1063/1.5143261},
pages = {11},
year = {2020},
abstract = {We consider large networks of theta neurons on a ring, synaptically coupled with an asymmetric kernel. Such networks support stable "bumps" of activity, which move along the ring if the coupling kernel is asymmetric. We investigate the effects of the kernel asymmetry on the existence, stability, and speed of these moving bumps using continuum equations formally describing infinite networks. Depending on the level of heterogeneity within the network, we find complex sequences of bifurcations as the amount of asymmetry is varied, in strong contrast to the behavior of a classical neural field model.},
language = {en}
}
@phdthesis{HernandezAnguizola2020,
author = {Hernandez Anguizola, Eloy Luis},
title = {Numerical simulations in multimode fibres for astronomical spectroscopy},
doi = {10.25932/publishup-47236},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-472363},
school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
pages = {xvi, 114},
year = {2020},
abstract = {The goal of this thesis was to thoroughly investigate the behavior of multimode fibres to aid the development of modern and forthcoming fibre-fed spectrograph systems. Based on the Eigenmode Expansion Method, a field propagation model was created that can emulate effects in fibres relevant for astronomical spectroscopy, such as modal noise, scrambling, and focal ratio degradation. These effects are of major concern for any fibre-coupled spectrograph used in astronomical research. Changes in the focal ratio, modal distribution of light or non-perfect scrambling limit the accuracy of measurements, e.g. the flux determination of the astronomical object, the sky-background subtraction and detection limit for faint galaxies, or the spectral line position accuracy used for the detection of extra-solar planets. Usually, fibres used for astronomical instrumentation are characterized empirically through tests. The results of this work allow to predict the fibre behaviour under various conditions using sophisticated software tools to simulate the waveguide behaviour and mode transport of fibres. The simulation environment works with two software interfaces. The first is the mode solver module FemSIM from Rsoft. It is used to calculate all the propagation modes and effective refractive indexes of a given system. The second interface consists of Python scripts which enable the simulation of the near- and far-field outputs of a given fibre. The characteristics of the input field can be manipulated to emulate real conditions. Focus variations, spatial translation, angular fluctuations, and disturbances through the mode coupling factor can also be simulated. To date, complete coherent propagation or complete incoherent propagation can be simulated. Partial coherence was not addressed in this work. Another limitation of the simulations is that they work exclusively for the monochromatic case and that the loss coefficient of the fibres is not considered. Nevertheless, the simulations were able to match the results of realistic measurements. To test the validity of the simulations, real fibre measurements were used for comparison. Two fibres with different cross-sections were characterized. The first fibre had a circular cross-section, and the second one had an octagonal cross-section. The utilized test-bench was originally developed for the prototype fibres of the 4MOST fibre feed characterization. It allowed for parallel laser beam measurements, light cone measurements, and scrambling measurements. Through the appropriate configuration, the acquisition of the near- and/or far-field was feasible. By means of modal noise analysis, it was possible to compare the near-field speckle patterns of simulations and measurements as a function of the input angle. The spatial frequencies that originate from the modal interference could be analyzed by using the power spectral density analysis. Measurements and simulations yielded similar results. Measurements with induced modal scrambling were compared to simulations using incoherent propagation and once again similar results were achieved. Through both measurements and simulations, the enlargement of the near-field distribution could be observed and analyzed. The simulations made it possible to explain incoherent intensity fluctuations that appear in real measurements due to the field distribution of the active propagation modes. By using the Voigt analysis in the far-field distribution, it was possible to separate the modal diffusion component in order to compare it with the simulations. Through an appropriate assessment, the modal diffusion component as a function of the input angle could be translated into angular divergence. The simulations gave the minimal angular divergence of the system. Through the mean of the difference between simulations and measurements, a figure of merit is given which can be used to characterize the angular divergence of real fibres using the simulations. Furthermore, it was possible to simulate light cone measurements. Due to the overall consistent results, it can be stated that the simulations represent a good tool to assist the fibre characterization process for fibre-fed spectrograph systems. This work was possible through the BMBF Grant 05A14BA1 which was part of the phase A study of the fibre system for MOSAIC, a multi-object spectrograph for the Extremely Large Telescope (ELT-MOS).},
language = {en}
}
@misc{GranadoAbadMetzleretal.2020,
author = {Granado, Felipe Le Vot and Abad, Enrique and Metzler, Ralf and Yuste, Santos B.},
title = {Continuous time random walk in a velocity field},
series = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe},
journal = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe},
number = {1005},
issn = {1866-8372},
doi = {10.25932/publishup-47999},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-479997},
pages = {28},
year = {2020},
abstract = {We consider the emerging dynamics of a separable continuous time random walk (CTRW) in the case when the random walker is biased by a velocity field in a uniformly growing domain. Concrete examples for such domains include growing biological cells or lipid vesicles, biofilms and tissues, but also macroscopic systems such as expanding aquifers during rainy periods, or the expanding Universe. The CTRW in this study can be subdiffusive, normal diffusive or superdiffusive, including the particular case of a L{\´e}vy flight. We first consider the case when the velocity field is absent. In the subdiffusive case, we reveal an interesting time dependence of the kurtosis of the particle probability density function. In particular, for a suitable parameter choice, we find that the propagator, which is fat tailed at short times, may cross over to a Gaussian-like propagator. We subsequently incorporate the effect of the velocity field and derive a bi-fractional diffusion-advection equation encoding the time evolution of the particle distribution. We apply this equation to study the mixing kinetics of two diffusing pulses, whose peaks move towards each other under the action of velocity fields acting in opposite directions. This deterministic motion of the peaks, together with the diffusive spreading of each pulse, tends to increase particle mixing, thereby counteracting the peak separation induced by the domain growth. As a result of this competition, different regimes of mixing arise. In the case of L{\´e}vy flights, apart from the non-mixing regime, one has two different mixing regimes in the long-time limit, depending on the exact parameter choice: in one of these regimes, mixing is mainly driven by diffusive spreading, while in the other mixing is controlled by the velocity fields acting on each pulse. Possible implications for encounter-controlled reactions in real systems are discussed.},
language = {en}
}
@article{MardoukhiMardoukhiHokkaetal.2017,
author = {Mardoukhi, Ahmad and Mardoukhi, Yousof and Hokka, Mikko and Kuokkala, Veli-Tapani},
title = {Effects of strain rate and surface cracks on the mechanical behaviour of Balmoral Red granite},
series = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series A : Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences},
volume = {375},
journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series A : Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences},
number = {2085},
publisher = {Royal Society},
address = {London},
issn = {1364-503X},
doi = {10.1098/rsta.2016.0179},
pages = {11},
year = {2017},
abstract = {This work presents a systematic study on the effects of strain rate and surface cracks on the mechanical properties and behaviour of Balmoral Red granite. The tensile behaviour of the rock was studied at low and high strain rates using Brazilian disc samples. Heat shocks were used to produce samples with different amounts of surface cracks. The surface crack patterns were analysed using optical microscopy, and the complexity of the patterns was quantified by calculating the fractal dimensions of the patterns. The strength of the rock clearly drops as a function of increasing fractal dimensions in the studied strain rate range. However, the dynamic strength of the rock drops significantly faster than the quasi-static strength, and, because of this, also the strain rate sensitivity of the rock decreases with increasing fractal dimensions. This can be explained by the fracture behaviour and fragmentation during the dynamic loading, which is more strongly affected by the heat shock than the fragmentation at low strain rates.},
language = {en}
}
@article{AhnenAnsoldiAntonellietal.2017,
author = {Ahnen, M. L. and Ansoldi, S. and Antonelli, L. A. and Antoranz, P. and Babic, A. and Banerjee, B. and Bangale, P. and de Almeida, U. Barres and Barrio, J. A. and Gonzalez, J. Becerra and Bednarek, W. and Bernardini, E. and Berti, A. and Biasuzzi, B. and Biland, A. and Blanch, O. and Bonnefoy, S. and Bonnoli, G. and Borracci, F. and Bretz, T. and Buson, S. and Carosi, A. and Chatterjee, A. and Clavero, R. and Colin, P. and Colombo, E. and Contreras, J. L. and Cortina, J. and Covino, S. and Da Vela, P. and Dazzi, F. and De Angelis, A. and De Lotto, B. and Wilhelmi, E. de Ona and Di Pierro, F. and Doert, M. and Dominguez, A. and Prester, D. Dominis and Dorner, D. and Doro, M. and Einecke, S. and Glawion, D. Eisenacher and Elsaesser, D. and Engelkemeier, M. and Ramazani, V. Fallah and Fernandez-Barral, A. and Fidalgo, D. and Fonseca, M. V. and Font, L. and Frantzen, K. and Fruck, C. and Galindo, D. and Lopez, R. J. Garcia and Garczarczyk, M. and Terrats, D. Garrido and Gaug, M. and Giammaria, P. and Godinovic, N. and Gonzalez Munoz, A. and Gora, D. and Guberman, D. and Hadasch, D. and Hahn, A. and Hanabata, Y. and Hayashida, M. and Herrera, J. and Hose, J. and Hrupec, D. and Hughes, G. and Idec, W. and Kodani, K. and Konno, Y. and Kubo, H. and Kushida, J. and La Barbera, A. and Lelas, D. and Lindfors, E. and Lombardi, S. and Longo, F. and Lopez, M. and Lopez-Coto, R. and Majumdar, P. and Makariev, M. and Mallot, K. and Maneva, G. and Manganaro, M. and Mannheim, K. and Maraschi, L. and Marcote, B. and Mariotti, M. and Martinez, M. and Mazin, D. and Menzel, U. and Miranda, J. M. and Mirzoyan, R. and Moralejo, A. and Moretti, E. and Nakajima, D. and Neustroev, V. and Niedzwiecki, A. and Rosillo, M. Nievas and Nilsson, K. and Nishijima, K. and Noda, K. and Nogues, L. and Overkemping, A. and Paiano, S. and Palacio, J. and Palatiello, M. and Paneque, D. and Paoletti, R. and Paredes, J. M. and Paredes-Fortuny, X. and Pedaletti, G. and Peresano, M. and Perri, L. and Persic, M. and Poutanen, J. and Moroni, P. G. Prada and Prandini, E. and Puljak, I. and Reichardt, I. and Rhode, W. and Ribo, M. and Rico, J. and Rodriguez Garcia, J. and Saito, T. and Satalecka, K. and Schroder, S. and Schultz, C. and Schweizer, T. and Shore, S. N. and Sillanpaa, A. and Sitarek, J. and Snidaric, I. and Sobczynska, D. and Stamerra, A. and Steinbring, T. and Strzys, M. and Suric, T. and Takalo, L. and Tavecchio, F. and Temnikov, P. and Terzic, T. and Tescaro, D. and Teshima, M. and Thaele, J. and Torres, D. F. and Toyama, T. and Treves, A. and Vanzo, G. and Verguilov, V. and Vovk, I. and Ward, J. E. and Will, M. and Wu, M. H. and Zanin, R. and Abeysekara, A. U. and Archambault, S. and Archer, A. and Benbow, W. and Bird, R. and Buchovecky, M. and Buckley, J. H. and Bugaev, V. and Connolly, M. P. and Cui, W. and Dickinson, H. J. and Falcone, A. and Feng, Q. and Finley, J. P. and Fleischhack, H. and Flinders, A. and Fortson, L. and Gillanders, G. H. and Griffin, S. and Grube, J. and Huetten, M. and Hanna, D. and Holder, J. and Humensky, T. B. and Kaaret, P. and Kar, P. and Kelley-Hoskins, N. and Kertzman, M. and Kieda, D. and Krause, M. and Krennrich, F. and Lang, M. J. and Maier, G. and McCann, A. and Moriarty, P. and Mukherjee, R. and Nieto, D. and Ong, R. A. and Otte, N. and Park, N. and Perkins, J. and Pichel, A. and Pohl, M. and Popkow, A. and Pueschel, Elisa and Quinn, J. and Ragan, K. and Reynolds, P. T. and Richards, G. T. and Roache, E. and Rovero, A. C. and Rulten, C. and Sadeh, I. and Santander, M. and Sembroski, G. H. and Shahinyan, K. and Telezhinsky, Igor O. and Tucci, J. V. and Tyler, J. and Wakely, S. P. and Weinstein, A. and Wilcox, P. and Wilhelm, Alina and Williams, D. A. and Zitzer, B. and Razzaque, S. and Villata, M. and Raiteri, C. M. and Aller, H. D. and Aller, M. F. and Larionov, V. M. and Arkharov, A. A. and Blinov, D. A. and Efimova, N. V. and Grishina, T. S. and Hagen-Thorn, V. A. and Kopatskaya, E. N. and Larionova, L. V. and Larionova, E. G. and Morozova, D. A. and Troitsky, I. S. and Ligustri, R. and Calcidese, P. and Berdyugin, A. and Kurtanidze, O. M. and Nikolashvili, M. G. and Kimeridze, G. N. and Sigua, L. A. and Kurtanidze, S. O. and Chigladze, R. A. and Chen, W. P. and Koptelova, E. and Sakamoto, T. and Sadun, A. C. and Moody, J. W. and Pace, C. and Pearson, R. and Yatsu, Y. and Mori, Y. and Carraminyana, A. and Carrasco, L. and de la Fuente, E. and Norris, J. P. and Smith, P. S. and Wehrle, A. and Gurwell, M. A. and Zook, A. and Pagani, C. and Perri, M. and Capalbi, M. and Cesarini, A. and Krimm, H. A. and Kovalev, Y. Y. and Kovalev, Yu. A. and Ros, E. and Pushkarev, A. B. and Lister, M. L. and Sokolovsky, K. V. and Kadler, M. and Piner, G. and Lahteenmaki, A. and Tornikoski, M. and Angelakis, E. and Krichbaum, T. P. and Nestoras, I. and Fuhrmann, L. and Zensus, J. A. and Cassaro, P. and Orlati, A. and Maccaferri, G. and Leto, P. and Giroletti, M. and Richards, J. L. and Max-Moerbeck, W. and Readhead, A. C. S.},
title = {Multiband variability studies and novel broadband SED modeling of Mrk 501 in 2009},
series = {Astronomy and astrophysics : an international weekly journal},
volume = {603},
journal = {Astronomy and astrophysics : an international weekly journal},
publisher = {EDP Sciences},
address = {Les Ulis},
organization = {MAGIC Collaboration;VERITAS Collaboration},
issn = {1432-0746},
doi = {10.1051/0004-6361/201629540},
pages = {30},
year = {2017},
abstract = {Aims. We present an extensive study of the BL Lac object Mrk 501 based on a data set collected during the multi-instrument campaign spanning from 2009 March 15 to 2009 August 1, which includes, among other instruments, MAGIC, VERITAS, Whipple 10 m, and Fermi-LAT to cover the gamma-ray range from 0.1 GeV to 20 TeV; RXTE and Swift to cover wavelengths from UV to hard X-rays; and GASP-WEBT, which provides coverage of radio and optical wavelengths. Optical polarization measurements were provided for a fraction of the campaign by the Steward and St. Petersburg observatories. We evaluate the variability of the source and interband correlations, the gamma-ray flaring activity occurring in May 2009, and interpret the results within two synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) scenarios. Methods. The multiband variability observed during the full campaign is addressed in terms of the fractional variability, and the possible correlations are studied by calculating the discrete correlation function for each pair of energy bands where the significance was evaluated with dedicated Monte Carlo simulations. The space of SSC model parameters is probed following a dedicated grid-scan strategy, allowing for a wide range of models to be tested and offering a study of the degeneracy of model-to-data agreement in the individual model parameters, hence providing a less biased interpretation than the "single-curve SSC model adjustment" typically reported in the literature. Results. We find an increase in the fractional variability with energy, while no significant interband correlations of flux changes are found on the basis of the acquired data set. The SSC model grid-scan shows that the flaring activity around May 22 cannot be modeled adequately with a one-zone SSC scenario (using an electron energy distribution with two breaks), while it can be suitably described within a two (independent) zone SSC scenario. Here, one zone is responsible for the quiescent emission from the averaged 4.5-month observing period, while the other one, which is spatially separated from the first, dominates the flaring emission occurring at X-rays and very-high-energy (> 100 GeV, VHE) gamma-rays. The flaring activity from May 1, which coincides with a rotation of the electric vector polarization angle (EVPA), cannot be satisfactorily reproduced by either a one-zone or a two-independent-zone SSC model, yet this is partially affected by the lack of strictly simultaneous observations and the presence of large flux changes on sub-hour timescales (detected at VHE gamma rays). Conclusions. The higher variability in the VHE emission and lack of correlation with the X-ray emission indicate that, at least during the 4.5-month observing campaign in 2009, the highest energy (and most variable) electrons that are responsible for the VHE gamma rays do not make a dominant contribution to the similar to 1 keV emission. Alternatively, there could be a very variable component contributing to the VHE gamma-ray emission in addition to that coming from the SSC scenario. The studies with our dedicated SSC grid-scan show that there is some degeneracy in both the one-zone and the two-zone SSC scenarios probed, with several combinations of model parameters yielding a similar model-to-data agreement, and some parameters better constrained than others. The observed gamma-ray flaring activity, with the EVPA rotation coincident with the first gamma-ray flare, resembles those reported previously for low frequency peaked blazars, hence suggesting that there are many similarities in the flaring mechanisms of blazars with different jet properties.},
language = {en}
}
@article{XiongMignoletFangetal.2017,
author = {Xiong, Hui and Mignolet, Benoit and Fang, Li and Osipov, Timur and Wolf, Thomas J. A. and Sistrunk, Emily and G{\"u}hr, Markus and Remacle, Francoise and Berrah, Nora},
title = {The Role of Super-Atom Molecular Orbitals in Doped Fullerenes in a Femtosecond Intense Laser Field},
series = {Scientific reports},
volume = {7},
journal = {Scientific reports},
publisher = {Nature Publ. Group},
address = {London},
issn = {2045-2322},
doi = {10.1038/s41598-017-00124-9},
pages = {8},
year = {2017},
abstract = {The interaction of gas phase endohedral fullerene Ho3N@C-80 with intense (0.1-5 x 10(14) W/cm(2)), short (30 fs), 800 nm laser pulses was investigated. The power law dependence of Ho3N@C-80(q+), q = 1-2, was found to be different from that of C-60. Time-dependent density functional theory computations revealed different light-induced ionization mechanisms. Unlike in C-60, in doped fullerenes, the breaking of the cage spherical symmetry makes super atomic molecular orbital (SAMO) states optically active. Theoretical calculations suggest that the fast ionization of the SAMO states in Ho3N@C-80 is responsible for the n = 3 power law for singly charged parent molecules at intensities lower than 1.2 x 10(14) W/cm(2).},
language = {en}
}
@article{ArchambaultArcherBenbowetal.2017,
author = {Archambault, S. and Archer, A. and Benbow, W. and Bird, R. and Bourbeau, E. and Brantseg, T. and Buchovecky, M. and Buckley, J. H. and Bugaev, V. and Byrum, K. and Cerruti, M. and Christiansen, J. L. and Connolly, M. P. and Cui, W. and Daniel, M. K. and Feng, Q. and Finley, J. P. and Fleischhack, H. and Fortson, L. and Furniss, A. and Geringer-Sameth, A. and Griffin, S. and Grube, J. and H{\"u}tten, M. and Hakansson, N. and Hanna, D. and Hervet, O. and Holder, J. and Hughes, G. and Hummensky, B. and Johnson, C. A. and Kaaret, P. and Kar, P. and Kelley-Hoskins, N. and Kertzman, M. and Kieda, D. and Koushiappas, S. and Krause, M. and Krennrich, F. and Lang, M. J. and Lin, T. T. Y. and McArthur, S. and Moriarty, P. and Mukherjee, R. and Nieto, D. and Ong, R. A. and Otte, A. N. and Park, N. and Pohl, M. and Popkow, A. and Pueschel, Elisa and Quinn, J. and Ragan, K. and Reynolds, P. T. and Richards, G. T. and Roache, E. and Rulten, C. and Sadeh, I. and Santander, M. and Sembroski, G. H. and Shahinyan, K. and Smith, A. W. and Staszak, D. and Telezhinsky, Igor O. and Trepanier, S. and Tucci, J. V. and Tyler, J. and Wakely, S. P. and Weinstein, A. and Wilcox, P. and Williams, D. A. and Zitzer, B.},
title = {Dark matter constraints from a joint analysis of dwarf Spheroidal galaxy observations with VERITAS},
series = {Physical review : D, Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology},
volume = {95},
journal = {Physical review : D, Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology},
number = {8},
publisher = {American Physical Society},
address = {College Park},
organization = {VERITAS Collaboration},
issn = {2470-0010},
doi = {10.1103/PhysRevD.95.082001},
pages = {14},
year = {2017},
abstract = {We present constraints on the annihilation cross section of weakly interacting massive particles dark matter based on the joint statistical analysis of four dwarf galaxies with VERITAS. These results are derived from an optimized photon weighting statistical technique that improves on standard imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescope (IACT) analyses by utilizing the spectral and spatial properties of individual photon events. We report on the results of similar to 230 hours of observations of five dwarf galaxies and the joint statistical analysis of four of the dwarf galaxies. We find no evidence of gamma-ray emission from any individual dwarf nor in the joint analysis. The derived upper limit on the dark matter annihilation cross section from the joint analysis is 1.35 x 10(-23) cm(3) s(-1) at 1 TeV for the bottom quark (b (b) over bar) final state, 2.85 x 10(-24) cm(3) s(-1) at 1 TeV for the tau lepton (tau+tau(-)) final state and 1.32 x 10-25 cm(3) s(-1) at 1 TeV for the gauge boson (gamma gamma) final state.},
language = {en}
}
@misc{NorregaardMetzlerRitteretal.2017,
author = {Norregaard, Kamilla and Metzler, Ralf and Ritter, Christine M. and Berg-Sorensen, Kirstine and Oddershede, Lene Broeng},
title = {Manipulation and Motion of Organelles and Single Molecules in Living Cells},
series = {Chemical reviews},
volume = {117},
journal = {Chemical reviews},
number = {5},
publisher = {American Chemical Society},
address = {Washington},
issn = {0009-2665},
doi = {10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00638},
pages = {4342 -- 4375},
year = {2017},
abstract = {The biomolecule is among the most important building blocks of biological systems, and a full understanding of its function forms the scaffold for describing the mechanisms of higher order structures as organelles and cells. Force is a fundamental regulatory mechanism of biomolecular interactions driving many cellular processes. The forces on a molecular scale are exactly in the range that can be manipulated and probed with single molecule force spectroscopy. The natural environment of a biomolecule is inside a living cell, hence, this is the most relevant environment for probing their function. In vivo studies are, however, challenged by the complexity of the cell. In this review, we start with presenting relevant theoretical tools for analyzing single molecule data obtained in intracellular environments followed by a description of state-of-the art visualization techniques. The most commonly used force spectroscopy techniques, namely optical tweezers, magnetic tweezers, and atomic force microscopy, are described in detail, and their strength and limitations related to in vivo experiments are discussed. Finally, recent exciting discoveries within the field of in vivo manipulation and dynamics of single molecule and organelles are reviewed.},
language = {en}
}
@article{LeussuUsoskinValliappanetal.2017,
author = {Leussu, R. and Usoskin, IIlya G. and Valliappan, Senthamizh Pavai and Diercke, Andrea and Arlt, Rainer and Denker, Carsten and Mursula, K.},
title = {Wings of the butterfly},
series = {Astronomy and astrophysics : an international weekly journal},
volume = {599},
journal = {Astronomy and astrophysics : an international weekly journal},
publisher = {EDP Sciences},
address = {Les Ulis},
issn = {1432-0746},
doi = {10.1051/0004-6361/201629533},
pages = {8},
year = {2017},
abstract = {The spatio-temporal evolution of sunspot activity, the so-called Maunder butterfly diagram, has been continously available since 1874 using data from the Royal Greenwich Observatory, extended by SOON network data after 1976. Here we present a new extended butterfly diagram of sunspot group occurrence since 1826, using the recently digitized data from Schwabe (1826-1867) and Sporer (1866-1880). The wings of the diagram are separated using a recently developed method based on an analysis of long gaps in sunspot group occurrence in different latitude bands. We define characteristic latitudes, corresponding to the start, end, and the largest extent of the wings (the F, L, and H latitudes). The H latitudes (30 degrees-45 degrees) are highly significantly correlated with the strength of the wings (quantified by the total sum of the monthly numbers of sunspot groups). The F latitudes (20 degrees-30 degrees) depict a weak tendency, especially in the southern hemisphere, to follow the wing strength. The L latitudes (2 degrees-10 degrees) show no clear relation to the wing strength. Overall, stronger cycle wings tend to start at higher latitudes and have a greater wing extent. A strong (5-6)-cycle periodic oscillation is found in the start and end times of the wings and in the overlap and gaps between successive wings of one hemisphere. While the average wing overlap is zero in the southern hemisphere, it is two to three months in the north. A marginally significant oscillation of about ten solar cycles is found in the asymmetry of the L latitudes. The new long database of butterfly wings provides new observational constraints to solar dynamo models that discuss the spatio-temporal distribution of sunspot occurrence over the solar cycle and longer.},
language = {en}
}
@article{RaetzelWilkensMenzel2017,
author = {R{\"a}tzel, Dennis and Wilkens, Martin and Menzel, Ralf},
title = {Effect of polarization entanglement in photon-photon scattering},
series = {Physical review : A, Atomic, molecular, and optical physics},
volume = {95},
journal = {Physical review : A, Atomic, molecular, and optical physics},
number = {1},
publisher = {American Physical Society},
address = {College Park},
issn = {2469-9926},
doi = {10.1103/PhysRevA.95.012101},
pages = {6},
year = {2017},
abstract = {It is found that the differential cross section of photon-photon scattering is a function of the degree of polarization entanglement of the two-photon state. A reduced general expression for the differential cross section of photon-photon scattering is derived by applying simple symmetry arguments. An explicit expression is obtained for the example of photon-photon scattering due to virtual electron-positron pairs in quantum electrodynamics. It is shown how the effect in this explicit example can be explained as an effect of quantum interference and that it fits with the idea of distance-dependent forces.},
language = {en}
}
@article{GongKlumpp2017,
author = {Gong, Chen Chris and Klumpp, Stefan},
title = {Modeling sRNA-Regulated Plasmid Maintenance},
series = {PLoS one},
volume = {12},
journal = {PLoS one},
publisher = {PLoS},
address = {San Fransisco},
issn = {1932-6203},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0169703},
pages = {19},
year = {2017},
abstract = {We study a theoretical model for the toxin-antitoxin (hok/sok) mechanism for plasmid maintenance in bacteria. Toxin-antitoxin systems enforce the maintenance of a plasmid through post-segregational killing of cells that have lost the plasmid. Key to their function is the tight regulation of expression of a protein toxin by an sRNA antitoxin. Here, we focus on the nonlinear nature of the regulatory circuit dynamics of the toxin-antitoxin mechanism. The mechanism relies on a transient increase in protein concentration rather than on the steady state of the genetic circuit. Through a systematic analysis of the parameter dependence of this transient increase, we confirm some known design features of this system and identify new ones: for an efficient toxin-antitoxin mechanism, the synthesis rate of the toxin's mRNA template should be lower that of the sRNA antitoxin, the mRNA template should be more stable than the sRNA antitoxin, and the mRNA-sRNA complex should be more stable than the sRNA antitoxin. Moreover, a short half-life of the protein toxin is also beneficial to the function of the toxin-antitoxin system. In addition, we study a therapeutic scenario in which a competitor mRNA is introduced to sequester the sRNA antitoxin, causing the toxic protein to be expressed.},
language = {en}
}
@article{FandrichBullerMemczaketal.2017,
author = {Fandrich, Artur and Buller, Jens and Memczak, Henry and Stoecklein, W. and Hinrichs, K. and Wischerhoff, E. and Schulz, B. and Laschewsky, Andr{\´e} and Lisdat, Fred},
title = {Responsive Polymer-Electrode Interface-Study of its Thermo- and pH-Sensitivity and the Influence of Peptide Coupling},
series = {Electrochimica acta : the journal of the International Society of Electrochemistry (ISE)},
volume = {229},
journal = {Electrochimica acta : the journal of the International Society of Electrochemistry (ISE)},
publisher = {Elsevier},
address = {Oxford},
issn = {0013-4686},
doi = {10.1016/j.electacta.2017.01.080},
pages = {325 -- 333},
year = {2017},
abstract = {This study introduces a thermally responsive, polymer-based electrode system. The key component is a surface-attached, temperature-responsive poly(oligoethylene glycol) methacrylate (poly(OEGMA)) type polymer bearing photoreactive benzophenone and carboxy groups containing side chains. The responsive behavior of the polymer in aqueous media has been investigated by turbidimetry measurements. Polymer films are formed on gold substrates by means of the photoreactive 2(dicyclohexylphosphino)benzophenone (DPBP) through photocrosslinking. The electrochemical behavior of the resulting polymer-substrate interface has been investigated in buffered [Fe(CN)6](3-)/[Fe (CN)6](4-)solutions at room temperature and under temperature variation by cyclic voltammetry (CV). The CV experiments show that with increasing temperature structural changes of the polymer layer occur, which alter the output of the electrochemical measurement. Repeated heating/cooling cycles analyzed by CV measurements and pH changes analyzed by quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) reveal the reversible nature of the restructuring process. The immobilized films are further modified by covalent coupling of two small biomolecules - a hydrophobic peptide and a more hydrophilic one. These attached components influence the hydrophobicity of the layer in a different way the resulting change of the temperature-caused behavior has been studied by CV indicating a different state of the polymer after coupling of the hydrophobic peptide.},
language = {en}
}
@article{ZachariasChenWagner2017,
author = {Zacharias, Michael and Chen, Xuhui and Wagner, Stefan},
title = {Attenuation of TeV gamma-rays by the starlight photon field of the host galaxy},
series = {Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society},
volume = {465},
journal = {Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society},
number = {3},
publisher = {Oxford Univ. Press},
address = {Oxford},
issn = {0035-8711},
doi = {10.1093/mnras/stw3032},
pages = {3767 -- 3774},
year = {2017},
abstract = {The absorption of TeV gamma-ray photons produced in relativistic jets by surrounding soft photon fields is a long-standing problem of jet physics. In some cases, the most likely emission site close to the central black hole is ruled out because of the high opacity caused by strong optical and infrared photon sources, such as the broad-line region. Mostly neglected for jet modelling is the absorption of gamma-rays in the starlight photon field of the host galaxy. Analysing the absorption for arbitrary locations and observation angles of the gamma-ray emission site within the host galaxy, we find that the distance to the galaxy centre, the observation angle, and the distribution of starlight in the galaxy are crucial for the amount of absorption. We derive the absorption value for a sample of 20 TeV-detected blazars with a redshift z(r) < 0.2. The absorption value of the gamma-ray emission located in the galaxy centre may be as high as 20 per cent, with an average value of 6 per cent. This is important in order to determine the intrinsic blazar parameters. We see no significant trends in our sample between the degree of absorption and host properties, such as starlight emissivity, galactic size, half-light radius, and redshift. While the uncertainty of the spectral properties of the extragalactic background light exceeds the effect of absorption by stellar light from the host galaxy in distant objects, the latter is a dominant effect in nearby sources. It may also be revealed in a differential comparison of sources with similar redshifts.},
language = {en}
}
@article{AnielskiBarbosaPfannesBeta2017,
author = {Anielski, Alexander and Barbosa Pfannes, Eva Katharina and Beta, Carsten},
title = {Adaptive microfluidic gradient generator for quantitative chemotaxis experiments},
series = {Review of scientific instruments : a monthly journal devoted to scientific instruments, apparatus, and techniques},
volume = {88},
journal = {Review of scientific instruments : a monthly journal devoted to scientific instruments, apparatus, and techniques},
publisher = {American Institute of Physics},
address = {Melville},
issn = {0034-6748},
doi = {10.1063/1.4978535},
pages = {10},
year = {2017},
abstract = {Chemotactic motion in a chemical gradient is an essential cellular function that controls many processes in the living world. For a better understanding and more detailed modelling of the underlying mechanisms of chemotaxis, quantitative investigations in controlled environments are needed. We developed a setup that allows us to separately address the dependencies of the chemotactic motion on the average background concentration and on the gradient steepness of the chemoattractant. In particular, both the background concentration and the gradient steepness can be kept constant at the position of the cell while it moves along in the gradient direction. This is achieved by generating a well-defined chemoattractant gradient using flow photolysis. In this approach, the chemoattractant is released by a light-induced reaction from a caged precursor in a microfluidic flow chamber upstream of the cell. The flow photolysis approach is combined with an automated real-time cell tracker that determines changes in the cell position and triggers movement of the microscope stage such that the cell motion is compensated and the cell remains at the same position in the gradient profile. The gradient profile can be either determined experimentally using a caged fluorescent dye or may be alternatively determined by numerical solutions of the corresponding physical model. To demonstrate the function of this adaptive microfluidic gradient generator, we compare the chemotactic motion of Dictyostelium discoideum cells in a static gradient and in a gradient that adapts to the position of the moving cell. Published by AIP Publishing.},
language = {en}
}
@misc{Metzler2017,
author = {Metzler, Ralf},
title = {Gaussianity Fair},
series = {Biophysical journal},
volume = {112},
journal = {Biophysical journal},
number = {3},
publisher = {Cell Press},
address = {Cambridge},
issn = {0006-3495},
doi = {10.1016/j.bpj.2016.12.019},
pages = {413 -- 415},
year = {2017},
language = {en}
}
@misc{Metzler2017,
author = {Metzler, Ralf},
title = {Anomalous Diffusion in Membranes and the Cytoplasm of Biological Cells},
series = {Biophysical journal},
volume = {112},
journal = {Biophysical journal},
number = {3},
publisher = {Cell Press},
address = {Cambridge},
issn = {0006-3495},
doi = {10.1016/j.bpj.2016.11.2577},
pages = {476A -- 476A},
year = {2017},
language = {en}
}
@article{KoopmanNataliDonatietal.2017,
author = {Koopman, Wouter-Willem Adriaan and Natali, Marco and Donati, Giovanni P. and Muccini, Michele and Toffanin, Stefano},
title = {Charge-exciton interaction rate in organic field-effect transistors by means of transient photoluminescence electromodulated spectroscopy},
series = {ACS photonics},
volume = {4},
journal = {ACS photonics},
number = {2},
publisher = {American Chemical Society},
address = {Washington, DC},
issn = {2330-4022},
doi = {10.1021/acsphotonics.6b00573},
pages = {282 -- 291},
year = {2017},
abstract = {Organic light-emitting transistors (OLETs) offer a huge potential for the design of highly integrated multifunctional optoelectronic systems and of intense nano scale light sources, such as the long-searched-for electrically pumped organic laser. In order to fulfill these promises, the efficiency and brightness of the current state-of-the-art devices have to be increased significantly. The dominating quenching process limiting the external quantum efficiency in OLETs is charge-exciton interaction. A comprehensive understanding of this quenching process is therefore of paramount importance. The present article reports a systematic investigation of charge-exciton interaction in organic transistors employing time resolved photoluminescence electro-modulation (PLEM) spectroscopy on the picosecond time scale. The results show that the injected charges reduce the exciton radiative recombination in two ways: (i) charges may prevent the generation of excitons and (ii) charges activate a further nonradiative channel for the exciton decay. Moreover, the transient PLEM measurements clearly reveal that not only trapped charges, as already reported in literature, but rather the entire injected charge density contributes to the quenching of the exciton population.},
language = {en}
}
@article{SundeGrijsSubramanianetal.2017,
author = {Sun, Ning-Chen and de Grijs, Richard and Subramanian, Smitha and Cioni, Maria-Rosa L. and Rubele, Stefano and Bekki, Kenji and Ivanov, Valentin D. and Piatti, Andr{\´e}s E. and Ripepi, Vincenzo},
title = {The VMC Survey. XXII. Hierarchical star formation in the 30 Doradus-N158-N159-N160 star-forming complex},
series = {The astrophysical journal : an international review of spectroscopy and astronomical physics},
volume = {835},
journal = {The astrophysical journal : an international review of spectroscopy and astronomical physics},
number = {2},
publisher = {Institute of Physics Publ.},
address = {Bristol},
issn = {0004-637X},
doi = {10.3847/1538-4357/835/2/171},
pages = {10},
year = {2017},
abstract = {We study the hierarchical stellar structures in a similar to 1.5 deg(2) area covering the 30. Doradus-N158-N159-N160 starforming complex with the VISTA Survey of. Magellanic Clouds. Based on the young upper main-sequence stars, we find that the surface densities cover a wide range of values, from log(Sigma.pc(2))less than or similar to -2.0 to log(Sigma. pc(2)) greater than or similar to 0.0. Their distributions are highly non-uniform, showing groups that frequently have subgroups inside. The sizes of the stellar groups do not exhibit characteristic values, and range continuously from several parsecs to more than 100. pc; the cumulative size distribution can be well described by a single power law, with the power-law index indicating a projected fractal dimension D-2 = 1.6 +/- 0.3. We suggest that the phenomena revealed here support a scenario of hierarchical star formation. Comparisons with other star-forming regions and galaxies are also discussed.},
language = {en}
}
@article{WarrenEllisonBarkovetal.2017,
author = {Warren, Donald C. and Ellison, Donald C. and Barkov, Maxim V. and Nagataki, Shigehiro},
title = {Nonlinear Particle Acceleration and Thermal Particles in GRB Afterglows},
series = {The astrophysical journal : an international review of spectroscopy and astronomical physics},
volume = {835},
journal = {The astrophysical journal : an international review of spectroscopy and astronomical physics},
number = {2},
publisher = {IOP Publ. Ltd.},
address = {Bristol},
issn = {0004-637X},
doi = {10.3847/1538-4357/aa56c3},
pages = {15},
year = {2017},
abstract = {The standard model for GRB afterglow emission treats the accelerated electron population as a simple power law, N(E) proportional to E-p for p greater than or similar to 2. However, in standard Fermi shock acceleration, a substantial fraction of the swept-up particles do not enter the acceleration process at all. Additionally, if acceleration is efficient, then the nonlinear back-reaction of accelerated particles on the shock structure modifies the shape of the nonthermal tail of the particle spectra. Both of these modifications to the standard synchrotron afterglow impact the luminosity, spectra, and temporal variation of the afterglow. To examine the effects of including thermal particles and nonlinear particle acceleration on afterglow emission, we follow a hydrodynamical model for an afterglow jet and simulate acceleration at numerous points during the evolution. When thermal particles are included, we find that the electron population is at no time well fitted by a single power law, though the highest-energy electrons are; if the acceleration is efficient, then the power-law region is even smaller. Our model predicts hard-soft-hard spectral evolution at X-ray energies, as well as an uncoupled X-ray and optical light curve. Additionally, we show that including emission from thermal particles has drastic effects (increases by factors of 100 and 30, respectively) on the observed flux at optical and GeV energies. This enhancement of GeV emission makes afterglow detections by future gamma-ray observatories, such as CTA, very likely.},
language = {en}
}
@article{LiuCherstvyMetzler2017,
author = {Liu, Lin and Cherstvy, Andrey G. and Metzler, Ralf},
title = {Facilitated Diffusion of Transcription Factor Proteins with Anomalous Bulk Diffusion},
series = {The journal of physical chemistry : B, Condensed matter, materials, surfaces, interfaces \& biophysical chemistry},
volume = {121},
journal = {The journal of physical chemistry : B, Condensed matter, materials, surfaces, interfaces \& biophysical chemistry},
publisher = {American Chemical Society},
address = {Washington},
issn = {1520-6106},
doi = {10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b12413},
pages = {1284 -- 1289},
year = {2017},
abstract = {What are the physical laws of the diffusive search of proteins for their specific binding sites on DNA in the presence of the macromolecular crowding in cells? We performed extensive computer simulations to elucidate the protein target search on DNA. The novel feature is the viscoelastic non-Brownian protein bulk diffusion recently observed experimentally. We examine the influence of the protein-DNA binding affinity and the anomalous diffusion exponent on the target search time. In all cases an optimal search time is found. The relative contribution of intermittent three-dimensional bulk diffusion and one-dimensional sliding of proteins along the DNA is quantified. Our results are discussed in the light of recent single molecule tracking experiments, aiming at a better understanding of the influence of anomalous kinetics of proteins on the facilitated diffusion mechanism.},
language = {en}
}
@article{AlmeidaSanaTayloretal.2017,
author = {Almeida, Leonardo A. and Sana, H. and Taylor, W. and Barb{\´a}, Rodolfo and Bonanos, Alceste Z. and Crowther, Paul and Damineli, Augusto and de Koter, A. and de Mink, Selma E. and Evans, C. J. and Gieles, Mark and Grin, Nathan J. and H{\´e}nault-Brunet, V. and Langer, Norbert and Lennon, D. and Lockwood, Sean and Ma{\´i}z Apell{\´a}niz, Jes{\´u}s and Moffat, A. F. J. and Neijssel, C. and Norman, C. and Ram{\´i}rez-Agudelo, O. H. and Richardson, N. D. and Schootemeijer, Abel and Shenar, Tomer and Soszyński, Igor and Tramper, Frank and Vink, J. S.},
title = {The tarantula massive binary monitoring},
series = {Astronomy and astrophysics : an international weekly journal},
volume = {598},
journal = {Astronomy and astrophysics : an international weekly journal},
publisher = {EDP Sciences},
address = {Les Ulis},
issn = {1432-0746},
doi = {10.1051/0004-6361/201629844},
pages = {36},
year = {2017},
abstract = {Context: Massive binaries play a crucial role in the Universe. Knowing the distributions of their orbital parameters is important for a wide range of topics from stellar feedback to binary evolution channels and from the distribution of supernova types to gravitational wave progenitors, yet no direct measurements exist outside the Milky Way. Aims: The Tarantula Massive Binary Monitoring project was designed to help fill this gap by obtaining multi-epoch radial velocity (RV) monitoring of 102 massive binaries in the 30 Doradus region. Methods: In this paper we analyze 32 FLAMES/GIRAFFE observations of 93 O- and 7 B-type binaries. We performed a Fourier analysis and obtained orbital solutions for 82 systems: 51 single-lined (SB1) and 31 double-lined (SB2) spectroscopic binaries. Results: Overall, the binary fraction and orbital properties across the 30 Doradus region are found to be similar to existing Galactic samples. This indicates that within these domains environmental effects are of second order in shaping the properties of massive binary systems. A small difference is found in the distribution of orbital periods, which is slightly flatter (in log space) in 30 Doradus than in the Galaxy, although this may be compatible within error estimates and differences in the fitting methodology. Also, orbital periods in 30 Doradus can be as short as 1.1 d, somewhat shorter than seen in Galactic samples. Equal mass binaries (q> 0.95) in 30 Doradus are all found outside NGC 2070, the central association that surrounds R136a, the very young and massive cluster at 30 Doradus's core. Most of the differences, albeit small, are compatible with expectations from binary evolution. One outstanding exception, however, is the fact that earlier spectral types (O2-O7) tend to have shorter orbital periods than later spectral types (O9.2-O9.7). Conclusions: Our results point to a relative universality of the incidence rate of massive binaries and their orbital properties in the metallicity range from solar (Z⊙) to about half solar. This provides the first direct constraints on massive binary properties in massive star-forming galaxies at the Universe's peak of star formation at redshifts z ~ 1 to 2 which are estimated to have Z ~ 0.5 Z⊙.},
language = {en}
}
@article{GorobtsovMercurioBrenneretal.2017,
author = {Gorobtsov, O. Yu. and Mercurio, G. and Brenner, G. and Lorenz, Ulf and Gerasimova, N. and Kurta, R. P. and Hieke, F. and Skopintsev, P. and Zaluzhnyy, I. and Lazarev, S. and Dzhigaev, D. and Rose, M. and Singer, A. and Wurth, W. and Vartanyants, I. A.},
title = {Statistical properties of a free-electron laser revealed by Hanbury Brown-Twiss interferometry},
series = {Physical review : A, Atomic, molecular, and optical physics},
volume = {95},
journal = {Physical review : A, Atomic, molecular, and optical physics},
number = {2},
publisher = {American Physical Society},
address = {College Park},
issn = {2469-9926},
doi = {10.1103/PhysRevA.95.023843},
pages = {16},
year = {2017},
abstract = {We present a comprehensive experimental analysis of statistical properties of the self-amplified spontaneous emission free-electron laser (FEL) FLASH by means of Hanbury Brown and Twiss interferometry. The experiments were performed at FEL wavelengths of 5.5, 13.4, and 20.8 nm. We determined the second-order intensity correlation function for all wavelengths and different operation conditions of FLASH. In all experiments a high degree of spatial coherence (above 50\%) was obtained. Our analysis performed in spatial and spectral domains provided us with the independent measurements of an average pulse duration of the FEL that were below 60 fs. To explain the complicated behavior of the second-order intensity correlation function we developed an advanced theoretical model that includes the presence of multiple beams and external positional jitter of the FEL pulses. By this analysis we determined that in one of the experiments external positional jitter was about 25\% of the beam size. We envision that methods developed in our study will be used widely for analysis and diagnostics of FEL radiation.},
language = {en}
}
@article{GodecMetzler2017,
author = {Godec, Aljaž and Metzler, Ralf},
title = {First passage time statistics for two-channel diffusion},
series = {Journal of physics : A, Mathematical and theoretical},
volume = {50},
journal = {Journal of physics : A, Mathematical and theoretical},
number = {8},
publisher = {IOP Publ. Ltd.},
address = {Bristol},
issn = {1751-8113},
doi = {10.1088/1751-8121/aa5204},
pages = {17},
year = {2017},
abstract = {We present rigorous results for the mean first passage time and first passage time statistics for two-channel Markov additive diffusion in a 3-dimensional spherical domain. Inspired by biophysical examples we assume that the particle can only recognise the target in one of the modes, which is shown to effect a non-trivial first passage behaviour. We also address the scenario of intermittent immobilisation. In both cases we prove that despite the perfectly non-recurrent motion of two-channel Markov additive diffusion in 3 dimensions the first passage statistics at long times do not display Poisson-like behaviour if none of the phases has a vanishing diffusion coefficient. This stands in stark contrast to the standard (one-channel) Markov diffusion counterpart. We also discuss the relevance of our results in the context of cellular signalling.},
language = {en}
}
@article{Goychuk2017,
author = {Goychuk, Igor},
title = {Quantum ergodicity breaking in semi-classical electron transfer dynamics},
series = {Physical chemistry, chemical physics : a journal of European Chemical Societies},
volume = {19},
journal = {Physical chemistry, chemical physics : a journal of European Chemical Societies},
publisher = {Royal Society of Chemistry},
address = {Cambridge},
issn = {1463-9076},
doi = {10.1039/c6cp07206b},
pages = {3056 -- 3066},
year = {2017},
abstract = {Can the statistical properties of single-electron transfer events be correctly predicted within a common equilibrium ensemble description? This fundamental in nanoworld question of ergodic behavior is scrutinized within a very basic semi-classical curve-crossing problem. It is shown that in the limit of non-adiabatic electron transfer (weak tunneling) well-described by the Marcus-Levich-Dogonadze (MLD) rate the answer is yes. However, in the limit of the so-called solvent-controlled adiabatic electron transfer, a profound breaking of ergodicity occurs. Namely, a common description based on the ensemble reduced density matrix with an initial equilibrium distribution of the reaction coordinate is not able to reproduce the statistics of single-trajectory events in this seemingly classical regime. For sufficiently large activation barriers, the ensemble survival probability in a state remains nearly exponential with the inverse rate given by the sum of the adiabatic curve crossing (Kramers) time and the inverse MLD rate. In contrast, near to the adiabatic regime, the single-electron survival probability is clearly non-exponential, even though it possesses an exponential tail which agrees well with the ensemble description. Initially, it is well described by a Mittag-Leffler distribution with a fractional rate. Paradoxically, the mean transfer time in this classical on the ensemble level regime is well described by the inverse of the nonadiabatic quantum tunneling rate on a single particle level. An analytical theory is developed which perfectly agrees with stochastic simulations and explains our findings.},
language = {en}
}
@article{KunnusJosefssonSchrecketal.2017,
author = {Kunnus, Kristjan and Josefsson, I. and Schreck, Simon Frederik and Quevedo, W. and Miedema, P. S. and Techert, S. and de Groot, F. M. F. and F{\"o}hlisch, Alexander and Odelius, M. and Wernet, Ph.},
title = {Quantifying covalent interactions with resonant inelastic soft X-ray scattering},
series = {Chemical physics letters},
volume = {669},
journal = {Chemical physics letters},
publisher = {Elsevier},
address = {Amsterdam},
issn = {0009-2614},
doi = {10.1016/j.cplett.2016.12.046},
pages = {196 -- 201},
year = {2017},
abstract = {We analyze the effects of covalent interactions in Ni 2p3d resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) spectra from aqueous Ni2+ ions and find that the relative RIXS intensities of ligand-to-metal charge-transfer final states with respect to the ligand-field final states reflect the covalent mixing between Ni 3d and water orbitals. Specifically, the experimental intensity ratio at the Ni L-3-edge allows to determine that the Ni 3d orbitals have on average 5.5\% of water character. We propose that 2p3d RIXS at the Ni L-3-edge can be utilized to quantify covalency in Ni complexes without the use of external references or simulations.},
language = {en}
}
@article{HusemannBielbyJahnkeetal.2018,
author = {Husemann, Bernd and Bielby, R. and Jahnke, K. and Arrigoni-Battaia, F. and Worseck, Gabor and Shanks, T. and Wardlow, J. and Scholtz, J.},
title = {Cosmic dance at z similar to 3},
series = {Astronomy and astrophysics : an international weekly journal},
volume = {614},
journal = {Astronomy and astrophysics : an international weekly journal},
publisher = {EDP Sciences},
address = {Les Ulis},
issn = {1432-0746},
doi = {10.1051/0004-6361/201833363},
pages = {5},
year = {2018},
abstract = {We recently discovered that the luminous radio-quiet (QSO) LBQS 0302-0019 at z=3.286 is likely accompanied by an obscured AGN at 20 kpc projected distance, which we dubbed Jil. It represents the tightest candidate obscured/unobscured dual AGN system at z >3. To verify the dual AGN scenario we obtained deep K-s band (rest-frame V band) imaging with the VLT/HAWK-I+GRAAL instrument at 0 '.4 resolution during science verification in January 2018. Indeed, we detect the individual host galaxies of the QSO and Jil with estimated stellar masses of log(M-*/M-circle dot)=11.4 +/- 0.5 and log(M-*/M-circle dot)=10.9 +/- 0.5, respectively. Near-IR spectra obtained with VLT-KMOS reveal a clear [O-III] lambda 5007 line detection at the location of Jil which does not contribute significantly to the Ks band flux. Both observations therefore corroborate the dual AGN scenario. A comparison to Illustris cosmological simulations suggests a parent halo mass of log(M-halo/M-*)=13.2 +/- 0.5 for this interacting galaxy system, corresponding to a very massive dark matter halo at that epoch.},
language = {en}
}
@article{SanchezAyasodelValleMartietal.2018,
author = {Sanchez-Ayaso, Mar{\´i}a de la Estrella and del Valle, Maria Victoria and Marti, Josep and Romero, G. E. and Luque-Escamilla, Pedro Luis},
title = {Possible association of two Stellar Bowshocks with Unidentified Fermi Sources},
series = {The astrophysical journal : an international review of spectroscopy and astronomical physics},
volume = {861},
journal = {The astrophysical journal : an international review of spectroscopy and astronomical physics},
number = {1},
publisher = {IOP Publ. Ltd.},
address = {Bristol},
issn = {0004-637X},
doi = {10.3847/1538-4357/aac7c7},
pages = {9},
year = {2018},
abstract = {The bowshocks of runaway stars had been theoretically proposed as gamma-ray sources. However, this hypothesis has not been confirmed by observations to date. In this paper, we present two runaway stars (lambda Cep and LS 2355) whose bowshocks are coincident with the unidentified Fermi gamma-ray sources 3FLG J2210.1+5925 and 3FGL J1128.7-6232, respectively. After performing a cross-correlation between different catalogs at distinct wavelengths, we found that these bowshocks are the most peculiar objects in the Fermi position ellipses. Then we computed the inverse Compton emission and fitted the Fermi data in order to test the viability of both runaway stars as potential counterparts of the two high-energy sources. We obtained very reasonable values for the fitted parameters of both stars. We also evaluated the possibility for the source 3FGL J1128.7-6232, which is positionally coincident with a H II region, to be the result of background cosmic-ray protons interacting with the matter of the cloud, as well as the probability of a pure chance association. We conclude that the gamma rays from these Fermi sources might be produced in the bowshocks of the considered runaway stars. In such a case, these would be the first sources of this class ever detected at gamma rays.},
language = {en}
}
@article{KegelesOritiTomlin2018,
author = {Kegeles, Alexander and Oriti, Daniele and Tomlin, Casey},
title = {Inequivalent coherent state representations in group field theory},
series = {Classical and quantum gravit},
volume = {35},
journal = {Classical and quantum gravit},
number = {12},
publisher = {IOP Publ. Ltd.},
address = {Bristol},
issn = {0264-9381},
doi = {10.1088/1361-6382/aac39f},
pages = {23},
year = {2018},
abstract = {In this paper we propose an algebraic formulation of group field theory and consider non-Fock representations based on coherent states. We show that we can construct representations with an infinite number of degrees of freedom on compact manifolds. We also show that these representations break translation symmetry. Since such representations can be regarded as quantum gravitational systems with an infinite number of fundamental pre-geometric building blocks, they may be more suitable for the description of effective geometrical phases of the theory.},
language = {en}
}
@article{QuadeAbelKutzetal.2018,
author = {Quade, Markus and Abel, Markus and Kutz, J. Nathan and Brunton, Steven L.},
title = {Sparse identification of nonlinear dynamics for rapid model recovery},
series = {Chaos : an interdisciplinary journal of nonlinear science},
volume = {28},
journal = {Chaos : an interdisciplinary journal of nonlinear science},
number = {6},
publisher = {American Institute of Physics},
address = {Melville},
issn = {1054-1500},
doi = {10.1063/1.5027470},
pages = {10},
year = {2018},
abstract = {Big data have become a critically enabling component of emerging mathematical methods aimed at the automated discovery of dynamical systems, where first principles modeling may be intractable. However, in many engineering systems, abrupt changes must be rapidly characterized based on limited, incomplete, and noisy data. Many leading automated learning techniques rely on unrealistically large data sets, and it is unclear how to leverage prior knowledge effectively to re-identify a model after an abrupt change. In this work, we propose a conceptual framework to recover parsimonious models of a system in response to abrupt changes in the low-data limit. First, the abrupt change is detected by comparing the estimated Lyapunov time of the data with the model prediction. Next, we apply the sparse identification of nonlinear dynamics (SINDy) regression to update a previously identified model with the fewest changes, either by addition, deletion, or modification of existing model terms. We demonstrate this sparse model recovery on several examples for abrupt system change detection in periodic and chaotic dynamical systems. Our examples show that sparse updates to a previously identified model perform better with less data, have lower runtime complexity, and are less sensitive to noise than identifying an entirely new model. The proposed abrupt-SINDy architecture provides a new paradigm for the rapid and efficient recovery of a system model after abrupt changes.},
language = {en}
}
@article{YeKurthHospodarskyetal.2018,
author = {Ye, S. -Y. and Kurth, William S. and Hospodarsky, George B. and Persoon, Ann M. and Gurnett, Don A. and Morooka, Michiko and Wahlund, Jan-Erik and Hsu, Hsiang-Wen and Seiss, Martin and Srama, Ralf},
title = {Cassini RPWS dust observation near the Janus/Epimetheus orbit},
series = {Journal of geophysical research : Space physics},
volume = {123},
journal = {Journal of geophysical research : Space physics},
number = {6},
publisher = {American Geophysical Union},
address = {Washington},
issn = {2169-9380},
doi = {10.1029/2017JA025112},
pages = {4952 -- 4960},
year = {2018},
abstract = {During the Ring Grazing orbits near the end of Cassini mission, the spacecraft crossed the equatorial plane near the orbit of Janus/Epimetheus (similar to 2.5 Rs). This region is populated with dust particles that can be detected by the Radio and Plasma Wave Science (RPWS) instrument via an electric field antenna signal. Analysis of the voltage waveforms recorded on the RPWS antennas provides estimations of the density and size distribution of the dust particles. Measured RPWS profiles, fitted with Lorentzian functions, are shown to be mostly consistent with the Cosmic Dust Analyzer, the dedicated dust instrument on board Cassini. The thickness of the dusty ring varies between 600 and 1,000 km. The peak location shifts north and south within 100 km of the ring plane, likely a function of the precession phase of Janus orbit.},
language = {en}
}
@article{EstradaDelvenneHatanoetal.2018,
author = {Estrada, Ernesto and Delvenne, Jean-Charles and Hatano, Naomichi and Mateos, Jose L. and Metzler, Ralf and Riascos, Alejandro P. and Schaub, Michael T.},
title = {Random multi-hopper model},
series = {Journal of Complex Networks},
volume = {6},
journal = {Journal of Complex Networks},
number = {3},
publisher = {Oxford Univ. Press},
address = {Oxford},
issn = {2051-1310},
doi = {10.1093/comnet/cnx043},
pages = {382 -- 403},
year = {2018},
abstract = {We develop a mathematical model considering a random walker with long-range hops on arbitrary graphs. The random multi-hopper can jump to any node of the graph from an initial position, with a probability that decays as a function of the shortest-path distance between the two nodes in the graph. We consider here two decaying functions in the form of Laplace and Mellin transforms of the shortest-path distances. We prove that when the parameters of these transforms approach zero asymptotically, the hitting time in the multi-hopper approaches the minimum possible value for a normal random walker. We show by computational experiments that the multi-hopper explores a graph with clusters or skewed degree distributions more efficiently than a normal random walker. We provide computational evidences of the advantages of the random multi-hopper model with respect to the normal random walk by studying deterministic, random and real-world networks.},
language = {en}
}
@article{WetterichSchirrmeisteNazarovaetal.2018,
author = {Wetterich, Sebastian and Schirrmeiste, Lutz and Nazarova, Larisa B. and Palagushkina, Olga and Bobrov, Anatoly and Pogosyan, Lilit and Savelieva, Larisa and Syrykh, Liudmila and Matthes, Heidrun and Fritz, Michael and G{\"u}nther, Frank and Opel, Thomas and Meyer, Hanno},
title = {Holocene thermokarst and pingo development in the Kolyma Lowland (NE Siberia)},
series = {Permafrost and Periglacial Processes},
volume = {29},
journal = {Permafrost and Periglacial Processes},
number = {3},
publisher = {Wiley},
address = {Hoboken},
issn = {1045-6740},
doi = {10.1002/ppp.1979},
pages = {182 -- 198},
year = {2018},
abstract = {Ground ice and sedimentary records of a pingo exposure reveal insights into Holocene permafrost, landscape and climate dynamics. Early to mid-Holocene thermokarst lake deposits contain rich floral and faunal paleoassemblages, which indicate lake shrinkage and decreasing summer temperatures (chironomid-based T-July) from 10.5 to 3.5 cal kyr BP with the warmest period between 10.5 and 8 cal kyr BP. Talik refreezing and pingo growth started about 3.5 cal kyr BP after disappearance of the lake. The isotopic composition of the pingo ice (delta O-18 - 17.1 +/- 0.6 parts per thousand, delta D -144.5 +/- 3.4 parts per thousand, slope 5.85, deuterium excess -7.7 +/- 1.5 parts per thousand) point to the initial stage of closed-system freezing captured in the record. A differing isotopic composition within the massive ice body was found (delta O-18 - 21.3 +/- 1.4 parts per thousand, delta D -165 +/- 11.5 parts per thousand, slope 8.13, deuterium excess 4.9 +/- 3.2 parts per thousand), probably related to the infill of dilation cracks by surface water with quasi-meteoric signature. Currently inactive syngenetic ice wedges formed in the thermokarst basin after lake drainage. The pingo preserves traces of permafrost response to climate variations in terms of ground-ice degradation (thermokarst) during the early and mid-Holocene, and aggradation (wedge-ice and pingo-ice growth) during the late Holocene.},
language = {en}
}
@article{Keles2021,
author = {Keles, Engin},
title = {Spectral signature of atmospheric winds in high-resolution transit observations},
series = {Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society},
volume = {502},
journal = {Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society},
number = {1},
publisher = {Oxford Univ. Press},
address = {Oxford},
doi = {10.1093/mnras/stab099},
pages = {1456 -- 1468},
year = {2021},
abstract = {The study of exoplanet atmospheres showed large diversity compared to the planets in our Solar system. Especially Jupiter-type exoplanets orbiting their host star in close orbits, the so-called hot and ultra-hot Jupiters, have been studied in detail due to their enhanced atmospheric signature. Due to their tidally locked status, the temperature difference between the day- and nightside triggers atmospheric winds that can lead to various fingerprints in the observations. Spatially resolved absorption lines during transit such as sodium (Na) could be a good tracer for such winds. Different works resolved the Na absorption lines on different exoplanets which show different line widths. Assuming that this could be attributed to such zonal jet streams, this work models the effect of such winds on synthetic absorption lines. For this, transiting Jupiter-type planets with rotational velocities similar to hot and ultra-hot Jupiter are considered. The investigation shows that high wind velocities could reproduce the broadening of Na-line profiles inferred in different high-resolution transit observations. There is a tendency that the broadening values decrease for planets with lower equilibrium temperature. This could be explained by atmospheric drag induced by the ionization of alkali lines that slow down the zonal jet streams, favouring their existence on hot Jupiter rather than ultra-hot Jupiter.},
language = {en}
}
@article{HolzmeierWolfGiengeretal.2018,
author = {Holzmeier, Fabian and Wolf, Thomas J. A. and Gienger, Christian and Wagner, Isabella and Bozek, J. and Nandi, S. and Nicolas, C. and Fischer, Ingo and G{\"u}hr, Markus and Fink, Reinhold F.},
title = {Normal and resonant Auger spectroscopy of isocyanic acid, HNCO},
series = {The journal of chemical physics : bridges a gap between journals of physics and journals of chemistr},
volume = {149},
journal = {The journal of chemical physics : bridges a gap between journals of physics and journals of chemistr},
number = {3},
publisher = {American Institute of Physics},
address = {Melville},
issn = {0021-9606},
doi = {10.1063/1.5030621},
pages = {13},
year = {2018},
abstract = {In this paper, we investigate HNCO by resonant and nonresonant Auger electron spectroscopy at the K-edges of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen, employing soft X-ray synchrotron radiation. In comparison with the isosteric but linear CO2 molecule, spectra of the bent HNCO molecule are similar but more complex due to its reduced symmetry, wherein the degeneracy of the π-orbitals is lifted. Resonant Auger electron spectra are presented at different photon energies over the first core-excited 1s → 10a′ resonance. All Auger electron spectra are assigned based on ab initio configuration interaction computations combined with the one-center approximation for Auger intensities and moment theory to consider vibrational motion. The calculated spectra were scaled by a newly introduced energy scaling factor, and generally, good agreement is found between experiment and theory for normal as well as resonant Auger electron spectra. A comparison of resonant Auger spectra with nonresonant Auger structures shows a slight broadening as well as a shift of the former spectra between -8 and -9 eV due to the spectating electron. Since HNCO is a small molecule and contains the four most abundant atoms of organic molecules, the reported Auger electron decay spectra will provide a benchmark for further theoretical approaches in the computation of core electron spectra.},
language = {en}
}
@article{GraetzSeissSpahn2018,
author = {Gr{\"a}tz, Fabio M. and Seiss, Martin and Spahn, Frank},
title = {Formation of moon-induced gaps in dense planetary rings},
series = {The astrophysical journal : an international review of spectroscopy and astronomical physics},
volume = {862},
journal = {The astrophysical journal : an international review of spectroscopy and astronomical physics},
number = {2},
publisher = {IOP Publ. Ltd.},
address = {Bristol},
issn = {0004-637X},
doi = {10.3847/1538-4357/aace00},
pages = {9},
year = {2018},
abstract = {We develop an axisymmetric diffusion model to describe radial density profiles in the vicinity of tiny moons embedded in planetary rings. Our diffusion model accounts for the gravitational scattering of the ring particles by an embedded moon and for the viscous diffusion of the ring matter back into the gap. With test particle simulations, we show that the scattering of the ring particles passing the moon is larger for small impact parameters than estimated by Goldreich \& Tremaine and Namouni. This is significant for modeling the Keeler gap. We apply our model to the gaps of the moons Pan and Daphnis embedded in the outer A ring of Saturn with the aim to estimate the shear viscosity of the ring in the vicinity of the Encke and Keeler gap. In addition, we analyze whether tiny icy moons whose dimensions lie below Cassini's resolution capabilities would be able to explain the gap structure of the C ring and the Cassini division.},
language = {en}
}
@article{HeHuangLietal.2018,
author = {He, Yongli and Huang, Jianping and Li, Dongdong and Xie, Yongkun and Zhang, Guolong and Qi, Yulei and Wang, Shanshan and Totz, Sonja Juliana},
title = {Comparison of the effect of land-sea thermal contrast on interdecadal variations in winter and summer blockings},
series = {Climate dynamics : observational, theoretical and computational research on the climate system},
volume = {51},
journal = {Climate dynamics : observational, theoretical and computational research on the climate system},
number = {4},
publisher = {Springer},
address = {New York},
issn = {0930-7575},
doi = {10.1007/s00382-017-3954-9},
pages = {1275 -- 1294},
year = {2018},
abstract = {The influence of winter and summer land-sea surface thermal contrast on blocking for 1948-2013 is investigated using observations and the coupled model intercomparison project outputs. The land-sea index (LSI) is defined to measure the changes of zonal asymmetric thermal forcing under global warming. The summer LSI shows a slower increasing trend than winter during this period. For the positive of summer LSI, the EP flux convergence induced by the land-sea thermal forcing in the high latitude becomes weaker than normal, which induces positive anomaly of zonal-mean westerly and double-jet structure. Based on the quasiresonance amplification mechanism, the narrow and reduced westerly tunnel between two jet centers provides a favor environment for more frequent blocking. Composite analysis demonstrates that summer blocking shows an increasing trend of event numbers and a decreasing trend of durations. The numbers of the short-lived blocking persisting for 5-9 days significantly increases and the numbers of the long-lived blocking persisting for longer than 10 days has a weak increase than that in negative phase of summer LSI. The increasing transient wave activities induced by summer LSI is responsible for the decreasing duration of blockings. The increasing blocking due to summer LSI can further strengthen the continent warming and increase the summer LSI, which forms a positive feedback. The opposite dynamical effect of LSI on summer and winter blocking are discussed and found that the LSI-blocking negative feedback partially reduces the influence of the above positive feedback and induce the weak summer warming rate.},
language = {en}
}
@article{LeitnerJosefssonMazzaetal.2018,
author = {Leitner, T. and Josefsson, Ida and Mazza, T. and Miedema, Piter S. and Schr{\"o}der, H. and Beye, Martin and Kunnus, Kristjan and Schreck, S. and D{\"u}sterer, Stefan and F{\"o}hlisch, Alexander and Meyer, M. and Odelius, Michael and Wernet, Philippe},
title = {Time-resolved electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis of photodissociation},
series = {The journal of chemical physics : bridges a gap between journals of physics and journals of chemistr},
volume = {149},
journal = {The journal of chemical physics : bridges a gap between journals of physics and journals of chemistr},
number = {4},
publisher = {American Institute of Physics},
address = {Melville},
issn = {0021-9606},
doi = {10.1063/1.5035149},
pages = {12},
year = {2018},
abstract = {The prototypical photoinduced dissociation of Fe(CO)(5) in the gas phase is used to test time-resolved x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy for studying photochemical reactions. Upon one-photon excitation at 266 nm, Fe(CO)(5) successively dissociates to Fe(CO)(4) and Fe(CO)(3) along a pathway where both fragments retain the singlet multiplicity of Fe(CO)(5). The x-ray free-electron laser FLASH is used to probe the reaction intermediates Fe(CO)(4) and Fe(CO)(3) with time-resolved valence and core-level photoelectron spectroscopy, and experimental results are interpreted with ab initio quantum chemical calculations. Changes in the valence photoelectron spectra are shown to reflect changes in the valenceorbital interactions upon Fe-CO dissociation, thereby validating fundamental theoretical concepts in Fe-CO bonding. Chemical shifts of CO 3 sigma inner-valence and Fe 3 sigma core-level binding energies are shown to correlate with changes in the coordination number of the Fe center. We interpret this with coordination-dependent charge localization and core-hole screening based on calculated changes in electron densities upon core-hole creation in the final ionic states. This extends the established capabilities of steady-state electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis to time-resolved investigations. It could also serve as a benchmark for howcharge and spin density changes in molecular dissociation and excited-state dynamics are expressed in valence and core-level photoelectron spectroscopy. Published by AIP Publishing.},
language = {en}
}
@article{OlsonAnFanetal.2017,
author = {Olson, R. and An, Soon-Il and Fan, Y. and Evans, J. P. and Caesar, Levke},
title = {North Atlantic observations sharpen meridional overturning projections},
series = {Climate dynamics : observational, theoretical and computational research on the climate system},
volume = {50},
journal = {Climate dynamics : observational, theoretical and computational research on the climate system},
number = {11-12},
publisher = {Springer},
address = {New York},
issn = {0930-7575},
doi = {10.1007/s00382-017-3867-7},
pages = {4171 -- 4188},
year = {2017},
abstract = {Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) projections are uncertain due to both model errors, as well as internal climate variability. An AMOC slowdown projected by many climate models is likely to have considerable effects on many aspects of global and North Atlantic climate. Previous studies to make probabilistic AMOC projections have broken new ground. However, they do not drift-correct or cross-validate the projections, and do not fully account for internal variability. Furthermore, they consider a limited subset of models, and ignore the skill of models at representing the temporal North Atlantic dynamics. We improve on previous work by applying Bayesian Model Averaging to weight 13 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 models by their skill at modeling the AMOC strength, and its temporal dynamics, as approximated by the northern North-Atlantic temperature-based AMOC Index. We make drift-corrected projections accounting for structural model errors, and for the internal variability. Cross-validation experiments give approximately correct empirical coverage probabilities, which validates our method. Our results present more evidence that AMOC likely already started slowing down. While weighting considerably moderates and sharpens our projections, our results are at low end of previously published estimates. We project mean AMOC changes between periods 1960-1999 and 2060-2099 of -4.0 Sv and -6.8 Sv for RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 emissions scenarios respectively. The corresponding average 90\% credible intervals for our weighted experiments are [-7.2, -1.2] and [-10.5, -3.7] Sv respectively for the two scenarios.},
language = {en}
}
@article{MuzahidFonsecaRobertsetal.2018,
author = {Muzahid, S. and Fonseca, G. and Roberts, A. and Rosenwasser, B. and Richter, Philipp and Narayanan, A. and Churchill, C. and Charlton, J.},
title = {COS-Weak: probing the CGM using analogues of weak Mg II absorbers at z < 0.3},
series = {Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society},
volume = {476},
journal = {Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society},
number = {4},
publisher = {Oxford Univ. Press},
address = {Oxford},
issn = {0035-8711},
doi = {10.1093/mnras/sty529},
pages = {4965 -- 4986},
year = {2018},
abstract = {We present a sample of 34 weak metal line absorbers at z < 0.3 selected by the simultaneous >3σ detections of the Si iiλ1260 and C iiλ1334 absorption lines, with Wr(SiII)<0.2 {\AA} and Wr(CII)<0.3 {\AA}, in archival HST/COS spectra. Our sample increases the number of known low-z 'weak absorbers' by a factor of >5. The column densities of H i and low-ionization metal lines obtained from Voigt profile fitting are used to build simple photoionization models. The inferred densities and line-of-sight thicknesses of the absorbers are in the ranges of -3.3 < log nH/cm-3 < -2.4 and ∼1 pc-50 kpc (median ≈500 pc), respectively. Most importantly, 85 per cent (50 per cent) of these absorbers show a metallicity of [Si/H]>-1.0(0.0). The fraction of systems showing near-/supersolar metallicity in our sample is significantly higher than in the H i-selected sample of Wotta et al., and the galaxy-selected sample of Prochaska et al., of absorbers probing the circum-galactic medium at similar redshift. A search for galaxies has revealed a significant galaxy-overdensity around these weak absorbers compared to random positions with a median impact parameter of 166 kpc from the nearest galaxy. Moreover, we find the presence of multiple galaxies in ≈80 per cent of the cases, suggesting group environments. The observed dN/dz of 0.8 ± 0.2 indicates that such metal-enriched, compact, dense structures are ubiquitous in the haloes of low-z group galaxies. We suggest that these are transient structures that are related to galactic outflows and/or stripping of metal-rich gas from galaxies.},
language = {en}
}
@article{MarinoCantalupoLillyetal.2018,
author = {Marino, Raffaella Anna and Cantalupo, Sebastiano and Lilly, Simon J. and Gallego, Sofia G. and Straka, Lorrie A. and Borisova, Elena and Pezzulli, Gabriele and Bacon, Roland and Brinchmann, Jarle and Carollo, C. Marcella and Caruana, Joseph and Conseil, Simon and Contini, Thierry and Diener, Catrina and Finley, Hayley and Inami, Hanae and Leclercq, Floriane and Muzahid, Sowgat and Richard, Johan and Schaye, Joop and Wendt, Martin and Wisotzki, Lutz},
title = {Dark Galaxy Candidates at Redshift similar to 3.5 Detected with MUSE},
series = {The astrophysical journal : an international review of spectroscopy and astronomical physics},
volume = {859},
journal = {The astrophysical journal : an international review of spectroscopy and astronomical physics},
number = {1},
publisher = {IOP Publ. Ltd.},
address = {Bristol},
issn = {0004-637X},
doi = {10.3847/1538-4357/aab6aa},
pages = {22},
year = {2018},
abstract = {Recent theoretical models suggest that the early phase of galaxy formation could involve an epoch when galaxies are gas rich but inefficient at forming stars: a "dark galaxy" phase. Here, we report the results of our Multi-Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE) survey for dark galaxies fluorescently illuminated by quasars at z > 3. Compared to previous studies which are based on deep narrowband (NB) imaging, our integral field survey provides a nearly uniform sensitivity coverage over a large volume in redshift space around the quasars as well as full spectral information at each location. Thanks to these unique features, we are able to build control samples at large redshift distances from the quasars using the same data taken under the same conditions. By comparing the rest-frame equivalent width (EW0) distributions of the Ly alpha sources detected in proximity to the quasars and in control samples, we detect a clear correlation between the locations of high-EW0 objects and the quasars. This correlation is not seen in other properties, such as Ly alpha luminosities or volume overdensities, suggesting the possible fluorescent nature of at least some of these objects. Among these, we find six sources without continuum counterparts and EW0 limits larger than 240 angstrom that are the best candidates for dark galaxies in our survey at z > 3.5. The volume densities and properties, including inferred gas masses and star formation efficiencies, of these dark galaxy candidates are similar to those of previously detected candidates at z approximate to 2.4 in NB surveys. Moreover, if the most distant of these are fluorescently illuminated by the quasar, our results also provide a lower limit of t - 60 Myr on the quasar lifetime.},
language = {en}
}