@phdthesis{Kleppek2005,
  author    = {Kleppek, Sabine},
  title     = {Untersuchungen zur dynamischen Kopplung der Troposph{\"a}re und der Stratosph{\"a}re},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-6421},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  year      = {2005},
  abstract  = {Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde ein besseres Verst{\"a}ndnis der Kopplung der Troposph{\"a}re und der Stratosph{\"a}re in den mittleren und polaren Breiten der Nordhemisph{\"a}re (NH) auf Monatszeitskalen erzielt, die auf die Ausbreitung von quasi-station{\"a}ren Wellen zur{\"u}ckzuf{\"u}hren ist. Der Schwerpunkt lag dabei auf den dynamisch aktiven Wintermonaten, welche die gr{\"o}sste Variabilit{\"a}t aufweisen. Die troposph{\"a}rische Variabilit{\"a}t wird zum Grossteil durch bevorzugte Zirkulationsstrukturen, den Telekonnexionsmustern, bestimmt. Mittels einer rotierten EOF-Analyse der geopotenziellen H{\"o}he in 500 hPa wurden die wichtigsten regionalen troposph{\"a}rischen Telekonnexionsmuster der Nordhemisph{\"a}re berechnet. Diese lassen sich drei grossen geografischen Regionen zuordnen; dem nordatlantisch-europ{\"a}ischen Raum, Eurasien und dem pazifisch-nordamerikanischen Raum. Da es sich um die st{\"a}rksten troposph{\"a}rischen Variabilit{\"a}tsmuster handelt, wurden sie als grundlegende troposph{\"a}rische Gr{\"o}ssen herangezogen, um dynamische Zusammenh{\"a}nge zwischen der troposph{\"a}rischen und der stratosph{\"a}rischen Zirkulation zu untersuchen. Dabei wurde anhand von instantanen und zeitverz{\"o}gerten Korrelationsanalysen der troposph{\"a}rischen Muster mit stratosph{\"a}rischen Variablen erstmalig gezeigt, dass unterschiedliche regionale troposph{\"a}rische Telekonnexionsmuster unterschiedliche Auswirkungen auf die stratosph{\"a}rische Zirkulation haben. Es ergaben sich f{\"u}r die pazifisch-nordamerikanischen Muster signifikante instantane Korrelationen mit quasi-barotropen Musterstrukturen und f{\"u}r die nordatlantisch-europ{\"a}ischen Muster zonalsymmetrische Ringstrukturen ab 1978 mit signifikanten Korrelationswerten {\"u}ber tropischen und subtropischen Breiten und inversen Korrelationswerten {\"u}ber polaren Gebieten. Bei einer Untersuchung des Einflusses der stratosph{\"a}rischen Variabilit{\"a}t wurde gezeigt, dass sich die st{\"a}rkste Kopplung von nordatlantisch-europ{\"a}ischen Telekonnexionsmustern mit der stratosph{\"a}rischen Zirkulation bei einem in Richtung Europa verschobenen Polarwirbel ergibt, wodurch die signifikanten Korrelationen ab 1978 erkl{\"a}rt werden k{\"o}nnen. Eine zonal gemittelte und vor allem lokale Untersuchung der Wellenausbreitungsbedingungen w{\"a}hrend dieser stratosph{\"a}rischen Situation zeigt, dass es zu schw{\"a}cheren Windgeschwindigkeiten in der Stratosph{\"a}re im Bereich von Nordamerika und des westlichen Nordatlantiks kommt und sich dadurch die Wellenausbreitungsbedingungen in diesem geografischen Bereich f{\"u}r planetare Wellen verbessern. Durch die st{\"a}rkere Wellenausbreitung kommt es zu einer st{\"a}rkeren Wechselwirkung mit dem Polarjet, wobei dieser abgebremst wird. Diese Abbremsung f{\"u}hrt zu einer Verst{\"a}rkung der meridionalen Residualzirkulation. D. h., wenn es zu einer verst{\"a}rkten Wellenanregung im Nordatlantik und {\"u}ber Europa kommt, ist die Reaktion der Residualzirkulation bei einem nach Europa verschobenem Polarwirbel besonders stark. Die quasi-barotropen Korrelationsstrukturen, die sich bei den pazifisch-nordamerikanischen Mustern zeigen, weisen aufgrund von abnehmenden St{\"o}rungsamplituden mit zunehmender H{\"o}he, keiner Westw{\"a}rtsneigung und einem negativen Brechungsindex im Pazifik auf verschwindende Wellen hin, die als L{\"o}sung der Wellengleichung bei negativem Brechungsindex auftreten. Dies wird durch den Polarjet, der im Bereich des Pazifiks stets sehr weit in Richtung Norden verlagert ist, verursacht. Abschliessend wurde in dieser Arbeit untersucht, ob die gefundenen Zusammenh{\"a}nge von nordatlantisch-europ{\"a}ischen Telekonnexionsmustern mit der stratosph{\"a}rischen Zirkulation auch von einem Atmosph{\"a}renmodell wiedergegeben werden k{\"o}nnen. Dazu wurde ein transienter 40-Jahre-Klimalauf des ECHAM4.L39(DLR)/CHEM Modells mit m{\"o}glichst realistischen Antrieben erstmalig auf die Kopplung der Troposph{\"a}re und der Stratosph{\"a}re analysiert. Dabei konnten sowohl die troposph{\"a}rischen, als auch die stratosph{\"a}rischen Variabilit{\"a}tsmuster vom Modell simuliert werden. Allerdings zeigen sich in den stratosph{\"a}rischen Mustern Phasenverschiebungen in den Wellenzahl-1-Strukturen und ihre Zeitreihen weisen keinen signifikanten Trend ab 1978 auf. Die Kopplung der nordatlantisch-europ{\"a}ischen Telekonnexionsmuster mit der stratosph{\"a}rischen Zirkulation zeigt eine wesentlich schw{\"a}chere Reaktion der meridionalen Residualzirkulation. Somit stellte sich heraus, dass insbesondere die stratosph{\"a}rische Zirkulation im Modell starke Diskrepanzen zu den Beobachtungen zeigt, die wiederum Einfluss auf die Wellenausbreitungsbedingungen haben. Es wird damit deutlich, dass f{\"u}r eine richtige Wiedergabe der Wellenausbreitung und somit der Kopplung der Troposph{\"a}re und Stratosph{\"a}re die stratosph{\"a}rische Zirkulation eine wichtige Rolle spielt.},
  subject      = {Wellenausbreitung},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Lazar2005,
  author    = {Lazar, Paul},
  title     = {Transport mechanisms and wetting dynamics in molecularly thin films of long-chain alkanes at solid/vapour interface : relation to the solid-liquid phase transition},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-5275},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  year      = {2005},
  abstract  = {Wetting and phase transitions play a very important role our daily life. Molecularly thin films of long-chain alkanes at solid/vapour interfaces (e.g. C30H62 on silicon wafers) are very good model systems for studying the relation between wetting behaviour and (bulk) phase transitions. Immediately above the bulk melting temperature the alkanes wet partially the surface (drops). In this temperature range the substrate surface is covered with a molecularly thin ordered, solid-like alkane film ("surface freezing"). Thus, the alkane melt wets its own solid only partially which is a quite rare phenomenon in nature. The thesis treats about how the alkane melt wets its own solid surface above and below the bulk melting temperature and about the corresponding melting and solidification processes. Liquid alkane drops can be undercooled to few degrees below the bulk melting temperature without immediate solidification. This undercooling behaviour is quite frequent and theoretical quite well understood. In some cases, slightly undercooled drops start to build two-dimensional solid terraces without bulk solidification. The terraces grow radially from the liquid drops on the substrate surface. They consist of few molecular layers with the thickness multiple of all-trans length of the molecule. By analyzing the terrace growth process one can find that, both below and above the melting point, the entire substrate surface is covered with a thin film of mobile alkane molecules. The presence of this film explains how the solid terrace growth is feeded: the alkane molecules flow through it from the undercooled drops to the periphery of the terrace. The study shows for the first time the coexistence of a molecularly thin film ("precursor") with partially wetting bulk phase. The formation and growth of the terraces is observed only in a small temperature interval in which the 2D nucleation of terraces is more likely than the bulk solidification. The nucleation mechanisms for 2D solidification are also analyzed in this work. More surprising is the terrace behaviour above bulk the melting temperature. The terraces can be slightly overheated before they melt. The melting does not occur all over the surface as a single event; instead small drops form at the terrace edge. Subsequently these drops move on the surface "eating" the solid terraces on their way. By this they grow in size leaving behind paths from were the material was collected. Both overheating and droplet movement can be explained by the fact that the alkane melt wets only partially its own solid. For the first time, these results explicitly confirm the supposed connection between the absence of overheating in solid and "surface melting": the solids usually start to melt without an energetic barrier from the surface at temperatures below the bulk melting point. Accordingly, the surface freezing of alkanes give rise of an energetic barrier which leads to overheating.},
  subject      = {Benetzung},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Kleinen2005,
  author    = {Kleinen, Thomas Christopher},
  title     = {Stochastic information in the assessment of climate change},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-5382},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  year      = {2005},
  abstract  = {Stochastic information, to be understood as \"information gained by the application of stochastic methods\", is proposed as a tool in the assessment of changes in climate. This thesis aims at demonstrating that stochastic information can improve the consideration and reduction of uncertainty in the assessment of changes in climate. The thesis consists of three parts. In part one, an indicator is developed that allows the determination of the proximity to a critical threshold. In part two, the tolerable windows approach (TWA) is extended to a probabilistic TWA. In part three, an integrated assessment of changes in flooding probability due to climate change is conducted within the TWA. The thermohaline circulation (THC) is a circulation system in the North Atlantic, where the circulation may break down in a saddle-node bifurcation under the influence of climate change. Due to uncertainty in ocean models, it is currently very difficult to determine the distance of the THC to the bifurcation point. We propose a new indicator to determine the system's proximity to the bifurcation point by considering the THC as a stochastic system and using the information contained in the fluctuations of the circulation around the mean state. As the system is moved closer to the bifurcation point, the power spectrum of the overturning becomes \"redder\", i.e. more energy is contained in the low frequencies. Since the spectral changes are a generic property of the saddle-node bifurcation, the method is not limited to the THC, but it could also be applicable to other systems, e.g. transitions in ecosystems. In part two, a probabilistic extension to the tolerable windows approach (TWA) is developed. In the TWA, the aim is to determine the complete set of emission strategies that are compatible with so-called guardrails. Guardrails are limits to impacts of climate change or to climate change itself. Therefore, the TWA determines the \"maneuvering space\" humanity has, if certain impacts of climate change are to be avoided. Due to uncertainty it is not possible to definitely exclude the impacts of climate change considered, but there will always be a certain probability of violating a guardrail. Therefore the TWA is extended to a probabilistic TWA that is able to consider \"probabilistic uncertainty\", i.e. uncertainty that can be expressed as a probability distribution or uncertainty that arises through natural variability. As a first application, temperature guardrails are imposed, and the dependence of emission reduction strategies on probability distributions for climate sensitivities is investigated. The analysis suggests that it will be difficult to observe a temperature guardrail of 2\°C with high probabilities of actually meeting the target. In part three, an integrated assessment of changes in flooding probability due to climate change is conducted. A simple hydrological model is presented, as well as a downscaling scheme that allows the reconstruction of the spatio-temporal natural variability of temperature and precipitation. These are used to determine a probabilistic climate impact response function (CIRF), a function that allows the assessment of changes in probability of certain flood events under conditions of a changed climate. The assessment of changes in flooding probability is conducted in 83 major river basins. Not all floods can be considered: Events that either happen very fast, or affect only a very small area can not be considered, but large-scale flooding due to strong longer-lasting precipitation events can be considered. Finally, the probabilistic CIRFs obtained are used to determine emission corridors, where the guardrail is a limit to the fraction of world population that is affected by a predefined shift in probability of the 50-year flood event. This latter analysis has two main results. The uncertainty about regional changes in climate is still very high, and even small amounts of further climate change may lead to large changes in flooding probability in some river systems.},
  subject      = {Anthropogene Klima{\"a}nderung},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Erdmann2005,
  author    = {Erdmann, Thorsten},
  title     = {Stochastic dynamics of adhesion clusters under force},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-5564},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  year      = {2005},
  abstract  = {Adhesion of biological cells to their environment is mediated by two-dimensional clusters of specific adhesion molecules which are assembled in the plasma membrane of the cells. Due to the activity of the cells or external influences, these adhesion sites are usually subject to physical forces. In recent years, the influence of such forces on the stability of cellular adhesion clusters was increasingly investigated. In particular, experimental methods that were originally designed for the investigation of single bond rupture under force have been applied to investigate the rupture of adhesion clusters. The transition from single to multiple bonds, however, is not trivial and requires theoretical modelling. Rupture of biological adhesion molecules is a thermally activated, stochastic process. In this work, a stochastic model for the rupture and rebinding dynamics of clusters of parallel adhesion molecules under force is presented. In particular, the influence of (i) a constant force as it may be assumed for cellular adhesion clusters is investigated and (ii) the influence of a linearly increasing force as commonly used in experiments is considered. Special attention is paid to the force-mediated cooperativity of parallel adhesion bonds. Finally, the influence of a finite distance between receptors and ligands on the binding dynamics is investigated. Thereby, the distance can be bridged by polymeric linker molecules which tether the ligands to a substrate.},
  subject      = {Biophysik},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Koelsch2005,
  author    = {K{\"o}lsch, Patrick},
  title     = {Static and dynamic properties of soluble surfactants at the air/water interface},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-5716},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  year      = {2005},
  abstract  = {Amphiphilic molecules contain a hydrophilic headgroup and a hydrophobic tail. The headgroup is polar or ionic and likes water, the tail is typically an aliphatic chain that cannot be accommodated in a polar environment. The prevailing molecular asymmetry leads to a spontaneous adsorption of amphiphiles at the air/water or oil/water interfaces. As a result, the surface tension and the surface rheology is changed. Amphiphiles are important tools to deliberately modify the interfacial properties of liquid interfaces and enable new phenomena such as foams which cannot be formed in a pure liquid. In this thesis we investigate the static and dynamic properties of adsorption layers of soluble amphiphiles at the air/water interface, the so called Gibbs monolayers. The classical way for an investigation of these systems is based on a thermodynamic analysis of the equilibrium surface tension as a function of the bulk composition in the framework of Gibbs theory. However, thermodynamics does not provide any structural information and several recent publications challenge even fundamental text book concepts. The experimental investigation faces difficulties imposed by the low surface coverage and the presence of dissolved amphiphiles in the adjacent bulk phase. In this thesis we used a suite of techniques with the sensitivity to detect less than a monolayer of molecules at the air-water interface. Some of these techniques are extremely complex such as infrared visible sum frequency generation (IR-VIS SFG) spectroscopy or second harmonic generation (SHG). Others are traditional techniques, such as ellipsometry employed in new ways and pushed to new limits. Each technique probes selectively different parts of the interface and the combination provides a profound picture of the interfacial architecture. The first part of the thesis is dedicated to the distribution of ions at interfaces. Adsorption layers of ionic amphiphiles serve as model systems allowing to produce a defined surface charge. The charge of the monolayer is compensated by the counterions. As a result of a complex zoo of interactions there will be a defined distribution of ions at the interface, however, its experimental determination is a big scientific challenge. We could demonstrate that a combination of linear and nonlinear techniques gives direct insights in the prevailing ion distribution. Our investigations reveal specific ion effects which cannot be described by classical Poisson-Boltzmann mean field type theories. Adsorption layer and bulk phase are in thermodynamic equilibrium, however, it is important to stress that there is a constant molecular exchange between adsorbed and dissolved species. This exchange process is a key element for the understanding of some of the thermodynamic properties. An excellent way to study Gibbs monolayers is to follow the relaxation from a non-equilibrium to an equilibrium state. Upon compression amphiphiles must leave the adsorption layer and dissolve in the adjacent bulk phase. Upon expansion amphiphiles must adsorb at the interface to restore the equilibrium coverage. Obviously the frequency of the expansion and compression cycles must match the molecular exchange processes. At too low frequencies the equilibrium is maintained at all times. If the frequency is too fast the system behaves as a monolayer of insoluble surfactants. In this thesis we describe an unique variant of an oscillating bubble technique that measures precisely the real and imaginary part of the complex dilational modulus E in a frequency range up to 500 Hz. The extension of about two decades in the time domain in comparison to the conventional method of an oscillating drop is a tremendous achievement. The imaginary part of the complex dilational modulus E is a consequence of a dissipative process which is interpreted as an intrinsic surface dilational viscosity. The IR-VIS SFG spectra of the interfacial water provide a molecular interpretation of the underlying dissipative process.},
  subject      = {Nichtlineare Optik},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Cemeljic2005,
  author    = {Cemeljic, Miljenko},
  title     = {Resistive magnetohydrodynamic jets from protostellar accretion disks},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-0001845},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  year      = {2005},
  abstract  = {Astrophysikalische Jets sind ausgedehnte, kollimierte Massenausfl{\"u}sse von verschiedenen astronomischen Objekten. Zeitabh{\"a}ngige magnetohydrodynamische (MHD) Simulationen der Jet-Entwicklung m{\"u}ssen den Akrretionsprozess in der Scheibe ber{\"u}cksichtigen, da der Jet aus der Scheibenmaterie gespeist wird. Allerdings ist die simultane Berechnung der Entwicklung von Scheibe und Jet schwierig, da die charakteristischen Zeitskalen unterschiedlich sind. Selbst{\"a}hnliche Modelle zeigten, daß eine Beschreibung der Jetentstehung aus einer Akkretionsscheibe durch rein magnetische Prozesse m{\"o}glich ist.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Varykhalov2005,
  author    = {Varykhalov, Andrei},
  title     = {Quantum-size effects in the electronic structure of novel self-organized systems with reduced dimensionality},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-5784},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  year      = {2005},
  abstract  = {The Thesis is focused on the properties of self-organized nanostructures. Atomic and electronic properties of different systems have been investigated using methods of electron diffraction, scanning tunneling microscopy and photoelectron spectroscopy. Implementation of the STM technique (including design, construction, and tuning of the UHV experimental set-up) has been done in the framework of present work. This time-consuming work is reported to greater detail in the experimental part of this Thesis. The scientific part starts from the study of quantum-size effects in the electronic structure of a two-dimensional Ag film on the supporting substrate Ni(111). Distinct quantum well states in the sp-band of Ag were observed in photoelectron spectra. Analysis of thickness- and angle-dependent photoemission supplies novel information on the properties of the interface. For the first time the Ni(111) relative band gap was indirectly probed in the ground-state through the electronic structure of quantum well states in the adlayer. This is particularly important for Ni where valence electrons are strongly correlated. Comparison of the experiment with calculations performed in the formalism of the extended phase accumulation model gives the substrate gap which is fully consistent with the one obtained by ab-initio LDA calculations. It is, however, in controversy to the band structure of Ni measured directly by photoemission. These results lend credit to the simplest view of photoemission from Ni, assigning early observed contradictions between theory and experiments to electron correlation effects in the final state of photoemission. Further, nanosystems of lower dimensionality have been studied. Stepped surfaces W(331) and W(551) were used as one-dimensional model systems and as templates for self-organization of Au nanoclusters. Photon energy dependent photoemission revealed a surface resonance which was never observed before on W(110) which is the base plane of the terrace microsurfaces. The dispersion E(k) of this state measured on stepped W(331) and W(551) with angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy is modified by a strong umklapp effect. It appears as two parabolas shifted symmetrically relative to the microsurface normal by half of the Brillouin zone of the step superlattice. The reported results are very important for understanding of the electronic properties of low-dimensional nanostructures. It was also established that W(331) and W(551) can serve as templates for self-organization of metallic nanostructures. A combined study of electronic and atomic properties of sub-monolayer amounts of gold deposited on these templates have shown that if the substrate is slightly pre-oxidized and the temperature is elevated, then Au can alloy with the first monolayer of W. As a result, a nanostructure of uniform clusters of a surface alloy is produced all over the steps. Such clusters feature a novel sp-band in the vicinity of the Fermi level, which appears split into constant energy levels due to effects of lateral quantization. The last and main part of this work is devoted to large-scale reconstructions on surfaces and nanostructures self-assembled on top. The two-dimensional surface carbide W(110)/C-R(15x3) has been extensively investigated. Photoemission studies of quantum size effects in the electronic structure of this reconstruction, combined with an investigation of its surface geometry, lead to an advanced structural model of the carbide overlayer. It was discovered that W(110)/C-R(15x3) can control self-organization of adlayers into nanostructures with extremely different electronic and structural properties. Thus, it was established that at elevated temperature the R(15x3) superstructure controls the self-assembly of sub-monolayer amounts of Au into nm-wide nanostripes. Based on the results of core level photoemission, the R(15x3)-induced surface alloying which takes place between Au and W can be claimed as driving force of self-organization. The observed stripes exhibit a characteristic one-dimensional electronic structure with laterally quantized d-bands. Obviously, these are very important for applications, since dimensions of electronic devices have already stepped into the nm-range, where quantum-size phenomena must undoubtedly be considered. Moreover, formation of perfectly uniform molecular clusters of C60 was demonstrated and described in terms of the van der Waals formalism. It is the first experimental observation of two-dimensional fullerene nanoclusters with "magic numbers". Calculations of the cluster potentials using the static approach have revealed characteristic minima in the interaction energy. They are achieved for 4 and 7 molecules per cluster. The obtained "magic numbers" and the corresponding cluster structures are fully consistent with the results of the STM measurements.},
  subject      = {Nanostruktur},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{Kurcz2005,
  type      = {Master Thesis},
  author    = {Kurcz, Andreas},
  title     = {Qed in periodischen und absorbierenden Medien},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-35280},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  year      = {2005},
  abstract  = {Das Strahlungsfeld in einem absorbierenden, periodischen Dielektrikum ist kanonisch quantisiert worden. Dabei wurde ein eindimensionales Modell mit punktf{\"o}rmigen Streuern betrachtet, deren Polarisierbarkeit den Kramers-Kronig Relationen gehorcht. Es wurde ein Quantisierungsverfahren nach Kn{\"o}ll, Scheel und Welsch [1] verwendet, das als eine Erg{\"a}nzung zum mikroskopischen Huttner-Barnett Schema [2] aufgefaßt werden kann und in dem auf der Basis der ph{\"a}nomenologischen Maxwell Gleichungen eine bosonische Rauschpolarisation als die Quelle des Feldes auftritt. Das Problem reduziert sich dabei auf die Bestimmung der klassischenGreens Funktion. Die Kramers-Kronig Relationen der komplexen Polarisierbarkeit der Punktstreuer sichert die korrekte Verkn{\"u}pfung zwischen Dispersion und Absorption. Der Punktstreuer ist dabei ein idealisiertes Modell, um periodische Hintergrundmedien, denen das Strahlungsfeld ausgesetzt ist, zu beschreiben. Er bedarf jedoch eines Kompromisses, um die entsprechenden Rauschquellen zu konstruieren. Es konnte gezeigt werden, daß der Punktstreuer dasselbe Streuverhalten wie eine d{\"u}nne Potentialschwelle besitzt und damit die technischen Schwierigkeiten f{\"u}r den Fall eines absorptiven Punktstreuers {\"u}berwunden werden k{\"o}nnen. An Hand dieses Beispiels konnte das Quantisierungsschema nach Kn{\"o}ll, Scheel und Welsch auf periodische und absorbierende Strukturen angewendet werden. Es ist bekannt, daß die Bestimmung der Modenstruktur f{\"u}r den Fall der Modenzerlegung des Strahlungsfeldes ein rein klassisches Problem darstellt. Mit Ausnahme des Vakuums ist eine zweckm{\"a}ßige Modenzerlegung nur dann durchf{\"u}hrbar, wenn mit einer reellen Polarisierbarkeit die Absorption vernachl{\"a}ssigt werden kann. Aus den Kramers-Kronig Relationen wird klar, daß solch eine Annahme nur in bestimmten Intervallen des Frequenzspektrums gerechtfertigt werden kann. Es wurde gezeigt, daß auch das quantisierte Strahlungsfeld in Anwesenheit der Punktstreuer in eben solchen Intervallen in Quasimoden entwickelt werden kann, wenn man neue Quasioperatoren als Erzeuger und Vernichter einf{\"u}hrt. Die bosonischen Vertauschungsrelationen dieser Operatoren konnten best{\"a}tigt werden. Die allgemeine Vertauschungsrelation kanonisch konjugierter Variablen im Sinne der kanonischen Quantisierung kann f{\"u}r das elektrische Feld und das Vektorpotential beibehalten werden. In der Greens Funktion sind s{\"a}mtliche Informationen {\"u}ber die dispersiven und absorptiven Eigenschaften des Dielektrikums sowie {\"u}ber die r{\"a}umliche Struktur enthalten. Die wesentlichen Merkmale werden dabei durch den Reflexionskoeffizienten nach Boedecker und Henkel [3] bestimmt, der das Reflexionsverhalten an einem unendlich ausgedehnten Halbraum aus periodisch angeordneten Punktstreuern beschreibt. Mit Hilfe des Transfermatrixformalismus war es m{\"o}glich einen allgemeinen Zugang zum Reflexionsverhalten zun{\"a}chst endlicher Strukturen zu erhalten. Die Ausdehnung auf den Halbraum mit Hilfe der Klassifizierung in Untergruppen der Transfermatrizen nach erm{\"o}glichte es, den Reflexionskoeffizienten nach Boedecker und Henkel [3] auch geometrisch plausibel zu machen. Ein wesentlicher Aspekt von periodischen Systemen ist die Translationssymmetrie, die im Fall unendlich ausgedehnter, verlustfreier Systeme auf eine ideale Bandstruktur f{\"u}hrt. Mit Hilfe der Untergruppenklassifizierung kann im verlustfreien Fall die Geometrie der Anordnung indirekt mit der Bandstruktur verkn{\"u}pft werden. Es konnte nachgewiesen werden, daß auch der einzelne Punktstreuer immer in einer dieser Untergruppen zu finden ist. Dabei besitzt die Bandstruktur der unendlich periodischen Anordnung dieser Streuer immer eine von der Polarisierbarkeit abh{\"a}ngige Bandkante und eine von der Polarisierbarkeit unabh{\"a}ngige Bandkante. Die Bandstruktur, die mit den verlustbehafteten Feldern einhergeht, ist eine doppelt komplexe. Alternativ zu dieser nur schwer zu interpretierenden Bandstruktur wurden die Feldfluktuationen selektiv nach reellen Frequenzen und Wellenzahlen sondiert. Es zeigt sich, daß Absorption besonders in der N{\"a}he der Bandkanten die B{\"a}nder verbreitert. Die Ergebnisse, die mit Hilfe der lokalen Zustandsdichtefunktion gewonnen wurden, konnten dabei best{\"a}tigt werden. [1] S. Scheel, L. Kn{\"o}ll and D. G. Welsch, Phys.Rev. A 58, 700 (1998). [2] B. Huttner and S. M. Barnett, Phys. Rev. A 46, 4306 (1992). [3] G. Boedecker and C. Henkel, OPTICS EXPRESS 11, 1590 (2003).},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Jappsen2005,
  author    = {Jappsen, Anne-Katharina},
  title     = {Present and early star formation : a study on rotational and thermal properties},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-7591},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  year      = {2005},
  abstract  = {We investigate the rotational and thermal properties of star-forming molecular clouds using hydrodynamic simulations. Stars form from molecular cloud cores by gravoturbulent fragmentation. Understanding the angular momentum and the thermal evolution of cloud cores thus plays a fundamental role in completing the theoretical picture of star formation. This is true not only for current star formation as observed in regions like the Orion nebula or the ρ-Ophiuchi molecular cloud but also for the formation of stars of the first or second generation in the universe. In this thesis we show how the angular momentum of prestellar and protostellar cores evolves and compare our results with observed quantities. The specific angular momentum of prestellar cores in our models agree remarkably well with observations of cloud cores. Some prestellar cores go into collapse to build up stars and stellar systems. The resulting protostellar objects have specific angular momenta that fall into the range of observed binaries. We find that collapse induced by gravoturbulent fragmentation is accompanied by a substantial loss of specific angular momentum. This eases the "angular momentum problem" in star formation even in the absence of magnetic fields. The distribution of stellar masses at birth (the initial mass function, IMF) is another aspect that any theory of star formation must explain. We focus on the influence of the thermodynamic properties of star-forming gas and address this issue by studying the effects of a piecewise polytropic equation of state on the formation of stellar clusters. We increase the polytropic exponent γ from a value below unity to a value above unity at a certain critical density. The change of the thermodynamic state at the critical density selects a characteristic mass scale for fragmentation, which we relate to the peak of the IMF observed in the solar neighborhood. Our investigation generally supports the idea that the distribution of stellar masses depends mainly on the thermodynamic state of the gas. A common assumption is that the chemical evolution of the star-forming gas can be decoupled from its dynamical evolution, with the former never affecting the latter. Although justified in some circumstances, this assumption is not true in every case. In particular, in low-metallicity gas the timescales for reaching the chemical equilibrium are comparable or larger than the dynamical timescales. In this thesis we take a first approach to combine a chemical network with a hydrodynamical code in order to study the influence of low levels of metal enrichment on the cooling and collapse of ionized gas in small protogalactic halos. Our initial conditions represent protogalaxies forming within a fossil HII region -- a previously ionized HII region which has not yet had time to cool and recombine. We show that in these regions, H2 is the dominant and most effective coolant, and that it is the amount of H2 formed that controls whether or not the gas can collapse and form stars. For metallicities Z <= 10<sup>-3 Zsun, metal line cooling alters the density and temperature evolution of the gas by less than 1\% compared to the metal-free case at densities below 1 cm<sup>-3 and temperatures above 2000 K. We also find that an external ultraviolet background delays or suppresses the cooling and collapse of the gas regardless of whether it is metal-enriched or not. Finally, we study the dependence of this process on redshift and mass of the dark matter halo.},
  subject      = {Sternentstehung},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Loeffler2005,
  author    = {L{\"o}ffler, Frank},
  title     = {Numerical simulations of neutron star - black hole mergers},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-7743},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  year      = {2005},
  abstract  = {Collisions of black holes and neutron stars, named mixed binaries in the following, are interesting because of at least two reasons. Firstly, it is expected that they emit a large amount of energy as gravitational waves, which could be measured by new detectors. The form of those waves is expected to carry information about the internal structure of such systems. Secondly, collisions of such objects are the prime suspects of short gamma ray bursts. The exact mechanism for the energy emission is unknown so far. In the past, Newtonian theory of gravitation and modifications to it were often used for numerical simulations of collisions of mixed binary systems. However, near to such objects, the gravitational forces are so strong, that the use of General Relativity is necessary for accurate predictions. There are a lot of problems in general relativistic simulations. However, systems of two neutron stars and systems of two black holes have been studies extensively in the past and a lot of those problems have been solved. One of the remaining problems so far has been the use of hydrodynamic on excision boundaries. Inside excision regions, no evolution is carried out. Such regions are often used inside black holes to circumvent instabilities of the numerical methods near the singularity. Methods to handle hydrodynamics at such boundaries have been described and tests are shown in this work. One important test and the first application of those methods has been the simulation of a collapsing neutron star to a black hole. The success of these simulations and in particular the performance of the excision methods was an important step towards simulations of mixed binaries. Initial data are necessary for every numerical simulation. However, the creation of such initial data for general relativistic situations is in general very complicated. In this work it is shown how to obtain initial data for mixed binary systems using an already existing method for initial data of two black holes. These initial data have been used for evolutions of such systems and problems encountered are discussed in this work. One of the problems are instabilities due to different methods, which could be solved by dissipation of appropriate strength. Another problem is the expected drift of the black hole towards the neutron star. It is shown, that this can be solved by using special gauge conditions, which prevent the black hole from moving on the computational grid. The methods and simulations shown in this work are only the starting step for a much more detailed study of mixed binary system. Better methods, models and simulations with higher resolution and even better gauge conditions will be focus of future work. It is expected that such detailed studies can give information about the emitted gravitational waves, which is important in view of the newly built gravitational wave detectors. In addition, these simulations could give insight into the processes responsible for short gamma ray bursts.},
  subject      = {Relativistische Astrophysik},
  language  = {en}
}