@phdthesis{Schmoll2001, author = {Schmoll, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {3D-Spektrofotometrie extragalaktischer Emissionslinienobjekte}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-0000372}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, year = {2001}, abstract = {Popul{\"a}rwissenschaftlicher Abstract: Bislang gibt es in der beobachtenden optischen Astronomie zwei verschiedene Herangehensweisen: Einerseits werden Objekte durch Kameras abbildend erfaßt, andererseits werden durch die wellenl{\"a}ngenabh{\"a}ngige Zerlegung ihres Lichtes Spektren gewonnen. Das Integral - Field - Verfahren ist eine relativ neue Technik, welche die genannten Beobachtungsmethoden vereint. Das Objektbild im Teleskopfokus wird in r{\"a}umlich zerlegt und jedes Ortselement einem gemeinsamen Spektrografen zugef{\"u}hrt. Hierdurch wird das Objekt nicht nur zweidimensional r{\"a}umlich erfaßt, sondern zus{\"a}tzlich die spektrale Kompenente als dritte Dimension erhalten, weswegen das Verfahren auch als 3D-Methode bezeichnet wird. Anschaulich kann man sich das Datenresultat als eine Abbildung vorstellen, in der jeder einzelne Bildpunkt nicht mehr nur einen Intensit{\"a}tswert enth{\"a}lt, sondern gleich ein ganzes Spektrum. Diese Technik erm{\"o}glicht es, ausgedehnte Objekte im Unterschied zu g{\"a}ngigen Spaltspektrografen komplett zu erfassen. Die besondere St{\"a}rke der Methode ist die M{\"o}glichkeit, die Hintergrundkontamination der unmittelbaren Umgebung des Objektes zu erfassen und in der Auswertung zu ber{\"u}cksichtigen. Durch diese F{\"a}higkeit erscheint die 3D-Methode pr{\"a}destiniert f{\"u}r den durch moderne Großteleskope erschlossenen Bereich der extragalaktischen Stellarastronomie. Die detaillierte Untersuchung aufgel{\"o}ster stellare Populationen in nahegelegenen Galaxien ist erst seit kurzer Zeit dank der Fortschritte mit modernen Grossteleskopen und fortschrittlicher Instrumentierung m{\"o}glich geworden. Wegen der Bedeutung f{\"u}r die Entstehung und Evolution von Galaxien werden diese Arbeiten zuk{\"u}nftig weiter an Bedeutung gewinnen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die Integral-Field-Spektroskopie an zwei planetarischen Nebeln in der n{\"a}chstgelegenen großen Spiralgalaxie M31 (NGC 224) getestet, deren Helligkeiten und Koordinaten aus einer Durchmusterung vorlagen. Hierzu wurden Beobachtungen mit dem MPFS-Instrument am russischen 6m - Teleskop in Selentschuk/Kaukasus sowie mit INTEGRAL/WYFFOS am englischen William-Herschel-Teleskop auf La Palma gewonnen. Ein {\"u}berraschendes Ergebnis war, daß eins der beiden Objekte falsch klassifiziert wurde. Sowohl die meßbare r{\"a}umliche Ausdehnung des Objektes als auch das spektrale Erscheinungsbild schlossen die Identit{\"a}t mit einem planetarischen Nebel aus. Mit hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit handelt es sich um einen Supernova{\"u}berrest, zumal im Rahmen der Fehler an gleicher Stelle eine vom R{\"o}ntgensatelliten ROSAT detektierte R{\"o}ntgenquelle liegt. Die in diesem Projekt verwendeten Integral-Field-Instrumente wiesen zwei verschiedene Bauweisen auf, die sich miteinander vergleichen ließen. Ein Hauptkritikpunkt der verwendeten Instrumente war ihre geringe Lichtausbeute. Die gesammelten Erfahrung fanden Eingang in das Konzept des derzeit in Potsdam in der Fertigung befindlichen 3D-Instruments PMAS (Potsdamer Multi - Apertur - Spektrophotometer), welcher zun{\"a}chst f{\"u}r das 3.5m-Teleskop des Calar - Alto - Observatoriums in S{\"u}dspanien vorgesehen ist. Um die Effizienz dieses Instrumentes zu verbessern, wurde in dieser Arbeit die Kopplung der zum Bildrasterung verwendeten Optik zu den Lichtleitfasern im Labor untersucht. Die Untersuchungen zur Maximierung von Lichtausbeute und Stabilit{\"a}t zeigen, daß sich die Effizienz durch Auswahl einer geeigneten Koppelmethode um etwa 20 Prozent steigern l{\"a}sst.}, language = {de} } @misc{BeniniSchenkel2017, author = {Benini, Marco and Schenkel, Alexander}, title = {Quantum field theories on categories fibered in groupoids}, series = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe}, journal = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe}, number = {895}, issn = {1866-8372}, doi = {10.25932/publishup-43154}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-431541}, pages = {48}, year = {2017}, abstract = {We introduce an abstract concept of quantum field theory on categories fibered in groupoids over the category of spacetimes. This provides us with a general and flexible framework to study quantum field theories defined on spacetimes with extra geometric structures such as bundles, connections and spin structures. Using right Kan extensions, we can assign to any such theory an ordinary quantum field theory defined on the category of spacetimes and we shall clarify under which conditions it satisfies the axioms of locally covariant quantum field theory. The same constructions can be performed in a homotopy theoretic framework by using homotopy right Kan extensions, which allows us to obtain first toy-models of homotopical quantum field theories resembling some aspects of gauge theories.}, language = {en} } @misc{ClusellaPolitiRosenblum2016, author = {Clusella, Pau and Politi, Antonio and Rosenblum, Michael}, title = {A minimal model of self-consistent partial synchrony}, series = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Mathematisch Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe}, journal = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Mathematisch Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe}, number = {890}, issn = {1866-8372}, doi = {10.25932/publishup-43626}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-436266}, pages = {19}, year = {2016}, abstract = {We show that self-consistent partial synchrony in globally coupled oscillatory ensembles is a general phenomenon. We analyze in detail appearance and stability properties of this state in possibly the simplest setup of a biharmonic Kuramoto-Daido phase model as well as demonstrate the effect in limit-cycle relaxational Rayleigh oscillators. Such a regime extends the notion of splay state from a uniform distribution of phases to an oscillating one. Suitable collective observables such as the Kuramoto order parameter allow detecting the presence of an inhomogeneous distribution. The characteristic and most peculiar property of self-consistent partial synchrony is the difference between the frequency of single units and that of the macroscopic field.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Mueller2008, author = {M{\"u}ller, Melanie J. I.}, title = {Bidirectional transport by molecular motors}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-18715}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, year = {2008}, abstract = {In biological cells, the long-range intracellular traffic is powered by molecular motors which transport various cargos along microtubule filaments. The microtubules possess an intrinsic direction, having a 'plus' and a 'minus' end. Some molecular motors such as cytoplasmic dynein walk to the minus end, while others such as conventional kinesin walk to the plus end. Cells typically have an isopolar microtubule network. This is most pronounced in neuronal axons or fungal hyphae. In these long and thin tubular protrusions, the microtubules are arranged parallel to the tube axis with the minus ends pointing to the cell body and the plus ends pointing to the tip. In such a tubular compartment, transport by only one motor type leads to 'motor traffic jams'. Kinesin-driven cargos accumulate at the tip, while dynein-driven cargos accumulate near the cell body. We identify the relevant length scales and characterize the jamming behaviour in these tube geometries by using both Monte Carlo simulations and analytical calculations. A possible solution to this jamming problem is to transport cargos with a team of plus and a team of minus motors simultaneously, so that they can travel bidirectionally, as observed in cells. The presumably simplest mechanism for such bidirectional transport is provided by a 'tug-of-war' between the two motor teams which is governed by mechanical motor interactions only. We develop a stochastic tug-of-war model and study it with numerical and analytical calculations. We find a surprisingly complex cooperative motility behaviour. We compare our results to the available experimental data, which we reproduce qualitatively and quantitatively.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Avila2011, author = {Avila, Gast{\´o}n}, title = {Asymptotic staticity and tensor decompositions with fast decay conditions}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-54046}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, year = {2011}, abstract = {Corvino, Corvino and Schoen, Chruściel and Delay have shown the existence of a large class of asymptotically flat vacuum initial data for Einstein's field equations which are static or stationary in a neighborhood of space-like infinity, yet quite general in the interior. The proof relies on some abstract, non-constructive arguments which makes it difficult to calculate such data numerically by using similar arguments. A quasilinear elliptic system of equations is presented of which we expect that it can be used to construct vacuum initial data which are asymptotically flat, time-reflection symmetric, and asymptotic to static data up to a prescribed order at space-like infinity. A perturbation argument is used to show the existence of solutions. It is valid when the order at which the solutions approach staticity is restricted to a certain range. Difficulties appear when trying to improve this result to show the existence of solutions that are asymptotically static at higher order. The problems arise from the lack of surjectivity of a certain operator. Some tensor decompositions in asymptotically flat manifolds exhibit some of the difficulties encountered above. The Helmholtz decomposition, which plays a role in the preparation of initial data for the Maxwell equations, is discussed as a model problem. A method to circumvent the difficulties that arise when fast decay rates are required is discussed. This is done in a way that opens the possibility to perform numerical computations. The insights from the analysis of the Helmholtz decomposition are applied to the York decomposition, which is related to that part of the quasilinear system which gives rise to the difficulties. For this decomposition analogous results are obtained. It turns out, however, that in this case the presence of symmetries of the underlying metric leads to certain complications. The question, whether the results obtained so far can be used again to show by a perturbation argument the existence of vacuum initial data which approach static solutions at infinity at any given order, thus remains open. The answer requires further analysis and perhaps new methods.}, language = {en} } @misc{Winkler2011, type = {Master Thesis}, author = {Winkler, Michael}, title = {Thinning and turbulence in aqueous films}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-53107}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, year = {2011}, abstract = {This thesis covers the topic "Thinning and Turbulence in Aqueous Films". Experimental studies in two-dimensional systems gained an increasing amount of attention during the last decade. Thin liquid films serve as paradigms of atmospheric convection, thermal convection in the Earth's mantle or turbulence in magnetohydrodynamics. Recent research on colloids, interfaces and nanofluids lead to advances in the developtment of micro-mixers (lab-on-a-chip devices). In this project a detailed description of a thin film experiment with focus on the particular surface forces is presented. The impact of turbulence on the thinning of liquid films which are oriented parallel to the gravitational force is studied. An experimental setup was developed which permits the capturing of thin film interference patterns under controlled surface and atmospheric conditions. The measurement setup also serves as a prototype of a mixer on the basis of thermally induced turbulence in liquid thin films with thicknesses in the nanometer range. The convection is realized by placing a cooled copper rod in the center of the film. The temperature gradient between the rod and the atmosphere results in a density gradient in the liquid film, so that different buoyancies generate turbulence. In the work at hand the thermally driven convection is characterized by a newly developed algorithm, named Cluster Imaging Velocimetry (CIV). This routine determines the flow relevant vector fields (velocity and deformation). On the basis of these insights the flow in the experiment was investigated with respect to its mixing properties. The mixing characteristics were compared to theoretical models and mixing efficiency of the flow scheme calculated. The gravitationally driven thinning of the liquid film was analyzed under the influence of turbulence. Strong shear forces lead to the generation of ultra-thin domains which consist of Newton black film. Due to the exponential expansion of the thin areas and the efficient mixing, this two-phase flow rapidly turns into the convection of only ultra-thin film. This turbulence driven transition was observed and quantified for the first time. The existence of stable convection in liquid nanofilms was proven for the first time in the context of this work.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Malik2011, author = {Malik, Nishant}, title = {Extremes in events and dynamics : a nonlinear data analysis perspective on the past and present dynamics of the Indian summer monsoon}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-58016}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, year = {2011}, abstract = {To identify extreme changes in the dynamics of the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) in the past, I propose a new approach based on the quantification of fluctuations of a nonlinear similarity measure, to identify regimes of distinct dynamical complexity in short time series. I provide an analytical derivation for the relationship of the new measure with the dynamical invariants such as dimension and Lyapunov exponents of the underlying system. A statistical test is also developed to estimate the significance of the identified transitions. Our method is justified by uncovering bifurcation structures in several paradigmatic models, providing more complex transitions compared with traditional Lyapunov exponents. In a real world situation, we apply the method to identify millennial-scale dynamical transitions in Pleistocene proxy records of the south Asian summer monsoon system. We infer that many of these transitions are induced by the external forcing of solar insolation and are also affected by internal forcing on Monsoonal dynamics, i.e., the glaciation cycles of the Northern Hemisphere and the onset of the tropical Walker circulation. Although this new method has general applicability, it is particularly useful in analysing short palaeo-climate records. Rainfall during the ISM over the Indian subcontinent occurs in form of enormously complex spatiotemporal patterns due to the underlying dynamics of atmospheric circulation and varying topography. I present a detailed analysis of summer monsoon rainfall over the Indian peninsular using Event Synchronization (ES), a measure of nonlinear correlation for point processes such as rainfall. First, using hierarchical clustering I identify principle regions where the dynamics of monsoonal rainfall is more coherent or homogenous. I also provide a method to reconstruct the time delay patterns of rain events. Moreover, further analysis is carried out employing the tools of complex network theory. This study provides valuable insights into the spatial organization, scales, and structure of the 90th and 94th percentile rainfall events during the ISM (June to September). I furthermore analyse the influence of different critical synoptic atmospheric systems and the impact of the steep Himalayan topography on rainfall patterns. The presented method not only helps in visualising the structure of the extremeevent rainfall fields, but also identifies the water vapor pathways and decadal-scale moisture sinks over the region. Furthermore a simple scheme based on complex networks is presented to decipher the spatial intricacies and temporal evolution of monsoonal rainfall patterns over the last six decades. Some supplementary results on the evolution of monsoonal rainfall extremes over the last sixty years are also presented.}, language = {de} } @misc{Fischer2012, type = {Master Thesis}, author = {Fischer, Jost}, title = {{\"U}ber Synchronisationsph{\"a}nomene nichtlinearer akustischer Oszillatoren}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-63618}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, year = {2012}, abstract = {In dieser Arbeit werden die Effekte der Synchronisation nichtlinearer, akustischer Oszillatoren am Beispiel zweier Orgelpfeifen untersucht. Aus vorhandenen, experimentellen Messdaten werden die typischen Merkmale der Synchronisation extrahiert und dargestellt. Es folgt eine detaillierte Analyse der {\"U}bergangsbereiche in das Synchronisationsplateau, der Ph{\"a}nomene w{\"a}hrend der Synchronisation, als auch das Austreten aus der Synchronisationsregion beider Orgelpfeifen, bei verschiedenen Kopplungsst{\"a}rken. Die experimentellen Befunde werfen Fragestellungen nach der Kopplungsfunktion auf. Dazu wird die Tonentstehung in einer Orgelpfeife untersucht. Mit Hilfe von numerischen Simulationen der Tonentstehung wird der Frage nachgegangen, welche fluiddynamischen und aero-akustischen Ursachen die Tonentstehung in der Orgelpfeife hat und inwiefern sich die Mechanismen auf das Modell eines selbsterregten akustischen Oszillators abbilden l{\"a}sst. Mit der Methode des Coarse Graining wird ein Modellansatz formuliert.}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Orgis2014, author = {Orgis, Thomas}, title = {Unstetige Galerkin-Diskretisierung niedriger Ordnung in einem atmosph{\"a}rischen Multiskalenmodell}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-70687}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, year = {2014}, abstract = {Die Dynamik der Atmosph{\"a}re der Erde umfasst einen Bereich von mikrophysikalischer Turbulenz {\"u}ber konvektive Prozesse und Wolkenbildung bis zu planetaren Wellenmustern. F{\"u}r Wettervorhersage und zur Betrachtung des Klimas {\"u}ber Jahrzehnte und Jahrhunderte ist diese Gegenstand der Modellierung mit numerischen Verfahren. Mit voranschreitender Entwicklung der Rechentechnik sind Neuentwicklungen der dynamischen Kerne von Klimamodellen, die mit der feiner werdenden Aufl{\"o}sung auch entsprechende Prozesse aufl{\"o}sen k{\"o}nnen, notwendig. Der dynamische Kern eines Modells besteht in der Umsetzung (Diskretisierung) der grundlegenden dynamischen Gleichungen f{\"u}r die Entwicklung von Masse, Energie und Impuls, so dass sie mit Computern numerisch gel{\"o}st werden k{\"o}nnen. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht die Eignung eines unstetigen Galerkin-Verfahrens niedriger Ordnung f{\"u}r atmosph{\"a}rische Anwendungen. Diese Eignung f{\"u}r Gleichungen mit Wirkungen von externen Kr{\"a}ften wie Erdanziehungskraft und Corioliskraft ist aus der Theorie nicht selbstverst{\"a}ndlich. Es werden n{\"o}tige Anpassungen beschrieben, die das Verfahren stabilisieren, ohne sogenannte „slope limiter" einzusetzen. F{\"u}r das unmodifizierte Verfahren wird belegt, dass es nicht geeignet ist, atmosph{\"a}rische Gleichgewichte stabil darzustellen. Das entwickelte stabilisierte Modell reproduziert eine Reihe von Standard-Testf{\"a}llen der atmosph{\"a}rischen Dynamik mit Euler- und Flachwassergleichungen in einem weiten Bereich von r{\"a}umlichen und zeitlichen Skalen. Die L{\"o}sung der thermischen Windgleichung entlang der mit den Isobaren identischen charakteristischen Kurven liefert atmosph{\"a}rische Gleichgewichtszust{\"a}nde mit durch vorgegebenem Grundstrom einstellbarer Neigung zu(barotropen und baroklinen)Instabilit{\"a}ten, die f{\"u}r die Entwicklung von Zyklonen wesentlich sind. Im Gegensatz zu fr{\"u}heren Arbeiten sind diese Zust{\"a}nde direkt im z-System(H{\"o}he in Metern)definiert und m{\"u}ssen nicht aus Druckkoordinaten {\"u}bertragen werden.Mit diesen Zust{\"a}nden, sowohl als Referenzzustand, von dem lediglich die Abweichungen numerisch betrachtet werden, und insbesondere auch als Startzustand, der einer kleinen St{\"o}rung unterliegt, werden verschiedene Studien der Simulation von barotroper und barokliner Instabilit{\"a}t durchgef{\"u}hrt. Hervorzuheben ist dabei die durch die Formulierung von Grundstr{\"o}men mit einstellbarer Baroklinit{\"a}t erm{\"o}glichte simulationsgest{\"u}tzte Studie des Grades der baroklinen Instabilit{\"a}t verschiedener Wellenl{\"a}ngen in Abh{\"a}ngigkeit von statischer Stabilit{\"a}t und vertikalem Windgradient als Entsprechung zu Stabilit{\"a}tskarten aus theoretischen Betrachtungen in der Literatur.}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Theves2013, author = {Theves, Matthias}, title = {Bacterial motility and growth in open and confined environments}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-70313}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, year = {2013}, abstract = {In the presence of a solid-liquid or liquid-air interface, bacteria can choose between a planktonic and a sessile lifestyle. Depending on environmental conditions, cells swimming in close proximity to the interface can irreversibly attach to the surface and grow into three-dimensional aggregates where the majority of cells is sessile and embedded in an extracellular polymer matrix (biofilm). We used microfluidic tools and time lapse microscopy to perform experiments with the polarly flagellated soil bacterium Pseudomonas putida (P. putida), a bacterial species that is able to form biofilms. We analyzed individual trajectories of swimming cells, both in the bulk fluid and in close proximity to a glass-liquid interface. Additionally, surface related growth during the early phase of biofilm formation was investigated. In the bulk fluid, P.putida shows a typical bacterial swimming pattern of alternating periods of persistent displacement along a line (runs) and fast reorientation events (turns) and cells swim with an average speed around 24 micrometer per second. We found that the distribution of turning angles is bimodal with a dominating peak around 180 degrees. In approximately six out of ten turning events, the cell reverses its swimming direction. In addition, our analysis revealed that upon a reversal, the cell systematically changes its swimming speed by a factor of two on average. Based on the experimentally observed values of mean runtime and rotational diffusion, we presented a model to describe the spreading of a population of cells by a run-reverse random walker with alternating speeds. We successfully recover the mean square displacement and, by an extended version of the model, also the negative dip in the directional autocorrelation function as observed in the experiments. The analytical solution of the model demonstrates that alternating speeds enhance a cells ability to explore its environment as compared to a bacterium moving at a constant intermediate speed. As compared to the bulk fluid, for cells swimming near a solid boundary we observed an increase in swimming speed at distances below d= 5 micrometer and an increase in average angular velocity at distances below d= 4 micrometer. While the average speed was maximal with an increase around 15\% at a distance of d= 3 micrometer, the angular velocity was highest in closest proximity to the boundary at d=1 micrometer with an increase around 90\% as compared to the bulk fluid. To investigate the swimming behavior in a confinement between two solid boundaries, we developed an experimental setup to acquire three-dimensional trajectories using a piezo driven objective mount coupled to a high speed camera. Results on speed and angular velocity were consistent with motility statistics in the presence of a single boundary. Additionally, an analysis of the probability density revealed that a majority of cells accumulated near the upper and lower boundaries of the microchannel. The increase in angular velocity is consistent with previous studies, where bacteria near a solid boundary were shown to swim on circular trajectories, an effect which can be attributed to a wall induced torque. The increase in speed at a distance of several times the size of the cell body, however, cannot be explained by existing theories which either consider the drag increase on cell body and flagellum near a boundary (resistive force theory) or model the swimming microorganism by a multipole expansion to account for the flow field interaction between cell and boundary. An accumulation of swimming bacteria near solid boundaries has been observed in similar experiments. Our results confirm that collisions with the surface play an important role and hydrodynamic interactions alone cannot explain the steady-state accumulation of cells near the channel walls. Furthermore, we monitored the number growth of cells in the microchannel under medium rich conditions. We observed that, after a lag time, initially isolated cells at the surface started to grow by division into colonies of increasing size, while coexisting with a comparable smaller number of swimming cells. After 5:50 hours, we observed a sudden jump in the number of swimming cells, which was accompanied by a breakup of bigger clusters on the surface. After approximately 30 minutes where planktonic cells dominated in the microchannel, individual swimming cells reattached to the surface. We interpret this process as an emigration and recolonization event. A number of complementary experiments were performed to investigate the influence of collective effects or a depletion of the growth medium on the transition. Similar to earlier observations on another bacterium from the same family we found that the release of cells to the swimming phase is most likely the result of an individual adaption process, where syntheses of proteins for flagellar motility are upregulated after a number of division cycles at the surface.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Prokhorov2015, author = {Prokhorov, Boris E.}, title = {High-latitude coupling processes between thermospheric circulation and solar wind driven magnetospheric currents and plasma convection}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-92353}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, pages = {117}, year = {2015}, abstract = {The high-latitudinal thermospheric processes driven by the solar wind and Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF) interaction with the Earth magnetosphere are highly variable parts of the complex dynamic plasma environment, which represent the coupled Magnetosphere - Ionosphere - Thermosphere (MIT) system. The solar wind and IMF interactions transfer energy to the MIT system via reconnection processes at the magnetopause. The Field Aligned Currents (FACs) constitute the energetic links between the magnetosphere and the Earth ionosphere. The MIT system depends on the highly variable solar wind conditions, in particular on changes of the strength and orientation of the IMF. In my thesis, I perform an investigation on the physical background of the complex MIT system using the global physical - numerical, three-dimensional, time-dependent and self-consistent Upper Atmosphere Model (UAM). This model describes the thermosphere, ionosphere, plasmasphere and inner magnetosphere as well as the electrodynamics of the coupled MIT system for the altitudinal range from 80 (60) km up to the 15 Earth radii. In the present study, I developed and investigated several variants of the high-latitudinal electrodynamic coupling by including the IMF dependence of FACs into the UAM model. For testing, the various variants were applied to simulations of the coupled MIT system for different seasons, geomagnetic activities, various solar wind and IMF conditions. Additionally, these variants of the theoretical model with the IMF dependence were compared with global empirical models. The modelling results for the most important thermospheric parameters like neutral wind and mass density were compared with satellite measurements. The variants of the UAM model with IMF dependence show a good agreement with the satellite observations. In comparison with the empirical models, the improved variants of the UAM model reproduce a more realistic meso-scale structures and dynamics of the coupled MIT system than the empirical models, in particular at high latitudes. The new configurations of the UAM model with IMF dependence contribute to the improvement of space weather prediction.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Breuer2016, author = {Breuer, David}, title = {The plant cytoskeleton as a transportation network}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-93583}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, pages = {164}, year = {2016}, abstract = {The cytoskeleton is an essential component of living cells. It is composed of different types of protein filaments that form complex, dynamically rearranging, and interconnected networks. The cytoskeleton serves a multitude of cellular functions which further depend on the cell context. In animal cells, the cytoskeleton prominently shapes the cell's mechanical properties and movement. In plant cells, in contrast, the presence of a rigid cell wall as well as their larger sizes highlight the role of the cytoskeleton in long-distance intracellular transport. As it provides the basis for cell growth and biomass production, cytoskeletal transport in plant cells is of direct environmental and economical relevance. However, while knowledge about the molecular details of the cytoskeletal transport is growing rapidly, the organizational principles that shape these processes on a whole-cell level remain elusive. This thesis is devoted to the following question: How does the complex architecture of the plant cytoskeleton relate to its transport functionality? The answer requires a systems level perspective of plant cytoskeletal structure and transport. To this end, I combined state-of-the-art confocal microscopy, quantitative digital image analysis, and mathematically powerful, intuitively accessible graph-theoretical approaches. This thesis summarizes five of my publications that shed light on the plant cytoskeleton as a transportation network: (1) I developed network-based frameworks for accurate, automated quantification of cytoskeletal structures, applicable in, e.g., genetic or chemical screens; (2) I showed that the actin cytoskeleton displays properties of efficient transport networks, hinting at its biological design principles; (3) Using multi-objective optimization, I demonstrated that different plant cell types sustain cytoskeletal networks with cell-type specific and near-optimal organization; (4) By investigating actual transport of organelles through the cell, I showed that properties of the actin cytoskeleton are predictive of organelle flow and provided quantitative evidence for a coordination of transport at a cellular level; (5) I devised a robust, optimization-based method to identify individual cytoskeletal filaments from a given network representation, allowing the investigation of single filament properties in the network context. The developed methods were made publicly available as open-source software tools. Altogether, my findings and proposed frameworks provide quantitative, system-level insights into intracellular transport in living cells. Despite my focus on the plant cytoskeleton, the established combination of experimental and theoretical approaches is readily applicable to different organisms. Despite the necessity of detailed molecular studies, only a complementary, systemic perspective, as presented here, enables both understanding of cytoskeletal function in its evolutionary context as well as its future technological control and utilization.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Schroeder2016, author = {Schr{\"o}der, Henning}, title = {Ultrafast electron dynamics in Fe(CO)5 and Cr(CO)6}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-94589}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, pages = {v, 87}, year = {2016}, abstract = {In this thesis, the two prototype catalysts Fe(CO)₅ and Cr(CO)₆ are investigated with time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy at a high harmonic setup. In both of these metal carbonyls, a UV photon can induce the dissociation of one or more ligands of the complex. The mechanism of the dissociation has been debated over the last decades. The electronic dynamics of the first dissociation occur on the femtosecond timescale. For the experiment, an existing high harmonic setup was moved to a new location, was extended, and characterized. The modified setup can induce dynamics in gas phase samples with photon energies of 1.55eV, 3.10eV, and 4.65eV. The valence electronic structure of the samples can be probed with photon energies between 20eV and 40eV. The temporal resolution is 111fs to 262fs, depending on the combination of the two photon energies. The electronically excited intermediates of the two complexes, as well as of the reaction product Fe(CO)₄, could be observed with photoelectron spectroscopy in the gas phase for the first time. However, photoelectron spectroscopy gives access only to the final ionic states. Corresponding calculations to simulate these spectra are still in development. The peak energies and their evolution in time with respect to the initiation pump pulse have been determined, these peaks have been assigned based on literature data. The spectra of the two complexes show clear differences. The dynamics have been interpreted with the assumption that the motion of peaks in the spectra relates to the movement of the wave packet in the multidimensional energy landscape. The results largely confirm existing models for the reaction pathways. In both metal carbonyls, this pathway involves a direct excitation of the wave packet to a metal-to-ligand charge transfer state and the subsequent crossing to a dissociative ligand field state. The coupling of the electronic dynamics to the nuclear dynamics could explain the slower dissociation in Fe(CO)₅ as compared to Cr(CO)₆.}, language = {en} } @misc{vonReppertPuddellKocetal.2016, author = {von Reppert, Alexander and Puddell, J. and Koc, A. and Reinhardt, M. and Leitenberger, Wolfram and Dumesnil, K. and Zamponi, Flavio and Bargheer, Matias}, title = {Persistent nonequilibrium dynamics of the thermal energies in the spin and phonon systems of an antiferromagnet}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-98710}, pages = {11}, year = {2016}, abstract = {We present a temperature and fluence dependent Ultrafast X-Ray Diffraction study of a laser-heated antiferromagnetic dysprosium thin film. The loss of antiferromagnetic order is evidenced by a pronounced lattice contraction. We devise a method to determine the energy flow between the phonon and spin system from calibrated Bragg peak positions in thermal equilibrium. Reestablishing the magnetic order is much slower than the cooling of the lattice, especially around the N{\´e}el temperature. Despite the pronounced magnetostriction, the transfer of energy from the spin system to the phonons in Dy is slow after the spin-order is lost.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Pavlenko2016, author = {Pavlenko, Elena}, title = {Hybrid nanolayer architectures for ultrafast acousto-plasmonics in soft matter}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-99544}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, pages = {85}, year = {2016}, abstract = {The goal of the presented work is to explore the interaction between gold nanorods (GNRs) and hyper-sound waves. For the generation of the hyper-sound I have used Azobenzene-containing polymer transducers. Multilayer polymer structures with well-defined thicknesses and smooth interfaces were built via layer-by-layer deposition. Anionic polyelectrolytes with Azobenzene side groups (PAzo) were alternated with cationic polymer PAH, for the creation of transducer films. PSS/PAH multilayer were built for spacer layers, which do not absorb in the visible light range. The properties of the PAzo/PAH film as a transducer are carefully characterized by static and transient optical spectroscopy. The optical and mechanical properties of the transducer are studied on the picosecond time scale. In particular the relative change of the refractive index of the photo-excited and expanded PAH/PAzo is Δn/n = - 2.6*10-4. Calibration of the generated strain is performed by ultrafast X-ray diffraction calibrated the strain in a Mica substrate, into which the hyper-sound is transduced. By simulating the X-ray data with a linear-chain-model the strain in the transducer under the excitation is derived to be Δd/d ~ 5*10-4. Additional to the investigation of the properties of the transducer itself, I have performed a series of experiments to study the penetration of the generated strain into various adjacent materials. By depositing the PAzo/PAH film onto a PAH/PSS structure with gold nanorods incorporated in it, I have shown that nanoscale impurities can be detected via the scattering of hyper-sound. Prior to the investigation of complex structures containing GNRs and the transducer, I have performed several sets of experiments on GNRs deposited on a small buffer of PSS/PAH. The static and transient response of GNRs is investigated for different fluence of the pump beam and for different dielectric environments (GNRs covered by PSS/PAH). A systematic analysis of sample architectures is performed in order to construct a sample with the desired effect of GNRs responding to the hyper-sound strain wave. The observed shift of a feature related to the longitudinal plasmon resonance in the transient reflection spectra is interpreted as the event of GNRs sensing the strain wave. We argue that the shift of the longitudinal plasmon resonance is caused by the viscoelastic deformation of the polymer around the nanoparticle. The deformation is induced by the out of plane difference in strain in the area directly under a particle and next to it. Simulations based on the linear chain model support this assumption. Experimentally this assumption is proven by investigating the same structure, with GNRs embedded in a PSS/PAH polymer layer. The response of GNRs to the hyper-sound wave is also observed for the sample structure with GNRs embedded in PAzo/PAH films. The response of GNRs in this case is explained to be driven by the change of the refractive index of PAzo during the strain propagation.}, language = {en} } @misc{Guehr2016, author = {G{\"u}hr, Markus}, title = {Ultrafast Soft X-ray Probing of Gas Phase Molecular Dynamics}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-97215}, year = {2016}, abstract = {The molecular ability to selectively and efficiently convert sunlight into other forms of energy like heat, bond change, or charge separation is truly remarkable. The decisive steps in these transformations often happen on a femtosecond timescale and require transitions among different electronic states that violate the Born-Oppenheimer approximation (BOA). Non-BOA transitions pose challenges to both theory and experiment. From a theoretical point of view, excited state dynamics and nonadiabatic transitions both are difficult problems (see Figure 1(a)). However, the theory on non-BOA dynamics has advanced significantly over the last two decades. Full dynamical simulations for molecules of the size of nucleobases have been possible for a couple of years and allow predictions of experimental observables like photoelectron energy or ion yield. The availability of these calculations for isolated molecules has spurred new experimental efforts to develop methods that are sufficiently different from all optical techniques. For determination of transient molecular structure, femtosecond X-ray diffraction and electron diffraction have been implemented on optically excited molecules.}, language = {en} } @misc{InalKoelschChiappisietal.2013, author = {Inal, Sahika and K{\"o}lsch, Jonas D. and Chiappisi, Leonardo and Janietz, Dietmar and Gradzielski, Michael and Laschewsky, Andr{\´e} and Neher, Dieter}, title = {Structure-related differences in the temperature-regulated fluorescence response of LCST type polymers}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-95379}, pages = {6603 -- 6612}, year = {2013}, abstract = {We demonstrate new fluorophore-labelled materials based on acrylamide and on oligo(ethylene glycol) (OEG) bearing thermoresponsive polymers for sensing purposes and investigate their thermally induced solubility transitions. It is found that the emission properties of the polarity-sensitive (solvatochromic) naphthalimide derivative attached to three different thermoresponsive polymers are highly specific to the exact chemical structure of the macromolecule. While the dye emits very weakly below the LCST when incorporated into poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAm) or into a polyacrylate backbone bearing only short OEG side chains, it is strongly emissive in polymethacrylates with longer OEG side chains. Heating of the aqueous solutions above their cloud point provokes an abrupt increase of the fluorescence intensity of the labelled pNIPAm, whereas the emission properties of the dye are rather unaffected as OEG-based polyacrylates and methacrylates undergo phase transition. Correlated with laser light scattering studies, these findings are ascribed to the different degrees of pre-aggregation of the chains at low temperatures and to the extent of dehydration that the phase transition evokes. It is concluded that although the temperature-triggered changes in the macroscopic absorption characteristics, related to large-scale alterations of the polymer chain conformation and aggregation, are well detectable and similar for these LCST-type polymers, the micro-environment provided to the dye within each polymer network differs substantially. Considering sensing applications, this finding is of great importance since the temperature-regulated fluorescence response of the polymer depends more on the macromolecular architecture than the type of reporter fluorophore.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Schmidt2014, author = {Schmidt, Lukas}, title = {Aerosols and boundary layer structure over Arctic sea ice based on airborne lidar and dropsonde measurements}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-75076}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, pages = {vii, 98, xiii}, year = {2014}, abstract = {The atmosphere over the Arctic Ocean is strongly influenced by the distribution of sea ice and open water. Leads in the sea ice produce strong convective fluxes of sensible and latent heat and release aerosol particles into the atmosphere. They increase the occurrence of clouds and modify the structure and characteristics of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) and thereby influence the Arctic climate. In the course of this study aircraft measurements were performed over the western Arctic Ocean as part of the campaign PAMARCMIP 2012 of the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research (AWI). Backscatter from aerosols and clouds within the lower troposphere and the ABL were measured with the nadir pointing Airborne Mobile Aerosol Lidar (AMALi) and dropsondes were launched to obtain profiles of meteorological variables. Furthermore, in situ measurements of aerosol properties, meteorological variables and turbulence were part of the campaign. The measurements covered a broad range of atmospheric and sea ice conditions. In this thesis, properties of the ABL over Arctic sea ice with a focus on the influence of open leads are studied based on the data from the PAMARCMIP campaign. The height of the ABL is determined by different methods that are applied to dropsonde and AMALi backscatter profiles. ABL heights are compared for different flights representing different conditions of the atmosphere and of sea ice and open water influence. The different criteria for ABL height that are applied show large variation in terms of agreement among each other, depending on the characteristics of the ABL and its history. It is shown that ABL height determination from lidar backscatter by methods commonly used under mid-latitude conditions is applicable to the Arctic ABL only under certain conditions. Aerosol or clouds within the ABL are needed as a tracer for ABL height detection from backscatter. Hence an aerosol source close to the surface is necessary, that is typically found under the present influence of open water and therefore convective conditions. However it is not always possible to distinguish residual layers from the actual ABL. Stable boundary layers are generally difficult to detect. To illustrate the complexity of the Arctic ABL and processes therein, four case studies are analyzed each of which represents a snapshot of the interplay between atmosphere and underlying sea ice or water surface. Influences of leads and open water on the aerosol and clouds within the ABL are identified and discussed. Leads are observed to cause the formation of fog and cloud layers within the ABL by humidity emission. Furthermore they decrease the stability and increase the height of the ABL and consequently facilitate entrainment of air and aerosol layers from the free troposphere.}, language = {en} } @misc{PalyulinAlaNissilaMetzler2014, author = {Palyulin, Vladimir V. and Ala-Nissila, Tapio and Metzler, Ralf}, title = {Polymer translocation: the first two decades and the recent diversification}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-76287}, pages = {9016 -- 9037}, year = {2014}, abstract = {Probably no other field of statistical physics at the borderline of soft matter and biological physics has caused such a flurry of papers as polymer translocation since the 1994 landmark paper by Bezrukov, Vodyanoy, and Parsegian and the study of Kasianowicz in 1996. Experiments, simulations, and theoretical approaches are still contributing novel insights to date, while no universal consensus on the statistical understanding of polymer translocation has been reached. We here collect the published results, in particular, the famous-infamous debate on the scaling exponents governing the translocation process. We put these results into perspective and discuss where the field is going. In particular, we argue that the phenomenon of polymer translocation is non-universal and highly sensitive to the exact specifications of the models and experiments used towards its analysis.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Goswami2014, author = {Goswami, Bedartha}, title = {Uncertainties in climate data analysis}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-78312}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, year = {2014}, abstract = {Scientific inquiry requires that we formulate not only what we know, but also what we do not know and by how much. In climate data analysis, this involves an accurate specification of measured quantities and a consequent analysis that consciously propagates the measurement errors at each step. The dissertation presents a thorough analytical method to quantify errors of measurement inherent in paleoclimate data. An additional focus are the uncertainties in assessing the coupling between different factors that influence the global mean temperature (GMT). Paleoclimate studies critically rely on `proxy variables' that record climatic signals in natural archives. However, such proxy records inherently involve uncertainties in determining the age of the signal. We present a generic Bayesian approach to analytically determine the proxy record along with its associated uncertainty, resulting in a time-ordered sequence of correlated probability distributions rather than a precise time series. We further develop a recurrence based method to detect dynamical events from the proxy probability distributions. The methods are validated with synthetic examples and demonstrated with real-world proxy records. The proxy estimation step reveals the interrelations between proxy variability and uncertainty. The recurrence analysis of the East Asian Summer Monsoon during the last 9000 years confirms the well-known `dry' events at 8200 and 4400 BP, plus an additional significantly dry event at 6900 BP. We also analyze the network of dependencies surrounding GMT. We find an intricate, directed network with multiple links between the different factors at multiple time delays. We further uncover a significant feedback from the GMT to the El Ni{\~n}o Southern Oscillation at quasi-biennial timescales. The analysis highlights the need of a more nuanced formulation of influences between different climatic factors, as well as the limitations in trying to estimate such dependencies.}, language = {en} } @misc{MetzlerBauerRasmussenetal.2015, author = {Metzler, Ralf and Bauer, Maximilian and Rasmussen, Emil S. and Lomholt, Michael A.}, title = {Real sequence effects on the search dynamics of transcription factors on DNA}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-79411}, year = {2015}, abstract = {Recent experiments show that transcription factors (TFs) indeed use the facilitated diffusion mechanism to locate their target sequences on DNA in living bacteria cells: TFs alternate between sliding motion along DNA and relocation events through the cytoplasm. From simulations and theoretical analysis we study the TF-sliding motion for a large section of the DNA-sequence of a common E. coli strain, based on the two-state TF-model with a fast-sliding search state and a recognition state enabling target detection. For the probability to detect the target before dissociating from DNA the TF-search times self-consistently depend heavily on whether or not an auxiliary operator (an accessible sequence similar to the main operator) is present in the genome section. Importantly, within our model the extent to which the interconversion rates between search and recognition states depend on the underlying nucleotide sequence is varied. A moderate dependence maximises the capability to distinguish between the main operator and similar sequences. Moreover, these auxiliary operators serve as starting points for DNA looping with the main operator, yielding a spectrum of target detection times spanning several orders of magnitude. Auxiliary operators are shown to act as funnels facilitating target detection by TFs.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Gomez2016, author = {Gomez, David}, title = {Mechanisms of biochemical reactions within crowded environments}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-94593}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, pages = {vii, 112}, year = {2016}, abstract = {The cell interior is a highly packed environment in which biological macromolecules evolve and function. This crowded media has effects in many biological processes such as protein-protein binding, gene regulation, and protein folding. Thus, biochemical reactions that take place in such crowded conditions differ from diluted test tube conditions, and a considerable effort has been invested in order to understand such differences. In this work, we combine different computationally tools to disentangle the effects of molecular crowding on biochemical processes. First, we propose a lattice model to study the implications of molecular crowding on enzymatic reactions. We provide a detailed picture of how crowding affects binding and unbinding events and how the separate effects of crowding on binding equilibrium act together. Then, we implement a lattice model to study the effects of molecular crowding on facilitated diffusion. We find that obstacles on the DNA impair facilitated diffusion. However, the extent of this effect depends on how dynamic obstacles are on the DNA. For the scenario in which crowders are only present in the bulk solution, we find that at some conditions presence of crowding agents can enhance specific-DNA binding. Finally, we make use of structure-based techniques to look at the impact of the presence of crowders on the folding a protein. We find that polymeric crowders have stronger effects on protein stability than spherical crowders. The strength of this effect increases as the polymeric crowders become longer. The methods we propose here are general and can also be applied to more complicated systems.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Bojahr2016, author = {Bojahr, Andre}, title = {Hypersound interaction studied by time-resolved inelastic light and x-ray scattering}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-93860}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, pages = {xxiii, 201}, year = {2016}, abstract = {This publications-based thesis summarizes my contribution to the scientific field of ultrafast structural dynamics. It consists of 16 publications, about the generation, detection and coupling of coherent gigahertz longitudinal acoustic phonons, also called hypersonic waves. To generate such high frequency phonons, femtosecond near infrared laser pulses were used to heat nanostructures composed of perovskite oxides on an ultrashort timescale. As a consequence the heated regions of such a nanostructure expand and a high frequency acoustic phonon pulse is generated. To detect such coherent acoustic sound pulses I use ultrafast variants of optical Brillouin and x-ray scattering. Here an incident optical or x-ray photon is scattered by the excited sound wave in the sample. The scattered light intensity measures the occupation of the phonon modes. The central part of this work is the investigation of coherent high amplitude phonon wave packets which can behave nonlinearly, quite similar to shallow water waves which show a steepening of wave fronts or solitons well known as tsunamis. Due to the high amplitude of the acoustic wave packets in the solid, the acoustic properties can change significantly in the vicinity of the sound pulse. This may lead to a shape change of the pulse. I have observed by time-resolved Brillouin scattering, that a single cycle hypersound pulse shows a wavefront steepening. I excited hypersound pulses with strain amplitudes until 1\% which I have calibrated by ultrafast x-ray diffraction (UXRD). On the basis of this first experiment we developed the idea of the nonlinear mixing of narrowband phonon wave packets which we call "nonlinear phononics" in analogy with the nonlinear optics, which summarizes a kaleidoscope of surprising optical phenomena showing up at very high electric fields. Such phenomena are for instance Second Harmonic Generation, four-wave-mixing or solitons. But in case of excited coherent phonons the wave packets have usually very broad spectra which make it nearly impossible to look at elementary scattering processes between phonons with certain momentum and energy. For that purpose I tested different techniques to excite narrowband phonon wave packets which mainly consist of phonons with a certain momentum and frequency. To this end epitaxially grown metal films on a dielectric substrate were excited with a train of laser pulses. These excitation pulses drive the metal film to oscillate with the frequency given by their inverse temporal displacement and send a hypersonic wave of this frequency into the substrate. The monochromaticity of these wave packets was proven by ultrafast optical Brillouin and x-ray scattering. Using the excitation of such narrowband phonon wave packets I was able to observe the Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) of coherent phonons as a first example of nonlinear wave mixing of nanometric phonon wave packets.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Bittermann2015, author = {Bittermann, Klaus}, title = {Semi-empirical sea-level modelling}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-93881}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, pages = {v, 88}, year = {2015}, abstract = {Semi-empirical sea-level models (SEMs) exploit physically motivated empirical relationships between global sea level and certain drivers, in the following global mean temperature. This model class evolved as a supplement to process-based models (Rahmstorf (2007)) which were unable to fully represent all relevant processes. They thus failed to capture past sea-level change (Rahmstorf et al. (2012)) and were thought likely to underestimate future sea-level rise. Semi-empirical models were found to be a fast and useful tool for exploring the uncertainties in future sea-level rise, consistently giving significantly higher projections than process-based models. In the following different aspects of semi-empirical sea-level modelling have been studied. Models were first validated using various data sets of global sea level and temperature. SEMs were then used on the glacier contribution to sea level, and to infer past global temperature from sea-level data via inverse modelling. Periods studied encompass the instrumental period, covered by tide gauges (starting 1700 CE (Common Era) in Amsterdam) and satellites (first launched in 1992 CE), the era from 1000 BCE (before CE) to present, and the full length of the Holocene (using proxy data). Accordingly different data, model formulations and implementations have been used. It could be shown in Bittermann et al. (2013) that SEMs correctly predict 20th century sea-level when calibrated with data until 1900 CE. SEMs also turned out to give better predictions than the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 4th assessment report (AR4, IPCC (2007)) models, for the period from 1961-2003 CE. With the first multi-proxy reconstruction of global sea-level as input, estimate of the human-induced component of modern sea-level change and projections of future sea-level rise were calculated (Kopp et al. (2016)). It turned out with 90\% confidence that more than 40 \% of the observed 20th century sea-level rise is indeed anthropogenic. With the new semi-empirical and IPCC (2013) 5th assessment report (AR5) projections the gap between SEM and process-based model projections closes, giving higher credibility to both. Combining all scenarios, from strong mitigation to business as usual, a global sea-level rise of 28-131 cm relative to 2000 CE, is projected with 90\% confidence. The decision for a low carbon pathway could halve the expected global sea-level rise by 2100 CE. Present day temperature and thus sea level are driven by the globally acting greenhouse-gas forcing. Unlike that, the Milankovich forcing, acting on Holocene timescales, results mainly in a northern-hemisphere temperature change. Therefore a semi-empirical model can be driven with northernhemisphere temperatures, which makes it possible to model the main subcomponent of sea-level change over this period. It showed that an additional positive constant rate of the order of the estimated Antarctic sea-level contribution is then required to explain the sea-level evolution over the Holocene. Thus the global sea level, following the climatic optimum, can be interpreted as the sum of a temperature induced sea-level drop and a positive long-term contribution, likely an ongoing response to deglaciation coming from Antarctica.}, language = {en} } @misc{GhoshCherstvyPetrovetal.2016, author = {Ghosh, Surya K. and Cherstvy, Andrey G. and Petrov, Eugene P. and Metzler, Ralf}, title = {Interactions of rod-like particles on responsive elastic sheets}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-95882}, year = {2016}, abstract = {What are the physical laws of the mutual interactions of objects bound to cell membranes, such as various membrane proteins or elongated virus particles? To rationalise this, we here investigate by extensive computer simulations mutual interactions of rod-like particles adsorbed on the surface of responsive elastic two-dimensional sheets. Specifically, we quantify sheet deformations as a response to adhesion of such filamentous particles. We demonstrate that tip-to-tip contacts of rods are favoured for relatively soft sheets, while side-by-side contacts are preferred for stiffer elastic substrates. These attractive orientation-dependent substrate-mediated interactions between the rod-like particles on responsive sheets can drive their aggregation and self-assembly. The optimal orientation of the membrane-bound rods is established via responding to the elastic energy profiles created around the particles. We unveil the phase diagramme of attractive-repulsive rod-rod interactions in the plane of their separation and mutual orientation. Applications of our results to other systems featuring membrane-associated particles are also discussed.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Shenar2017, author = {Shenar, Tomer}, title = {Comprehensive analyses of massive binaries and implications on stellar evolution}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-104857}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, pages = {187}, year = {2017}, abstract = {Via their powerful radiation, stellar winds, and supernova explosions, massive stars (Mini \& 8 M☉) bear a tremendous impact on galactic evolution. It became clear in recent decades that the majority of massive stars reside in binary systems. This thesis sets as a goal to quantify the impact of binarity (i.e., the presence of a companion star) on massive stars. For this purpose, massive binary systems in the Local Group, including OB-type binaries, high mass X-ray binaries (HMXBs), and Wolf-Rayet (WR) binaries, were investigated by means of spectral, orbital, and evolutionary analyses. The spectral analyses were performed with the non-local thermodynamic equillibrium (non-LTE) Potsdam Wolf-Rayet (PoWR) model atmosphere code. Thanks to critical updates in the calculation of the hydrostatic layers, the code became a state-of-the-art tool applicable for all types of hot massive stars (Chapter 2). The eclipsing OB-type triple system δ Ori served as an intriguing test-case for the new version of the PoWR code, and provided key insights regarding the formation of X-rays in massive stars (Chapter 3). We further analyzed two prototypical HMXBs, Vela X-1 and IGR J17544-2619, and obtained fundamental conclusions regarding the dichotomy of two basic classes of HMXBs (Chapter 4). We performed an exhaustive analysis of the binary R 145 in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), which was claimed to host the most massive stars known. We were able to disentangle the spectrum of the system, and performed an orbital, polarimetric, and spectral analysis, as well as an analysis of the wind-wind collision region. The true masses of the binary components turned out to be significantly lower than suggested, impacting our understanding of the initial mass function and stellar evolution at low metallicity (Chapter 5). Finally, all known WR binaries in the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) were analyzed. Although it was theoretical predicted that virtually all WR stars in the SMC should be formed via mass-transfer in binaries, we find that binarity was not important for the formation of the known WR stars in the SMC, implying a strong discrepancy between theory and observations (Chapter 6).}, language = {en} } @misc{Goychuk2016, author = {Goychuk, Igor}, title = {Quantum ergodicity breaking in semi-classical electron transfer dynamics}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-102264}, pages = {11}, year = {2016}, abstract = {Can the statistical properties of single-electron transfer events be correctly predicted within a common equilibrium ensemble description? This fundamental in nanoworld question of ergodic behavior is scrutinized within a very basic semi-classical curve-crossing problem. It is shown that in the limit of non-adiabatic electron transfer (weak tunneling) well-described by the Marcus-Levich-Dogonadze(MLD) rate the answer is yes. However, in the limit of the so-called solvent-controlled adiabatic electron transfer, a profound breaking of ergodicity occurs. Namely, a common description based on the ensemble reduced density matrix with an initial equilibrium distribution of the reaction coordinate is not able to reproduce the statistics of single-trajectory events in this seemingly classical regime. For sufficiently large activation barriers, the ensemble survival probability in a state remains nearly exponential with the inverse rate given by the sum of the adiabatic curve crossing (Kramers) time and the inverse MLD rate. In contrast, near to the adiabatic regime, the single-electron survival probability is clearly non-exponential, even though it possesses an exponential tail which agrees well with the ensemble description. Initially, it is well described by a Mittag-Leffler distribution with a fractional rate. Paradoxically, the mean transfer time in this classical on the ensemble level regime is well described by the inverse of the nonadiabatic quantum tunneling rate on a single particle level. An analytical theory is developed which perfectly agrees with stochastic simulations and explains our findings.}, language = {en} } @misc{PavlenkoSanderMitzscherlingetal.2016, author = {Pavlenko, Elena S. and Sander, Mathias and Mitzscherling, Steffen and Pudell, Jan-Etienne and Zamponi, Flavio and R{\"o}ssle, Matthias and Bojahr, Andre and Bargheer, Matias}, title = {Azobenzene - functionalized polyelectrolyte nanolayers as ultrafast optoacoustic transducers}, volume = {8}, doi = {10.1039/C6NR01448H}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-101996}, pages = {13297 -- 13302}, year = {2016}, abstract = {We introduce azobenzene-functionalized polyelectrolyte multilayers as efficient, inexpensive optoacoustic transducers for hyper-sound strain waves in the GHz range. By picosecond transient reflectivity measurements we study the creation of nanoscale strain waves, their reflection from interfaces, damping by scattering from nanoparticles and propagation in soft and hard adjacent materials like polymer layers, quartz and mica. The amplitude of the generated strain ε ∼ 5 × 10-4 is calibrated by ultrafast X-ray diffraction.}, language = {en} } @misc{deCarvalhoMetzlerCherstvy2016, author = {de Carvalho, Sidney J. and Metzler, Ralf and Cherstvy, Andrey G.}, title = {Critical adsorption of polyelectrolytes onto planar and convex highly charged surfaces}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-100295}, pages = {17}, year = {2016}, abstract = {We study the adsorption-desorption transition of polyelectrolyte chains onto planar, cylindrical and spherical surfaces with arbitrarily high surface charge densities by massive Monte Carlo computer simulations. We examine in detail how the well known scaling relations for the threshold transition—demarcating the adsorbed and desorbed domains of a polyelectrolyte near weakly charged surfaces—are altered for highly charged interfaces. In virtue of high surface potentials and large surface charge densities, the Debye-H{\"u}ckel approximation is often not feasible and the nonlinear Poisson-Boltzmann approach should be implemented. At low salt conditions, for instance, the electrostatic potential from the nonlinear Poisson-Boltzmann equation is smaller than the Debye-H{\"u}ckel result, such that the required critical surface charge density for polyelectrolyte adsorption σc increases. The nonlinear relation between the surface charge density and electrostatic potential leads to a sharply increasing critical surface charge density with growing ionic strength, imposing an additional limit to the critical salt concentration above which no polyelectrolyte adsorption occurs at all. We contrast our simulations findings with the known scaling results for weak critical polyelectrolyte adsorption onto oppositely charged surfaces for the three standard geometries. Finally, we discuss some applications of our results for some physical-chemical and biophysical systems.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{FrancoGonzalez2002, author = {Franco Gonz{\´a}lez, Olga}, title = {Structural and spectroscopical study of crystals of 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives at high pressure}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-0000572}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, year = {2002}, abstract = {Die Suche nach neuen Materialien von technischem Interesse hat in den letzten Jahren neue Antriebe zu der Untersuchung organischer Verbindungen gegeben. Organische Substanzen haben viele Vorteile wie z.B. die M{\"o}glichkeit, ihre Eigenschaften durch verschiedene chemische und physikalische Techniken im Herstellung-Prozess f{\"u}r ein bestimmtes Ziel zu modifizieren. Oxadiazolverbindungen sind interessant aufgrund ihrer Nutzung als Material f{\"u}r Licht emittierende Dioden und Scintillatoren. Die physikalischen Eigenschaften eines Festk{\"o}rpers h{\"a}ngen von seiner Struktur ab. Unterschiedliche Strukturen entwickeln unterschiedliche intra- und intermolek{\"u}lare Wechselwirkungen. Eine ausgezeichnete Weise, um sowohl die intra- als auch die intermolekularen Wechselwirkungen eines bestimmtes Stoffes zu beeinflussen, ohne seine chemischen Charakteristiken zu {\"a}ndern, ist die Verwendung von hohem Druck. Wir haben den Einfluss von hohem Druck und hoher Temperatur auf die super-molekulare Struktur einiger Oxadiazolverbindungen im kristallinem Zustand untersucht. Aus diesen Untersuchungsergebnissen wurde eine Zustandsgleichung f{\"u}r diese Kristalle bestimmt. {\"U}berdies wurden die spektroskopischen Eigenschaften dieser Materialien unter hohem Druck charakterisiert.}, subject = {Oxadiazolderivate ; Kristallstruktur ; Hochdruck ; UV-VIS-Spektroskopie ; Raman-Spektroskopie}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Kuhlbrodt2002, author = {Kuhlbrodt, Till}, title = {Stability and variability of open-ocean deep convection in deterministic and stochastic simple models}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-0000622}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, year = {2002}, abstract = {Die Tiefenkonvektion ist ein wesentlicher Bestandteil der Zirkulation im Nordatlantik. Sie beeinflusst den nordw{\"a}rtigen W{\"a}rmetransport der thermohalinen Zirkulation. Ein Verst{\"a}ndnis ihrer Stabilit{\"a}t und Variabilit{\"a}t ist daher n{\"o}tig, um Klimaver{\"a}nderungen im Bereich des Nordatlantiks einsch{\"a}tzen zu k{\"o}nnen. Diese Arbeit hat zum Ziel, das konzeptionelle Verst{\"a}ndnis der Stabilit{\"a}t und der Variabilit{\"a}t der Tiefenkonvektion zu verbessern. Beobachtungsdaten aus der Labradorsee zeigen Phasen mit und ohne Tiefenkonvektion. Ein einfaches Modell mit zwei Boxen wird an diese Daten angepasst. Das Ergebnis legt nahe, dass die Labradorsee zwei koexistierende stabile Zust{\"a}nde hat, einen mit regelm{\"a}ßiger Tiefenkonvektion und einen ohne Tiefenkonvektion. Diese Bistabilit{\"a}t ergibt sich aus einer positiven Salzgehalts-R{\"u}ckkopplung, deren Ursache ein Netto-S{\"u}ßwassereintrag in die Deckschicht ist. Der konvektive Zustand kann schnell instabil werden, wenn der mittlere Antrieb sich hin zu w{\"a}rmeren oder weniger salzhaltigen Bedingungen {\"a}ndert. Die wetterbedingte Variabilit{\"a}t des externen Antriebs wird durch die Addition eines stochastischen Antriebsterms in das Modell eingebaut. Es zeigt sich, dass dann die Tiefenkonvektion h{\"a}ufig an- und wieder ausgeschaltet wird. Die mittlere Aufenthaltszeit in beiden Zust{\"a}nden ist ein Maß ihrer stochastischen Stabilit{\"a}t. Die stochastische Stabilit{\"a}t h{\"a}ngt in glatter Weise von den Parametern des Antriebs ab, im Gegensatz zu der deterministischen (nichtstochastischen) Stabilit{\"a}t, die sich abrupt {\"a}ndern kann. Sowohl das Mittel als auch die Varianz des stochastischen Antriebs beeinflussen die H{\"a}ufigkeit von Tiefenkonvektion. Eine Abnahme der Konvektionsh{\"a}ufigkeit, als Reaktion auf eine Abnahme des Salzgehalts an der Oberfl{\"a}che, kann zum Beispiel durch eine Zunahme der Variabilit{\"a}t in den W{\"a}rmefl{\"u}ssen kompensiert werden. Mit einem weiter vereinfachten Box-Modell werden einige Eigenschaften der stochastischen Stabilit{\"a}t analytisch untersucht. Es wird ein neuer Effekt beschrieben, die wandernde Monostabilit{\"a}t: Auch wenn die Tiefenkonvektion aufgrund ge{\"a}nderter Parameter des Antriebs kein stabiler Zustand mehr ist, kann der stochastische Antrieb immer noch h{\"a}ufig Konvektionsereignisse ausl{\"o}sen. Die analytischen Gleichungen zeigen explizit, wie die wandernde Monostabilit{\"a}t sowie andere Effekte von den Modellparametern abh{\"a}ngen. Diese Abh{\"a}ngigkeit ist f{\"u}r die mittleren Aufenthaltszeiten immer exponentiell, f{\"u}r die Wahrscheinlichkeit langer nichtkonvektiver Phasen dagegen nur dann, wenn diese Wahrscheinlichkeit gering ist. Es ist zu erwarten, dass wandernde Monostabilit{\"a}t auch in anderen Teilen des Klimasystems eine Rolle spielt. Insgesamt zeigen die Ergebnisse, dass die Stabilit{\"a}t der Tiefenkonvektion in der Labradorsee sehr empfindlich auf den Antrieb reagiert. Die Rolle der Variabilit{\"a}t ist entscheidend f{\"u}r ein Verst{\"a}ndnis dieser Empfindlichkeit. Kleine {\"A}nderungen im Antrieb k{\"o}nnen bereits die H{\"a}ufigkeit von Tiefenkonvektionsereignissen deutlich mindern, was sich vermutlich stark auf das regionale Klima auswirkt.}, subject = {Labradorsee ; Thermohaline Konvektion ; Stochastisches Modell}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Marwan2003, author = {Marwan, Norbert}, title = {Encounters with neighbours}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-0000856}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, year = {2003}, abstract = {Diese Arbeit besch{\"a}ftigt sich mit verschiedenen Aspekten und Anwendungen von Recurrence Plots. Nach einer {\"U}bersicht {\"u}ber Methoden, die auf Recurrence Plots basieren, werden neue Komplexit{\"a}tsmaße eingef{\"u}hrt, die geometrische Strukturen in den Recurrence Plots beschreiben. Diese neuen Maße erlauben die Identifikation von Chaos-Chaos-{\"U}berg{\"a}ngen in dynamischen Prozessen. In einem weiteren Schritt werden Cross Recurrence Plots eingef{\"u}hrt, mit denen zwei verschiedene Prozesse untersucht werden. Diese bivariate Analyse erm{\"o}glicht die Bewertung von Unterschieden zwischen zwei Prozessen oder das Anpassen der Zeitskalen von zwei Zeitreihen. Diese Technik kann auch genutzt werden, um {\"a}hnliche Abschnitte in zwei verschiedenen Datenreihen zu finden. Im Anschluß werden diese neuen Entwicklungen auf Daten verschiedener Art angewendet. Methoden, die auf Recurrence Plots basieren, k{\"o}nnen an die speziellen Probleme angepaßt werden, so daß viele weitere Anwendungen m{\"o}glich sind. Durch die Anwendung der neu eingef{\"u}hrten Komplexit{\"a}tsmaße k{\"o}nnen Chaos-Chaos-{\"U}berg{\"a}nge in Herzschlagdaten vor dem Auftreten einer lebensbedrohlichen Herzrhythmusst{\"o}rung festgestellt werden, was f{\"u}r die Entwicklung neuer Therapien dieser Herzrhythmusst{\"o}rungen von Bedeutung sein k{\"o}nnte. In einem weiteren Beispiel, in dem EEG-Daten aus einem kognitiv orientierten Experiment untersucht werden, erm{\"o}glichen diese Komplexit{\"a}tsmaße das Erkennen von spezifischen Reaktionen im Gehirn bereits in Einzeltests. Normalerweise k{\"o}nnen diese Reaktionen erst durch die Auswertung von vielen Einzeltests erkannt werden. Mit der Hilfe von Cross Recurrence Plots wird die Existenz einer klimatischen Zirkulation, die der heutigen El Ni{\~n}o/ Southern Oscillation sehr {\"a}hnlich ist, im Nordwesten Argentiniens vor etwa 34000 Jahren nachgewiesen. Außerdem k{\"o}nnen mit Cross Recurrence Plots die Zeitskalen verschiedener Bohrlochdaten aufeinander abgeglichen werden. Diese Methode kann auch dazu genutzt werden, ein geologisches Profil mit Hilfe eines Referenzprofiles mit bekannter Zeitskala zu datieren. Weitere Beispiele aus den Gebieten der Molekularbiologie und der Spracherkennung unterstreichen das Potential dieser Methode.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Kraut2001, author = {Kraut, Suso}, title = {Multistable systems under the influence of noise}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-0000424}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, year = {2001}, abstract = {Nichtlineare multistabile Systeme unter dem Einfluss von Rauschen weisen vielschichtige dynamische Eigenschaften auf. Ein mittleres Rauschlevel zeitigt ein Springen zwischen den metastabilen Zustaenden. Dieser "attractor-hopping" Prozess ist gekennzeichnet durch laminare Bewegung in der Naehe von Attraktoren und erratische Bewegung, die sich auf chaotischen Satteln abspielt, welche in die fraktalen Einzugsgebietsgrenzen eingebettet sind. Er hat rauschinduziertes Chaos zur Folge. Bei der Untersuchung der dissipativen Standardabbildung wurde das Phaenomen der Praeferenz von Attraktoren durch die Wirkung des Rauschens gefunden. Dies bedeutet, dass einige Attraktoren eine groessere Wahrscheinlichkeit erhalten aufzutreten, als dies fuer das rauschfreie System der Fall waere. Bei einer bestimmten Rauschstaerke ist diese Bevorzugung maximal. Andere Attraktoren werden aufgrund des Rauschens weniger oft angelaufen. Bei einer entsprechend hohen Rauschstaerke werden sie komplett ausgeloescht. Die Komplexitaet des Sprungprozesses wird fuer das Modell zweier gekoppelter logistischer Abbildungen mit symbolischer Dynamik untersucht. Bei Variation eines Parameters steigt an einem bestimmten Wert des Parameters die topologische Entropie steil an, die neben der Shannon Entropie als Komplexitaetsmass verwendet wird. Dieser Anstieg wird auf eine neuartige Bifurkation von chaotischen Satteln zurueckgefuehrt, die in einem Verschmelzen zweier Sattel besteht und durch einen "Snap-back"-Repellor vermittelt wird. Skalierungsgesetze sowohl der Verweilzeit auf einem der zuvor getrennten Teile des Sattels als auch des Wachsens der fraktalen Dimension des entstandenen Sattels beschreiben diese neuartige Bifurkation genauer. Wenn ein chaotischer Sattel eingebettet in der offenen Umgebung eines Einzugsgebietes eines metastabilen Zustandes liegt, fuehrt das zu einer deutlichen Senkung der Schwelle des rauschinduzierten Tunnelns. Dies wird anhand der Ikeda-Abbildung, die ein Lasersystem mit einer zeitverzoegerden Interferenz beschreibt, demonstriert. Dieses Resultat wird unter Verwendung der Theorie der Quasipotentiale erzielt. Sowohl dieser Effekt, die Senkung der Schwelle f{\"u}r rauschinduziertes Tunneln aus einem metastabilen Zustand durch einen chaotischen Sattel, als auch die beiden Skalierungsgesteze sind von experimenteller Relevanz.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Imperia2002, author = {Imperia, Paolo}, title = {Localised states in organic semiconductors and their detection}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-0000477}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, year = {2002}, abstract = {In den letzten Jahren ist eine Vielzahl neuer organischer Polymere und niedermolekularer Verbindungen synthetisiert worden, die sich als aktive Komponente f{\"u}r Elektrolumineszenz-Bauelemente und andere elektronische Anwendungen eignen. Trotz der großen technologischen Bedeutung und des erheblichen Fortschrittes, der bei der Herstellung solcher Materialien erzielt worden ist, sind grundlegende physikalische Eigenschaften dieser Materialklassen noch nicht ausreichend erforscht. Insbesondere das Auftreten lokalisierter Zust{\"a}nde innerhalb der Bandl{\"u}cke hat besondere Bedeutung f{\"u}r ihre elektronischen Eigenschaften. Sowohl die Pr{\"a}senz dieser flachen traps (Fallen, L{\"o}cher) als auch der Einfluß der Herstellungsbedingungen auf die tiefen und flachen lokalisierten Zust{\"a}nde wurden bisher nicht systematisch untersucht. Thermische Techniken sind wichtige Methoden, um lokalisierte Niveaus in organischen und anorganischen Materialien zu erforschen. Themisch-Stimulierte Lumineszenz (TSL), Thermisch-Stimulierte Str{\"o}me (TSC) und Thermisch-Stimulierte Depolarisierte Str{\"o}me (TSDC) erm{\"o}glichen die Untersuchung flacher und tiefer traps; in Verbindung mit DiElektrischer Spektroskopie (DES) k{\"o}nnen außerdem Polarisations- und Depolarisationseffekte studiert werden. Mit Hilfe numerischer Simulationen haben wir die kinetischen Gleichungen erster und zweiter Ordnung untersucht, die sich durch schwaches bzw. starkes Wieder-Fangen beschreiben lassen. In diesen Gleichungen haben wir Gaussian-, exponentielle und quasi-kontinuierliche Verteilungen von lokalisierten Zust{\"a}nde ber{\"u}cksichtigt. Durch Ver{\"a}nderung der beiden wichtigsten Parameter (Tiefe der traps E und H{\"a}ufigkeit) konnte die Form der thermischen Maxima untersucht werden. Auch die die Gaussian-Verteilung bestimmenden Faktoren wurden ver{\"a}ndert. Diese theoretischen Ergebnisse wurden auf die experimentellen Glow-Kurven angewandt. D{\"u}nne Filme aus polymeren und niedermolekularen Verbindungen (Polyphenylquinoxaline, Trisphenylquinoxaline und Oxadiazole), die wegen ihrer technologischen Bedeutung ausgew{\"a}hlt wurden, zeigen komplexes thermisches Verhalten. Insbesondere hoch geordnete Filme eines amphiphil substituierten 2-(p-nitrophenyl)-5-(p-undecylamidophenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazols (NADPO) zeichnen sich durch komplexe TSL-Diagramme aus. Im Bereich von Em = 4 meV wurde eine Region flacher traps gefunden. Zwei weitere TSL-Maxima treten bei Tm = 221.5 K bzw. Tm = 254.2 K auf. Sie besitzen Aktivierungsenergien von Em= 0.63 eV bzw. Em = 0.66 eV, ihre Frequenzfaktoren betragen s = 2.4x1012 s-1 bzw. s = 1.85x1011 s-1, sie zeigen Breiten der Verteilung von s = 0.045 eV bzw. s = 0.088 eV. Des weiteren zeigt diese Arbeit, daß die Form der Glow-Kurven stark von der Anregungstemperatur und vom thermischen Kreislauf beeinflußt wird.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Breidenich2000, author = {Breidenich, Markus}, title = {Polymers at membranes}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-0000284}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, year = {2000}, abstract = {Die Oberfl{\"a}che biologischer Zellen besteht aus einer Lipidmembran und einer Vielzahl von Proteinen und Polymeren, die in die Membran eingebaut sind. Die Beeinflussung der Membran durch Polymere, die mit einem Ende an der Membran verankert sind, wird im Rahmen dieser Arbeit anhand eines vereinfachten biomimetischen Systems studiert. Der entropische Druck, den das Polymer durch St{\"o}ße auf die Membran aus{\"u}bt, f{\"u}hrt dazu, dass sich die Membran vom Polymer weg kr{\"u}mmt. Die resultierende Membranform ist ein Kegel in der N{\"a}he des Ankers und ein Katenoid in grossem Abstand vom Ankerpunkt. Monte Carlo-Simulationen best{\"a}tigen die perturbativ berechneten Resultate. Bei Hinzunahme eines attraktiven Potentials zwischen Polymer und Membran verringert sich die urspr{\"u}nglich vom Polymer induzierte Kr{\"u}mmung. Im Limes starker Adsorption, in welchem das Polymer ganz auf der Membranoberfl{\"a}che lokalisiert ist, verschwindet der Polymerdruck und die durch diesen induzierte Kr{\"u}mmung der Membran. Falls das Polymer nicht direkt auf der Membranoberfl{\"a}che verankert ist, sondern in endlichem Ankerabstand, biegt sich die Membran im adsorbierten Fall zum Polymer hin. Im letzten Teil der Arbeit werden nicht verankerte Polymere in L{\"o}sung betrachtet. Untersucht wird der Einfluss einer solchen Polymerl{\"o}sung auf die Kr{\"u}mmung der Membran. Im Grenzfall einer rein sterischen, repulsiven Wechselwirkung zwischen Polymeren und Membran biegt sich diese, im Gegensatz zur verankerten Situation, zur L{\"o}sung hin. Bei zunehmender Attraktion biegt sich die Membran im Limes starker Adsorption der Polymere von der L{\"o}sung weg.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Teppner2000, author = {Teppner, Randolf}, title = {Adsorptionsschichten an fluiden Grenzfl{\"a}chen : Skalengesetze und Ionenverteilungen}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-0000117}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, year = {2000}, abstract = {In dieser Arbeit wurden zwei Themenbereiche bearbeitet: 1. Ellipsometrie an Adsorpionsschichten niedermolekularer Tenside an der Wasser/Luft-Grenzfl{\"a}che (Ellipsometrie ist geeignet, adsorbierte Mengen von nicht- und zwitterionischen Tensiden zu messen, bei ionischen werden zus{\"a}tzlich die Gegenionen mit erfaßt; Ellipsometrie mißt sich {\"a}ndernde Gegenionenverteilung). 2. Ellipsometrische Untersuchung von endadsorbierten Polymerb{\"u}rsten an der Wasser/{\"O}l-Grenzfl{\"a}che (Ellipsometrie ist nicht in der Lage, verschiedene Segmentkonzentrationsprofile innerhalb der B{\"u}rste aufzul{\"o}sen, ist aber sehr wohl geeignet, Skalengesetze f{\"u}r Dicken und Dr{\"u}cke in Abh{\"a}ngigkeit von Ankerdichte und Kettenl{\"a}nge der Polymere zu {\"u}berpr{\"u}fen; f{\"u}r in Heptan gequollene Poly-isobuten-B{\"u}rsten konnte gezeigt werden, daß sie sich entsprechend den theoretischen Vorhersagen f{\"u}r B{\"u}rsten in einem theta-L{\"o}sungsmittel verhalten)}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Hammoudeh2002, author = {Hammoudeh, Ismail}, title = {Qualitative nichtlineare Zeitreihenanalyse mit Anwendung auf das Problem der Polbewegung}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-0000640}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, year = {2002}, abstract = {In der nichtlinearen Datenreihenanalyse hat sich seit etwa 10 Jahren eine Monte-Carlo-Testmethode etabliert, die Theiler-surrogatmethode, mit Hilfe derer entschieden werden kann, ob eine Datenreihe nichtlinearen Ursprungs sei. Diese Methode wird kritisiert, modifiziert und verallgemeinert. Das, was Theiler untersuchen will braucht andere Surrogatmethoden, die hier konstruiert werden. Und das, was Theiler untersucht braucht gar keine Monte-Carlo-Methoden. Mit Hilfe des in der Arbeit eingef{\"u}hrten Begriffs des Phasensignals werden Testm{\"o}glichkeiten dargelegt und Beziehungen zwischen den nichtlinearen Eigenschaften der Zeitreihe und deren Phasenspektrum erforscht. Das Phasensignal wird aus dem Phasenspektrum der Zeitreihe hergeleitet und registriert außerordentliche Geschehnisse im Zeitbereich sowie Phasenkopplungen im Frequenzbereich. Die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse werden auf das Problem der Polbewegung angewendet. Die Hypothese einer nichtlinearen Beziehung zwischen der atmosph{\"a}rischen Erregung und der Polbewegung wird untersucht. Eine nichtlineare Behandlung wird nicht f{\"u}r n{\"o}tig gehalten.}, subject = {Nichtlineare Zeitreihenanalyse ; Signalanalyse - Polbewegung ; Chandler-Periode ; Nichtlineares Ph{\"a}nomen}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Moreira2001, author = {Moreira, Andr{\´e} Gu{\´e}rin}, title = {Charged systems in bulk and at interfaces}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-0000677}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, year = {2001}, abstract = {Eine der Faustregeln der Kolloid- und Oberfl{\"a}chenphysik ist, dass die meisten Oberfl{\"a}chen geladen sind, wenn sie mit einem L{\"o}sungsmittel, normalerweise Wasser, in Kontakt treten. Dies ist zum Beispiel bei ladungsstabilisierten Kolloidalen Suspensionen der Fall, bei denen die Oberfl{\"a}che der Kolloidteilchen geladen ist (gew{\"o}hnlich mit einer Ladung von mehreren Hunderttausend Elementarladungen), oder bei Monoschichten ionischer Tenside, die auf einer Luft-Wasser Grenzfl{\"a}che sitzen (wobei die wasserliebenden Kopfgruppen durch die Freisetzung von Gegenionen geladen werden), sowie bei Doppelschichten, die geladene phospholipide enthalten (wie Zellmembranen). In dieser Arbeit betrachten wir einige Modellsysteme, die zwar eine vereinfachte Fassung der Realit{\"a}t darstellen, von denen wir aber dennoch erwarten koennen, dass wir mit ihrer Hilfe einige physikalische Eigenschaften realer geladener Systeme (Kolloide und Elektrolyte) einfangen k{\"o}nnen.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{GilMerinoRubio2003, author = {Gil-Merino Rubio, Rodrigo}, title = {Cosmology through gravitational lenses}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-0001030}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, year = {2003}, abstract = {In dieser Dissertation nutze ich den Gravitationslinseneffekt, um eine Reihe von kosmologischen Fragen zu untersuchen. Der Laufzeitunterschied des Gravitationslinsensystems HE1104-1805 wurde mit unterschiedlichen Methoden bestimmt. Zwischen den beiden Komponenten erhalte ich einen Unterschied von Delta_t(A-B) = -310 +-20 Tagen (2 sigma Konfidenzintervall). Außerdem nutze ich eine dreij{\"a}hrige Beobachtungskampagne, um den Doppelquasar Q0957+561 zu untersuchen. Die beobachteten Fluktuationen in den Differenzlichtkurven lassen sich durch Rauschen erkl{\"a}ren, ein Mikrogravitationslinseneffekt wird zur Erkl{\"a}rung nicht ben{\"o}tigt. Am Vierfachquasar Q2237+0305 untersuchte ich den Mikrogravitationslinseneffekt anhand der Daten der GLITP-Kollaboration (Okt. 1999-Feb. 2000). Durch die Abwesenheit eines starken Mikrogravitationslinsensignals konnte ich eine obere Grenze von v=600 km/s f f{\"u}r die effektive Transversalgeschwindigkeit der Linsengalaxie bestimmen (unter der Annahme von Mikrolinsen mit 0.1 Sonnenmassen). Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit untersuchte ich die Verteilung der Dunklen Materie in Galaxienhaufen. F{\"u}r den Galaxienhaufen Cl0024+1654 erhalte ich ein Masse-Leuchtkraft-Verh{\"a}ltnis von M/L = 200 M_sun/L_sun (innerhalb eines Radius von 3 Bogenminuten). Im Galaxienhaufen RBS380 finde ich eine relativ geringe R{\"o}ntgenleuchtkraft von L =2*10^(44) erg/s, obwohl im optischen eine große Anzahl von Galaxien gefunden wurde.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Fuessel2003, author = {F{\"u}ssel, Hans-Martin}, title = {Impacts analysis for inverse integrated assessments of climate change}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-0001089}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, year = {2003}, abstract = {Diese Dissertation beschreibt die Entwicklung und Anwendung des Klimawirkungsmoduls des ICLIPS-Modells, eines integrierten Modells des Klimawandels ('Integrated Assessment'-Modell). Vorangestellt ist eine Diskussion des gesellschaftspolitischen Kontexts, in dem modellbasiertes 'Integrated Assessment' stattfindet, aus der wichtige Anforderungen an die Spezifikation des Klimawirkungsmoduls abgeleitet werden. Das 'Integrated Assessment' des Klimawandels umfasst eine weiten Bereich von Aktivit{\"a}ten zur wissenschaftsbasierten Unterst{\"u}tzung klimapolitischer Entscheidungen. Hierbei wird eine Vielzahl von Ans{\"a}tzen verfolgt, um politikrelevante Informationen {\"u}ber die erwarteten Auswirkungen des Klimawandels zu ber{\"u}cksichtigen. Wichtige Herausforderungen in diesem Bereich sind die große Bandbreite der relevanten r{\"a}umlichen und zeitlichen Skalen, die multifaktorielle Verursachung vieler 'Klimafolgen', erhebliche wissenschaftliche Unsicherheiten sowie die Mehrdeutigkeit unvermeidlicher Werturteile. Die Entwicklung eines hierarchischen Konzeptmodells erlaubt die Strukturierung der verschiedenen Ans{\"a}tze sowie die Darstellung eines mehrstufigen Entwicklungsprozesses, der sich in der Praxis und der zu Grunde liegenden Theorie von Studien zur Vulnerabilit{\"a}t hinsichtlich des Klimawandels wiederspiegelt. 'Integrated Assessment'-Modelle des Klimawandels sind wissenschaftliche Werkzeuge, welche eine vereinfachte Beschreibung des gekoppelten Mensch-Klima-Systems enthalten. Die wichtigsten entscheidungstheoretischen Ans{\"a}tze im Bereich des modellbasierten 'Integrated Assessment' werden im Hinblick auf ihre F{\"a}higkeit zur ad{\"a}quaten Darstellung klimapolitischer Entscheidungsprobleme bewertet. Dabei stellt der 'Leitplankenansatz' eine 'inverse' Herangehensweise zur Unterst{\"u}tzung klimapolitischer Entscheidungen dar, bei der versucht wird, die Gesamtheit der klimapolitischen Strategien zu bestimmen, die mit einer Reihe von zuvor normativ bestimmten Mindestkriterien (den sogenannten 'Leitplanken') vertr{\"a}glich sind. Dieser Ansatz verbindet bis zu einem gewissen Grad die wissenschaftliche Strenge und Objektivit{\"a}t simulationsbasierter Ans{\"a}tze mit der F{\"a}higkeit von Optimierungsans{\"a}tzen, die Gesamtheit aller Entscheidungsoptionen zu ber{\"u}cksichtigen. Das ICLIPS-Modell ist das erste 'Integrated Assessment'-Modell des Klimawandels, welches den Leitplankenansatz implementiert. Die Darstellung von Klimafolgen ist eine wichtige Herausforderung f{\"u}r 'Integrated Assessment'-Modelle des Klimawandels. Eine Betrachtung bestehender 'Integrated Assessment'-Modelle offenbart große Unterschiede in der Ber{\"u}cksichtigung verschiedener vom Klimawandel betroffenen Sektoren, in der Wahl des bzw. der Indikatoren zur Darstellung von Klimafolgen, in der Ber{\"u}cksichtigung nicht-klimatischer Entwicklungen einschließlich gezielter Anpassungsmaßnahmen an den Klimawandel, in der Behandlung von Unsicherheiten und in der Ber{\"u}cksichtigung von 'singul{\"a}ren' Ereignissen. 'Integrated Assessment'-Modelle, die auf einem Inversansatz beruhen, stellen besondere Anforderungen an die Darstellung von Klimafolgen. Einerseits muss der Detaillierungsgrad hinreichend sein, um Leitplanken f{\"u}r Klimafolgen sinnvoll definieren zu k{\"o}nnen; andererseits muss die Darstellung effizient genug sein, um die Gesamtheit der m{\"o}glichen klimapolitischen Strategien erkunden zu k{\"o}nnen. Großr{\"a}umige Singularit{\"a}ten k{\"o}nnen h{\"a}ufig durch vereinfachte dynamische Modelle abgebildet werden. Diese Methode ist jedoch weniger geeignet f{\"u}r regul{\"a}re Klimafolgen, bei denen die Bestimmung relevanter Ergebnisse in der Regel die Ber{\"u}cksichtigung der Heterogenit{\"a}t von klimatischen, naturr{\"a}umlichen und sozialen Faktoren auf der lokalen oder regionalen Ebene erfordert. Klimawirkungsfunktionen stellen sich als die geeignetste Darstellung regul{\"a}rer Klimafolgen im ICLIPS-Modell heraus. Eine Klimawirkungsfunktion beschreibt in aggregierter Form die Reaktion eines klimasensitiven Systems, wie sie von einem geographisch expliziten Klimawirkungsmodell f{\"u}r eine repr{\"a}sentative Teilmenge m{\"o}glicher zuk{\"u}nftiger Entwicklungen simuliert wurde. Die in dieser Arbeit vorgestellten Klimawirkungsfunktionen nutzen die globale Mitteltemperatur sowie die atmosph{\"a}rische CO2-Konzentration als Pr{\"a}diktoren f{\"u}r global und regional aggregierte Auswirkungen des Klimawandels auf nat{\"u}rliche {\"O}kosysteme, die landwirtschaftliche Produktion und die Wasserverf{\"u}gbarkeit. Die Anwendung einer 'Musterskalierungstechnik' erm{\"o}glicht hierbei die Ber{\"u}cksichtigung der regionalen und saisonalen Muster des Klima{\"a}nderungssignals aus allgemeinen Zirkulationsmodellen, ohne die Effizienz der dynamischen Modellkomponenten zu beeintr{\"a}chtigen. Bem{\"u}hungen zur quantitativen Absch{\"a}tzung zuk{\"u}nftiger Klimafolgen sehen sich bei der Wahl geeigneter Indikatoren in der Regel einem Zielkonflikt zwischen der Relevanz eines Indikators f{\"u}r Entscheidungstr{\"a}ger und der Zuverl{\"a}ssigkeit, mit der dieser bestimmt werden kann, gegen{\"u}ber. Eine Reihe von nichtmonet{\"a}ren Indikatoren zur aggregierten Darstellung von Klimafolgen in Klimawirkungsfunktionen wird pr{\"a}sentiert, welche eine Balance zwischen diesen beiden Zielen anstreben und gleichzeitig die Beschr{\"a}nkungen ber{\"u}cksichtigen, die sich aus anderen Komponenten des ICLIPS-Modells ergeben. Klimawirkungsfunktionen werden durch verschiedene Typen von Diagrammen visualisiert, welche jeweils unterschiedliche Perspektiven auf die Ergebnismenge der Klimawirkungssimulationen erlauben. Die schiere Anzahl von Klimawirkungsfunktionen verhindert ihre umfassende Darstellung in dieser Arbeit. Ausgew{\"a}hlte Ergebnisse zu Ver{\"a}nderungen in der r{\"a}umlichen Ausdehnung von Biomen, im landwirtschaftlichen Potential verschiedener L{\"a}nder und in der Wasserverf{\"u}gbarkeit in mehreren großen Einzugsgebieten werden diskutiert. Die Gesamtheit der Klimawirkungsfunktionen wird zug{\"a}nglich gemacht durch das 'ICLIPS Impacts Tool', eine graphische Benutzeroberfl{\"a}che, die einen bequemen Zugriff auf {\"u}ber 100.000 Klimawirkungsdiagramme erm{\"o}glicht. Die technischen Aspekte der Software sowie die zugeh{\"o}rige Datenbasis wird beschrieben. Die wichtigste Anwendung von Klimawirkungsfunktionen ist im 'Inversmodus', wo sie genutzt werden, um Leitplanken zur Begrenzung von Klimafolgen in gleichzeitige Randbedingungen f{\"u}r Variablen aus dem optimierenden ICLIPS-Klima-Weltwirtschafts-Modell zu {\"u}bersetzen. Diese {\"U}bersetzung wird erm{\"o}glicht durch Algorithmen zur Bestimmung von Mengen erreichbarer Klimazust{\"a}nde ('reachable climate domains') sowie zur parametrisierten Approximation zul{\"a}ssiger Klimafenster ('admissible climate windows'), die aus Klimawirkungsfunktionen abgeleitet werden. Der umfassende Bestand an Klimawirkungsfunktionen zusammen mit diesen Algorithmen erm{\"o}glicht es dem integrierten ICLIPS-Modell, in flexibler Weise diejenigen klimapolitischen Strategien zu bestimmen, welche bestimmte in biophysikalischen Einheiten ausgedr{\"u}ckte Begrenzungen von Klimafolgen explizit ber{\"u}cksichtigen. Diese M{\"o}glichkeit bietet kein anderes intertemporal optimierendes 'Integrated Assessment'-Modell. Eine Leitplankenanalyse mit dem integrierten ICLIPS-Modell unter Anwendung ausgew{\"a}hlter Klimawirkungsfunktionen f{\"u}r Ver{\"a}nderungen nat{\"u}rlicher {\"O}kosysteme wird beschrieben. In dieser Analyse werden so genannte 'notwendige Emissionskorridore' berechnet, die vorgegebene Beschr{\"a}nkungen hinsichtlich der maximal zul{\"a}ssigen globalen Vegetationsver{\"a}nderungen und der regionalen Klimaschutzkosten ber{\"u}cksichtigen. Dies geschieht sowohl f{\"u}r eine 'Standardkombination' der drei gew{\"a}hlten Kriterien als auch f{\"u}r deren systematische Variation. Eine abschließende Diskussion aktueller Entwicklungen in der 'Integrated Assessment'-Modellierung stellt diese Arbeit mit anderen einschl{\"a}gigen Bem{\"u}hungen in Beziehung.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Jung2004, author = {Jung, Carl Christoph}, title = {Lichtinduzierte Generierung und Charakterisierung optischer Anisotropie}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-0001390}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, year = {2004}, abstract = {Eine Nutzung der optischen Anisotropie d{\"u}nner Schichten ist vor allem f{\"u}r die Displaytechnologie, die optische Datenspeicherung und f{\"u}r optische Sicherheitselemente von hoher Bedeutung. Diese Doktorarbeit befasst sich mit theoretischen und experimentellen Untersuchung von dreidimensionaler Anisotropie und dabei insbesondere mit der Untersuchung von lichtinduzierter dreidimensionaler Anisotropie in organischen d{\"u}nnen Polymer-Schichten. Die gewonnenen Erkentnisse und entwickelten Methoden k{\"o}nnen wertvolle Beitr{\"a}ge f{\"u}r Optimierungsprozesse, wie bei der Kompensation der Blickwinkelabh{\"a}ngigkeit von Fl{\"u}ssigkristall-Displays, liefern. Die neue Methode der Immersions-Transmissions-Ellipsometrie (ITE) zur Untersuchung von d{\"u}nneren Schichten wurde im Rahmen dieser Dissertation entwickelt. Diese Methode gestattet es, in Kombination mit konventioneller Reflexions- und Transmissionsellipsometrie, die absoluten dreidimensionalen Brechungsindices einer biaxialen Schicht zu bestimmen. Erstmals gelang es damit, das dreidimensionale Brechungsindexellipsoid von transparenten, d{\"u}nneren (150 nm) Filmen hochgenau (drei Stellen hinter dem Komma) zu bestimmen. Die ITE-Methode hat demzufolge das Potential, auch bei noch d{\"u}nneren Schichten mit Gewinn eingesetzt werden zu k{\"o}nnen. Die lichtinduzierte Generierung von dreidimensionaler Anisotropie wurde in d{\"u}nnen Schichten von azobenzenhaltigen und zimts{\"a}urehaltigen, amorphen und fl{\"u}ssig-kristallinen Homo- und Copolymeren untersucht. Erstmals wurden quantitative Untersuchungen zur {\"A}nderung von lichtinduzierten, dreidimensionalen Anisotropien in d{\"u}nnen Schichten von azobenzenhaltigen und zimts{\"a}urehaltigen Polymeren bei Tempern oberhalb der Glastemperatur durchgef{\"u}hrt. Bei vielen der untersuchten Polymere war die dreidimensionale Ordnung nach dem Bestrahlen mit polarisiertem Licht und anschließendem Tempern oberhalb der Glastemperatur scheinbar von der Schichtdicke abh{\"a}ngig. Die Ursache liegt wohl in der, mit der neuentwickelten ITE-Methode detektierten, planaren Ausgangsorientierung der aufgeschleuderten d{\"u}nneren Schichten. Um Verkippungs-Gradienten in dickeren Polymerschichten in ihrem Verlauf zu bestimmen, wurde eine spezielle Methode unter Benutzung der Wellenleitermoden-Spektroskopie entwickelt. Quantenchemisch bestimmte, maximal induzierbare Doppelbrechungen in fl{\"u}ssig-kristallinen Polymeren wurden mit den experimentell gefundenen Ordnungen verglichen.}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Henneberg2004, author = {Henneberg, Oliver}, title = {In-situ Untersuchungen zur Entstehung von Oberfl{\"a}chengittern in Polymeren}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-0001331}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, year = {2004}, abstract = {In festen azobenzenhaltigen Polymeren wurde bei Bestrahlung mit blauem Licht ein makroskopischer Materialtransport beobachtet. Um die Dynamik der Gitterentstehung zu verfolgen, wurde am Speicherring f{\"u}r Synchrotronstrahlung ein Gitterschreibaufbau errichtet. Damit konnte erstmals in dieser Arbeit die Gitterbildungsgeschwindigkeit in-situ simultan mit R{\"o}ntgen- und Lichtstreuung untersucht werden. Mit Hilfe einer speziellen Anpassung der R{\"o}ntgenstreutheorie konnten sehr gute {\"U}bereinstimmungen von theoretischen Berechnungen mit den Messergebnissen erzielt werden. Dabei konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass sich zeitgleich mit einem Oberfl{\"a}chengitter auch ein Dichtegitter entwickelt. Durch die Trennung beider Streuanteile ließ sich die Dynamik der Strukturentstehungen bestimmen. Des weiteren konnte erstmals mit Hilfe der Photoelektronenspektroskopie die molekulare Orientierung an der Oberfl{\"a}che eines Oberfl{\"a}chengitters nachgewiesen werden. Die Bewegungsursache kann auf einen Impuls{\"u}bertrag w{\"a}hrend der Isomerisierung zur{\"u}ckgef{\"u}hrt werden, w{\"a}hrend die Bewegungsrichtung durch den elektrischen Feldvektor festgelegt wird. Die Theorie der Gitterentstehung konnte verbessert werden.}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Mikat2001, author = {Mikat, J{\"u}rgen E. R.}, title = {Optische und schwingungsspektroskopische Hochdruckuntersuchungen von Ladungstr{\"a}gereigenschaften in herk{\"o}mmlich und nach der Template-Methode synthetisierten leitf{\"a}higen Polypyrrolschichten}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-0000069}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, year = {2001}, abstract = {Chemisch dotiertes Polypyrrol gilt als Modellsubstanz f{\"u}r leitf{\"a}hige Polymere mit nichtdegeneriertem Grundzustand. Das elektrische Transportverhalten in dotiertem Polypyrrol wird durch lokalisierte Ladungstr{\"a}ger, Bipolaronen und Polaronen, bestimmt. Es besteht dabei eine enge gegenseitige Wechselwirkung zwischen der Struktur der Polymerkette und den Eigenschaften der Ladungstr{\"a}ger. Die in dieser Arbeit vorgestellte Kombination von Hochdruckmethodik und optischer Spektroskopie vertieft das Verst{\"a}ndnis der Beziehung zwischen der molekularen und supramolekularen Struktur und den elektronischen und optischen Eigenschaften. Durch spezifische Synthesemethoden lassen sich unterschiedliche Strukturen in der polymeren Probe induzieren, die sich durch den Anteil an hochgeordneten Polymerketten unterscheiden. Die gezielte Ver{\"a}nderung dieser Strukturen durch Druckexperimente erm{\"o}glicht das Studium des Einflusses der Synthesemethoden auf die Ladungstr{\"a}gereigenschaften. F{\"u}r diese Studien wurden herk{\"o}mmlich synthetisierte Polypyrrol-Filme und Filme, die sich aus Polypyrrol-Nanor{\"o}hren zusammensetzen (Synthese in Kernspur-membranen, \"Template-Synthese\") bei ansonsten gleichen Syntheseparametern untersucht. Raman- und Infrarotspektroskopie sowie UV-Vis-NIR-Absorptionsspektroskopie, die jeweils f{\"u}r die Hochdruckmethodik adaptiert wurden, dienten der Charakterisierung der Proben. Zus{\"a}tzlich wurden temperatur- und druckabh{\"a}ngige Messungen des elektrischen Widerstands an den Template-Proben durchgef{\"u}hrt. Die Morphologie template-synthetisierter Polypyrrol-Nanor{\"o}hren und die filmbildenden Eigenschaften sowie der m{\"o}gliche Aufbau von Schichtarchitekturen wurden mit transmissions- und rasterelektronenmikroskopischen Techniken untersucht. Die aus den Hochdruckexperimenten gewonnenen Daten werden in der Arbeit im Hinblick auf die Stabilit{\"a}t der Ladungstr{\"a}ger interpretiert. Im Ergebnis bewirkt die Druckerh{\"o}hung eine Dissoziation der Bipolaronen in den untersuchten Proben. Das Ladungstr{\"a}ger-gleichgewicht verschiebt sich dadurch mit steigendem Druck zu Zust{\"a}nden mit h{\"o}herem Anteil an polaronischen Ladungstr{\"a}gern. Die Template-Synthese bewirkt gegen{\"u}ber herk{\"o}mmlich synthetisierten Proben einen h{\"o}heren Anteil an Polaronen bereits bei Normaldruck, und eine Lage des Systems n{\"a}her bei einem Isolator-Metall-{\"U}bergang. Die Dissoziationsrate der Bipolaronen ist f{\"u}r Template- und herk{\"o}mmlich synthetisierte Proben vergleichbar groß und unabh{\"a}ngig vom Initialzustand nach der Synthese. Dieses Verhalten der Ladungstr{\"a}ger wird weitergehend im Rahmen eines Modells untersucht, bei dem der Einfluß benachbarter Polymerketten und der Dotandionen ber{\"u}cksichtigt wird. Dementsprechend k{\"o}nnen sich die Wellenfunktionen der Ladungstr{\"a}ger unter bestimmten Bedingungen auch auf benachbarte Ketten erstrecken (transversale Polaronen bzw. Bipolaronen). Eine solche Ausdehnung der Wellenfunktionen unter Mitwirkung der Dotandionen wurde in den untersuchten Proben nicht festgestellt. Die Wellenfunktionen der Ladungstr{\"a}ger besitzen demnach haupts{\"a}chlich Komponenten entlang der Polymerkette (longitudinale Polaronen bzw. Bipolaronen). Aus der {\"A}nderungsrate druckabh{\"a}ngiger spektraler Charakteristiken lassen sich Aussagen {\"u}ber den Ordnungszustand der Probe ableiten. Diese auf experimentellem Wege gefundenen Ergebnisse liefern somit Hinweise f{\"u}r die bisher kontrovers diskutierte Koexistenz der beiden Ladungstr{\"a}gerarten Polaronen und Bipolaronen und die Gr{\"o}ße ihrer jeweiligen Bindungsenergien. Druckerh{\"o}hung und Template-Synthese bewirken analoge {\"A}nderungen der Polymerstruktur. Sowohl h{\"o}herer Druck wie auch die Template-Synthese lassen sich mit einem h{\"o}heren Ordnungsgrad in den Template-Proben korrelieren. Der Ladungstransport in den Proben kann durch ein Mott Variable Range Hopping-Modell mit druckabh{\"a}ngiger charakteristischer Dimension beschrieben werden. Die Erh{\"o}hung des Drucks bewirkt einen Anstieg der Dimension, eine bessere {\"U}berlappung der Wellenfunktionen der Ladungstr{\"a}ger und eine Vergr{\"o}ßerung der Lokalisierungsl{\"a}nge der Ladungstr{\"a}ger. Die druckinduzierte Dissoziation der Bipolaronen beeinflußt den Ladungstransport zus{\"a}tzlich durch Erh{\"o}hung der Anzahl unabh{\"a}ngiger Ladungstr{\"a}ger und verbessert diesen aufgrund st{\"a}rkerer {\"U}berlappung der Wellenfunktionen. Template-Proben niedriger Synthesetemperatur zeigen bei Normaldruck eine h{\"o}here Dimension des Mott Variable Range Hoppings und eine gr{\"o}ßere Lokalisierungsl{\"a}nge gegen{\"u}ber bei Raumtemperatur synthetisierten Proben. K{\"u}rzere Synthesezeiten bewirken einen Anstieg der Dimension bei Normaldruck und eine Verschiebung des Dimensionscrossovers zu niedrigeren Temperaturen. Template-Proben kurzer Synthesezeit zeigen geringere druckinduzierte {\"A}nderungen als solche mit langer Synthesezeit. Es wurde ein kontinuierliches Ordnungsmodell der Polypyrrol-Nanor{\"o}hren entwickelt, das dieses Verhalten beschreibt. Die Morphologie und die mechanischen Eigenschaften der Nanor{\"o}hren werden durch spezifische Syntheseparameter, wie Temperatur und Dauer, beeinflußt und k{\"o}nnen mit Transmissions- und Rasterelektronenmikroskopie beobachtet werden. Die filmbildenden Eigenschaften der R{\"o}hren h{\"a}ngen stark von diesen mechanischen Eigenschaften ab. Die Struktur der Filme kann dabei von einer unregelm{\"a}ßigen Anordnung der R{\"o}hren bis zu nahezu parallel ausgerichteten R{\"o}hren variieren. Es wurden M{\"o}glichkeiten untersucht, die R{\"o}hren in den Filmen zu orientieren und aus diesen Filmen durch Schichtung makroskopische Architekturen mit einem hohen Grad an orientierten R{\"o}hren aufzubauen. Solche Architekturen k{\"o}nnen f{\"u}r verschiedene Anwendungen, z.B. in elektronischen Bauteilen oder mikroskopischen Bioreaktoren, von Interesse sein.}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Zaikin2002, author = {Zaikin, Alexei}, title = {Noise-induced transitions and resonant effects in nonlinear systems}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-0000761}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, year = {2002}, abstract = {Unsere allt{\"a}gliche Erfahrung ist mit verschiedenen akustischen Einfluessen wie L{\"a}rm, aber auch Musik verbunden. Jeder weiss, wie L{\"a}rm st{\"o}ren kann und Kommunikation behindert oder gar unterbindet. {\"A}hnliche optische Effekte sind bekannt: starkes Schneetreiben oder Regeng{\"u}sse verschlechtern die Sicht und lassen uns Umrisse nur noch schemenhaft erkennen. Jedoch koennen {\"a}hnliche Stimuli auch sehr positive Auswirkungen haben: Autofahrer fahren bei leiser Musik konzentrierter -- die Behauptung von Schulkindern, nur bei dr{\"o}hnenden B{\"a}ssen die Mathehausaufgaben richtig rechnen zu k{\"o}nnen, ist allerdings nicht wissenschaftlich erwiesen. Außerordentlich interessant aus dieser Sicht sind auch Reizleitungsprozesse: Reize werden nur weitergleitet, wenn die strukturlosen Signale der Neuronen mit ausreichend starker Intensit{\"a}t erfolgen, also ein Schwellwert {\"u}berschritten ist. Der Physiker Dr. Alexei Zaikin von der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam besch{\"a}ftigt sich mit sogenannten rauschinduzierten Ph{\"a}nomenen aus theorischer Sicht. Sein Forschungsgebiet sind Prozesse, bei denen Rauschen mehrfach das Systemverhalten beeinflusst: ist es ausreichend gross, d.h. gr{\"o}ßer als ein kritischer Wert, wird eine regul{\"a}re Struktur gebildet, die durch das immernoch vorhandene Rauschen mit der Struktur des Nachbarsystems synchronisiert. Um ein solches System mit kritischem Wert zu erhalten, bedarf es einer weiteren Rauschquelle. Herr Zaikin analysierte noch weitere Beispiele solcher doppelt stochastischen Effekte. Die Ausarbeitung derartiger theoretischer Grundlagen ist wichtig, da diese Prozesse in der Neurophysik, in technischen Kommunikationssystemen und in den Lebenswissenschaften eine Rolle spielen.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Heinig2003, author = {Heinig, Peter}, title = {The geometry of interacting liquid domains in Langmuir monolayers}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-0000814}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, year = {2003}, abstract = {Es werden die Strukturbildung und Benetzung zweidimensionaler (2D) Phasen von Langmuir-Monolagen im lokalen thermodynamischen Gleichgewicht untersucht. Eine Langmuir-Monolage ist ein isoliertes 2D System von Surfaktanten an der Wasser/Luft-Grenzfl{\"a}che, in dem kristalline, fl{\"u}ssigkristalline, fl{\"u}ssige oder gasf{\"o}rmige Phasen auftreten, die sich in Positionsordnung und/oder Orientierungsordnung unterscheiden. Permanente elektrische Dipolmomente der Surfaktanten f{\"u}hren zu einer langreichweitigen repulsiven Selbstwechselwirkung der Monolage und zur Bildung mesoskopischer Strukturen. Es wird ein Wechselwirkungsmodell verwendet, das die Strukturbildung als Wechselspiel kurzreichweitiger Anziehung (nackte Linienspannung) und langreichweitiger Abstoßung (Oberfl{\"a}chenpotential) auf einer Skala Delta beschreibt. Physikalisch trennt Delta die beiden L{\"a}ngenskalen der lang- und kurzreichweitigen Wechselwirkung. In dieser Arbeit werden die thermodynamischen Stabilit{\"a}tsbedingungen f{\"u}r die Form einer Phasengrenzlinie (Young-Laplace-Gleichung) und Dreiphasenkontaktpunkt (Young-Bedingung) hergeleitet und zur Beschreibung experimenteller Daten genutzt: Die Linienspannung benetzender 2D Tropfen wird mit Hilfe h{\"a}ngender-Tropfen-Tensiometrie gemessen. Die Blasenform und -gr{\"o}ße von 2D Sch{\"a}umen wird theoretisch modelliert und mit experimentellen 2D Sch{\"a}umen verglichen. Kontaktwinkel werden durch die Anpassung von experimentellen Tropfen mit numerischen L{\"o}sungen der Young-Laplace-Gleichung auf Mikrometerskalen gemessen. Das Skalenverhalten des Kontaktwinkels erm{\"o}glicht die Bestimmung einer unteren Schranke von Delta. Weiterhin wird diskutiert, inwieweit das Schalten von 2D Benetzungsmodi in biologischen Membranen zur Steuerung der Reaktionskinetik ein Rolle spielen k{\"o}nnte. Hierzu werden Experimente aus unserer Gruppe, die in einer Langmuir-Monolage durchgef{\"u}hrt wurden, herangezogen. Abschließend wird die scheinbare Verletzung der Gibbs\′schen Phasenregel in Langmuir-Monolagen (nicht-horizontales Plateau der Oberfl{\"a}chendruck-Fl{\"a}che Isotherme, ausgedehntes Dreiphasengebiet in Einkomponentensystemen) quantitativ untersucht. Eine Verschmutzung der verwendeten Substanzen ist demnach die wahscheinlichste Erkl{\"a}rung, w{\"a}hrend Finite-Size-Effekte oder der Einfluss der langreichweitigen Elektrostatik die Gr{\"o}ßenordnung des Effektes nicht beschreiben k{\"o}nnen.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Loeffler2005, author = {L{\"o}ffler, Frank}, title = {Numerical simulations of neutron star - black hole mergers}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-7743}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, year = {2005}, abstract = {Collisions of black holes and neutron stars, named mixed binaries in the following, are interesting because of at least two reasons. Firstly, it is expected that they emit a large amount of energy as gravitational waves, which could be measured by new detectors. The form of those waves is expected to carry information about the internal structure of such systems. Secondly, collisions of such objects are the prime suspects of short gamma ray bursts. The exact mechanism for the energy emission is unknown so far. In the past, Newtonian theory of gravitation and modifications to it were often used for numerical simulations of collisions of mixed binary systems. However, near to such objects, the gravitational forces are so strong, that the use of General Relativity is necessary for accurate predictions. There are a lot of problems in general relativistic simulations. However, systems of two neutron stars and systems of two black holes have been studies extensively in the past and a lot of those problems have been solved. One of the remaining problems so far has been the use of hydrodynamic on excision boundaries. Inside excision regions, no evolution is carried out. Such regions are often used inside black holes to circumvent instabilities of the numerical methods near the singularity. Methods to handle hydrodynamics at such boundaries have been described and tests are shown in this work. One important test and the first application of those methods has been the simulation of a collapsing neutron star to a black hole. The success of these simulations and in particular the performance of the excision methods was an important step towards simulations of mixed binaries. Initial data are necessary for every numerical simulation. However, the creation of such initial data for general relativistic situations is in general very complicated. In this work it is shown how to obtain initial data for mixed binary systems using an already existing method for initial data of two black holes. These initial data have been used for evolutions of such systems and problems encountered are discussed in this work. One of the problems are instabilities due to different methods, which could be solved by dissipation of appropriate strength. Another problem is the expected drift of the black hole towards the neutron star. It is shown, that this can be solved by using special gauge conditions, which prevent the black hole from moving on the computational grid. The methods and simulations shown in this work are only the starting step for a much more detailed study of mixed binary system. Better methods, models and simulations with higher resolution and even better gauge conditions will be focus of future work. It is expected that such detailed studies can give information about the emitted gravitational waves, which is important in view of the newly built gravitational wave detectors. In addition, these simulations could give insight into the processes responsible for short gamma ray bursts.}, subject = {Relativistische Astrophysik}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Prevot2006, author = {Prevot, Michelle Elizabeth}, title = {Introduction of a thermo-sensitive non-polar species into polyelectrolyte multilayer capsules for drug delivery}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-7785}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, year = {2006}, abstract = {The layer-by-layer assembly (LBL) of polyelectrolytes has been extensively studied for the preparation of ultrathin films due to the versatility of the build-up process. The control of the permeability of these layers is particularly important as there are potential drug delivery applications. Multilayered polyelectrolyte microcapsules are also of great interest due to their possible use as microcontainers. This work will present two methods that can be used as employable drug delivery systems, both of which can encapsulate an active molecule and tune the release properties of the active species. Poly-(N-isopropyl acrylamide), (PNIPAM) is known to be a thermo-sensitive polymer that has a Lower Critical Solution Temperature (LCST) around 32oC; above this temperature PNIPAM is insoluble in water and collapses. It is also known that with the addition of salt, the LCST decreases. This work shows Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) evidence that the LCST of the PNIPAM can be tuned with salt type and concentration. Microcapsules were used to encapsulate this thermo-sensitive polymer, resulting in a reversible and tunable stimuli- responsive system. The encapsulation of the PNIPAM inside of the capsule was proven with Raman spectroscopy, DSC (bulk LCST measurements), AFM (thickness change), SEM (morphology change) and CLSM (in situ LCST measurement inside of the capsules). The exploitation of the capsules as a microcontainer is advantageous not only because of the protection the capsules give to the active molecules, but also because it facilitates easier transport. The second system investigated demonstrates the ability to reduce the permeability of polyelectrolyte multilayer films by the addition of charged wax particles. The incorporation of this hydrophobic coating leads to a reduced water sensitivity particularly after heating, which melts the wax, forming a barrier layer. This conclusion was proven with Neutron Reflectivity by showing the decreased presence of D2O in planar polyelectrolyte films after annealing creating a barrier layer. The permeability of capsules could also be decreased by the addition of a wax layer. This was proved by the increase in recovery time measured by Florescence Recovery After Photobleaching, (FRAP) measurements. In general two advanced methods, potentially suitable for drug delivery systems, have been proposed. In both cases, if biocompatible elements are used to fabricate the capsule wall, these systems provide a stable method of encapsulating active molecules. Stable encapsulation coupled with the ability to tune the wall thickness gives the ability to control the release profile of the molecule of interest.}, subject = {Mikrokapsel}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Zoeller2005, author = {Z{\"o}ller, Gert}, title = {Critical states of seismicity : modeling and data analysis}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-7427}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, year = {2005}, abstract = {The occurrence of earthquakes is characterized by a high degree of spatiotemporal complexity. Although numerous patterns, e.g. fore- and aftershock sequences, are well-known, the underlying mechanisms are not observable and thus not understood. Because the recurrence times of large earthquakes are usually decades or centuries, the number of such events in corresponding data sets is too small to draw conclusions with reasonable statistical significance. Therefore, the present study combines both, numerical modeling and analysis of real data in order to unveil the relationships between physical mechanisms and observational quantities. The key hypothesis is the validity of the so-called "critical point concept" for earthquakes, which assumes large earthquakes to occur as phase transitions in a spatially extended many-particle system, similar to percolation models. New concepts are developed to detect critical states in simulated and in natural data sets. The results indicate that important features of seismicity like the frequency-size distribution and the temporal clustering of earthquakes depend on frictional and structural fault parameters. In particular, the degree of quenched spatial disorder (the "roughness") of a fault zone determines whether large earthquakes occur quasiperiodically or more clustered. This illustrates the power of numerical models in order to identify regions in parameter space, which are relevant for natural seismicity. The critical point concept is verified for both, synthetic and natural seismicity, in terms of a critical state which precedes a large earthquake: a gradual roughening of the (unobservable) stress field leads to a scale-free (observable) frequency-size distribution. Furthermore, the growth of the spatial correlation length and the acceleration of the seismic energy release prior to large events is found. The predictive power of these precursors is, however, limited. Instead of forecasting time, location, and magnitude of individual events, a contribution to a broad multiparameter approach is encouraging.}, subject = {Seismizit{\"a}t}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Jappsen2005, author = {Jappsen, Anne-Katharina}, title = {Present and early star formation : a study on rotational and thermal properties}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-7591}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, year = {2005}, abstract = {We investigate the rotational and thermal properties of star-forming molecular clouds using hydrodynamic simulations. Stars form from molecular cloud cores by gravoturbulent fragmentation. Understanding the angular momentum and the thermal evolution of cloud cores thus plays a fundamental role in completing the theoretical picture of star formation. This is true not only for current star formation as observed in regions like the Orion nebula or the ρ-Ophiuchi molecular cloud but also for the formation of stars of the first or second generation in the universe. In this thesis we show how the angular momentum of prestellar and protostellar cores evolves and compare our results with observed quantities. The specific angular momentum of prestellar cores in our models agree remarkably well with observations of cloud cores. Some prestellar cores go into collapse to build up stars and stellar systems. The resulting protostellar objects have specific angular momenta that fall into the range of observed binaries. We find that collapse induced by gravoturbulent fragmentation is accompanied by a substantial loss of specific angular momentum. This eases the "angular momentum problem" in star formation even in the absence of magnetic fields. The distribution of stellar masses at birth (the initial mass function, IMF) is another aspect that any theory of star formation must explain. We focus on the influence of the thermodynamic properties of star-forming gas and address this issue by studying the effects of a piecewise polytropic equation of state on the formation of stellar clusters. We increase the polytropic exponent γ from a value below unity to a value above unity at a certain critical density. The change of the thermodynamic state at the critical density selects a characteristic mass scale for fragmentation, which we relate to the peak of the IMF observed in the solar neighborhood. Our investigation generally supports the idea that the distribution of stellar masses depends mainly on the thermodynamic state of the gas. A common assumption is that the chemical evolution of the star-forming gas can be decoupled from its dynamical evolution, with the former never affecting the latter. Although justified in some circumstances, this assumption is not true in every case. In particular, in low-metallicity gas the timescales for reaching the chemical equilibrium are comparable or larger than the dynamical timescales. In this thesis we take a first approach to combine a chemical network with a hydrodynamical code in order to study the influence of low levels of metal enrichment on the cooling and collapse of ionized gas in small protogalactic halos. Our initial conditions represent protogalaxies forming within a fossil HII region -- a previously ionized HII region which has not yet had time to cool and recombine. We show that in these regions, H2 is the dominant and most effective coolant, and that it is the amount of H2 formed that controls whether or not the gas can collapse and form stars. For metallicities Z <= 10-3 Zsun, metal line cooling alters the density and temperature evolution of the gas by less than 1\% compared to the metal-free case at densities below 1 cm-3 and temperatures above 2000 K. We also find that an external ultraviolet background delays or suppresses the cooling and collapse of the gas regardless of whether it is metal-enriched or not. Finally, we study the dependence of this process on redshift and mass of the dark matter halo.}, subject = {Sternentstehung}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{SchneidervonDeimling2006, author = {Schneider von Deimling, Thomas}, title = {Constraining uncertainty in climate sensitivity : an ensemble simulation approach based on glacial climate}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-7778}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, year = {2006}, abstract = {Uncertainty about the sensitivity of the climate system to changes in the Earth's radiative balance constitutes a primary source of uncertainty for climate projections. Given the continuous increase in atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations, constraining the uncertainty range in such type of sensitivity is of vital importance. A common measure for expressing this key characteristic for climate models is the climate sensitivity, defined as the simulated change in global-mean equilibrium temperature resulting from a doubling of atmospheric CO2 concentration. The broad range of climate sensitivity estimates (1.5-4.5°C as given in the last Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2001), inferred from comprehensive climate models, illustrates that the strength of simulated feedback mechanisms varies strongly among different models. The central goal of this thesis is to constrain uncertainty in climate sensitivity. For this objective we first generate a large ensemble of model simulations, covering different feedback strengths, and then request their consistency with present-day observational data and proxy-data from the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Our analyses are based on an ensemble of fully-coupled simulations, that were realized with a climate model of intermediate complexity (CLIMBER-2). These model versions cover a broad range of different climate sensitivities, ranging from 1.3 to 5.5°C, and have been generated by simultaneously perturbing a set of 11 model parameters. The analysis of the simulated model feedbacks reveals that the spread in climate sensitivity results from different realizations of the feedback strengths in water vapour, clouds, lapse rate and albedo. The calculated spread in the sum of all feedbacks spans almost the entire plausible range inferred from a sampling of more complex models. We show that the requirement for consistency between simulated pre-industrial climate and a set of seven global-mean data constraints represents a comparatively weak test for model sensitivity (the data constrain climate sensitivity to 1.3-4.9°C). Analyses of the simulated latitudinal profile and of the seasonal cycle suggest that additional present-day data constraints, based on these characteristics, do not further constrain uncertainty in climate sensitivity. The novel approach presented in this thesis consists in systematically combining a large set of LGM simulations with data information from reconstructed regional glacial cooling. Irrespective of uncertainties in model parameters and feedback strengths, the set of our model versions reveals a close link between the simulated warming due to a doubling of CO2, and the cooling obtained for the LGM. Based on this close relationship between past and future temperature evolution, we define a method (based on linear regression) that allows us to estimate robust 5-95\% quantiles for climate sensitivity. We thus constrain the range of climate sensitivity to 1.3-3.5°C using proxy-data from the LGM at low and high latitudes. Uncertainties in glacial radiative forcing enlarge this estimate to 1.2-4.3°C, whereas the assumption of large structural uncertainties may increase the upper limit by an additional degree. Using proxy-based data constraints for tropical and Antarctic cooling we show that very different absolute temperature changes in high and low latitudes all yield very similar estimates of climate sensitivity. On the whole, this thesis highlights that LGM proxy-data information can offer an effective means of constraining the uncertainty range in climate sensitivity and thus underlines the potential of paleo-climatic data to reduce uncertainty in future climate projections.}, subject = {Dynamische Modellierung}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Stachlewska2005, author = {Stachlewska, Iwona Sylwia}, title = {Investigation of tropospheric arctic aerosol and mixed-phase clouds using airborne lidar technique}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-6984}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, year = {2005}, abstract = {An Airborne Mobile Aerosol Lidar (AMALi) was constructed and built at Alfred-Wegener-Institute for Polar and Marine Research (AWI) in Potsdam, Germany for the lower tropospheric aerosol and cloud research under tough arctic conditions. The system was successfully used during two AWI airborne field campaigns, ASTAR 2004 and SVALEX 2005, performed in vicinity of Spitsbergen in the Arctic. The novel evaluation schemes, the Two-Stream Inversion and the Iterative Airborne Inversion, were applied to the obtained lidar data. Thereby, calculation of the particle extinction and backscatter coefficient profiles with corresponding lidar ratio profiles characteristic for the arctic air was possible. The comparison of these lidar results with the results of other in-situ and remote instrumentation (ground based Koldewey Aerosol Raman Lidar (KARL), sunphotometer, radiosounding, satellite imagery) allowed to provided clean contra polluted (Arctic Haze) characteristics of the arctic aerosols. Moreover, the data interpretation by means of the ECMWF Operational Analyses and small-scale dispersion model EULAG allowed studying the effects of the Spitsbergens orography on the aerosol load in the Planetary Boundary Layer. With respect to the cloud studies a new methodology of alternated remote AMALi measurements with the airborne in-situ cloud optical and microphysical parameters measurements was proved feasible for the low density mixed-phase cloud studies. An example of such approach during observation of the natural cloud seeding (feeder-seeder phenomenon) with ice crystals precipitating into the lower supercooled stratocumulus deck were discussed in terms of the lidar signal intensity profiles and corresponding depolarisation ratio profiles. For parts of the cloud system characterised by almost negligible multiple scattering the calculation of the particle backscatter coefficient profiles was possible using the lidar ratio information obtained from the in-situ measurements in ice-crystal cloud and water cloud.}, subject = {Aerosol}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Schmeja2006, author = {Schmeja, Stefan}, title = {Properties of turbulent star-forming clusters : models versus observations}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-7364}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, year = {2006}, abstract = {Stars are born in turbulent molecular clouds that fragment and collapse under the influence of their own gravity, forming a cluster of hundred or more stars. The star formation process is controlled by the interplay between supersonic turbulence and gravity. In this work, the properties of stellar clusters created by numerical simulations of gravoturbulent fragmentation are compared to those from observations. This includes the analysis of properties of individual protostars as well as statistical properties of the entire cluster. It is demonstrated that protostellar mass accretion is a highly dynamical and time-variant process. The peak accretion rate is reached shortly after the formation of the protostellar core. It is about one order of magnitude higher than the constant accretion rate predicted by the collapse of a classical singular isothermal sphere, in agreement with the observations. For a more reasonable comparison, the model accretion rates are converted to the observables bolometric temperature, bolometric luminosity, and envelope mass. The accretion rates from the simulations are used as input for an evolutionary scheme. The resulting distribution in the Tbol-Lbol-Menv parameter space is then compared to observational data by means of a 3D Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The highest probability found that the distributions of model tracks and observational data points are drawn from the same population is 70\%. The ratios of objects belonging to different evolutionary classes in observed star-forming clusters are compared to the temporal evolution of the gravoturbulent models in order to estimate the evolutionary stage of a cluster. While it is difficult to estimate absolute ages, the realtive numbers of young stars reveal the evolutionary status of a cluster with respect to other clusters. The sequence shows Serpens as the youngest and IC 348 as the most evolved of the investigated clusters. Finally the structures of young star clusters are investigated by applying different statistical methods like the normalised mean correlation length and the minimum spanning tree technique and by a newly defined measure for the cluster elongation. The clustering parameters of the model clusters correspond in many cases well to those from observed ones. The temporal evolution of the clustering parameters shows that the star cluster builds up from several subclusters and evolves to a more centrally concentrated cluster, while the cluster expands slower than new stars are formed.}, subject = {Sternentstehung}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Kleppek2005, author = {Kleppek, Sabine}, title = {Untersuchungen zur dynamischen Kopplung der Troposph{\"a}re und der Stratosph{\"a}re}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-6421}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, year = {2005}, abstract = {Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde ein besseres Verst{\"a}ndnis der Kopplung der Troposph{\"a}re und der Stratosph{\"a}re in den mittleren und polaren Breiten der Nordhemisph{\"a}re (NH) auf Monatszeitskalen erzielt, die auf die Ausbreitung von quasi-station{\"a}ren Wellen zur{\"u}ckzuf{\"u}hren ist. Der Schwerpunkt lag dabei auf den dynamisch aktiven Wintermonaten, welche die gr{\"o}sste Variabilit{\"a}t aufweisen. Die troposph{\"a}rische Variabilit{\"a}t wird zum Grossteil durch bevorzugte Zirkulationsstrukturen, den Telekonnexionsmustern, bestimmt. Mittels einer rotierten EOF-Analyse der geopotenziellen H{\"o}he in 500 hPa wurden die wichtigsten regionalen troposph{\"a}rischen Telekonnexionsmuster der Nordhemisph{\"a}re berechnet. Diese lassen sich drei grossen geografischen Regionen zuordnen; dem nordatlantisch-europ{\"a}ischen Raum, Eurasien und dem pazifisch-nordamerikanischen Raum. Da es sich um die st{\"a}rksten troposph{\"a}rischen Variabilit{\"a}tsmuster handelt, wurden sie als grundlegende troposph{\"a}rische Gr{\"o}ssen herangezogen, um dynamische Zusammenh{\"a}nge zwischen der troposph{\"a}rischen und der stratosph{\"a}rischen Zirkulation zu untersuchen. Dabei wurde anhand von instantanen und zeitverz{\"o}gerten Korrelationsanalysen der troposph{\"a}rischen Muster mit stratosph{\"a}rischen Variablen erstmalig gezeigt, dass unterschiedliche regionale troposph{\"a}rische Telekonnexionsmuster unterschiedliche Auswirkungen auf die stratosph{\"a}rische Zirkulation haben. Es ergaben sich f{\"u}r die pazifisch-nordamerikanischen Muster signifikante instantane Korrelationen mit quasi-barotropen Musterstrukturen und f{\"u}r die nordatlantisch-europ{\"a}ischen Muster zonalsymmetrische Ringstrukturen ab 1978 mit signifikanten Korrelationswerten {\"u}ber tropischen und subtropischen Breiten und inversen Korrelationswerten {\"u}ber polaren Gebieten. Bei einer Untersuchung des Einflusses der stratosph{\"a}rischen Variabilit{\"a}t wurde gezeigt, dass sich die st{\"a}rkste Kopplung von nordatlantisch-europ{\"a}ischen Telekonnexionsmustern mit der stratosph{\"a}rischen Zirkulation bei einem in Richtung Europa verschobenen Polarwirbel ergibt, wodurch die signifikanten Korrelationen ab 1978 erkl{\"a}rt werden k{\"o}nnen. Eine zonal gemittelte und vor allem lokale Untersuchung der Wellenausbreitungsbedingungen w{\"a}hrend dieser stratosph{\"a}rischen Situation zeigt, dass es zu schw{\"a}cheren Windgeschwindigkeiten in der Stratosph{\"a}re im Bereich von Nordamerika und des westlichen Nordatlantiks kommt und sich dadurch die Wellenausbreitungsbedingungen in diesem geografischen Bereich f{\"u}r planetare Wellen verbessern. Durch die st{\"a}rkere Wellenausbreitung kommt es zu einer st{\"a}rkeren Wechselwirkung mit dem Polarjet, wobei dieser abgebremst wird. Diese Abbremsung f{\"u}hrt zu einer Verst{\"a}rkung der meridionalen Residualzirkulation. D. h., wenn es zu einer verst{\"a}rkten Wellenanregung im Nordatlantik und {\"u}ber Europa kommt, ist die Reaktion der Residualzirkulation bei einem nach Europa verschobenem Polarwirbel besonders stark. Die quasi-barotropen Korrelationsstrukturen, die sich bei den pazifisch-nordamerikanischen Mustern zeigen, weisen aufgrund von abnehmenden St{\"o}rungsamplituden mit zunehmender H{\"o}he, keiner Westw{\"a}rtsneigung und einem negativen Brechungsindex im Pazifik auf verschwindende Wellen hin, die als L{\"o}sung der Wellengleichung bei negativem Brechungsindex auftreten. Dies wird durch den Polarjet, der im Bereich des Pazifiks stets sehr weit in Richtung Norden verlagert ist, verursacht. Abschliessend wurde in dieser Arbeit untersucht, ob die gefundenen Zusammenh{\"a}nge von nordatlantisch-europ{\"a}ischen Telekonnexionsmustern mit der stratosph{\"a}rischen Zirkulation auch von einem Atmosph{\"a}renmodell wiedergegeben werden k{\"o}nnen. Dazu wurde ein transienter 40-Jahre-Klimalauf des ECHAM4.L39(DLR)/CHEM Modells mit m{\"o}glichst realistischen Antrieben erstmalig auf die Kopplung der Troposph{\"a}re und der Stratosph{\"a}re analysiert. Dabei konnten sowohl die troposph{\"a}rischen, als auch die stratosph{\"a}rischen Variabilit{\"a}tsmuster vom Modell simuliert werden. Allerdings zeigen sich in den stratosph{\"a}rischen Mustern Phasenverschiebungen in den Wellenzahl-1-Strukturen und ihre Zeitreihen weisen keinen signifikanten Trend ab 1978 auf. Die Kopplung der nordatlantisch-europ{\"a}ischen Telekonnexionsmuster mit der stratosph{\"a}rischen Zirkulation zeigt eine wesentlich schw{\"a}chere Reaktion der meridionalen Residualzirkulation. Somit stellte sich heraus, dass insbesondere die stratosph{\"a}rische Zirkulation im Modell starke Diskrepanzen zu den Beobachtungen zeigt, die wiederum Einfluss auf die Wellenausbreitungsbedingungen haben. Es wird damit deutlich, dass f{\"u}r eine richtige Wiedergabe der Wellenausbreitung und somit der Kopplung der Troposph{\"a}re und Stratosph{\"a}re die stratosph{\"a}rische Zirkulation eine wichtige Rolle spielt.}, subject = {Wellenausbreitung}, language = {de} } @unpublished{Feudel1996, author = {Feudel, Ulrike}, title = {Komplexes Verhalten in multistabilen, schwach dissipativen Systemen}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-14412}, year = {1996}, abstract = {Anhand eines paradigmatischen Modellbeispiels werden die Konsequenzen der Koexistenz vieler Attraktoren auf die globale Dynamik schwach dissipativer Systeme studiert. Es wird gezeigt, dass diese Systeme eine sehr reichhaltige Dynamik besitzen und extrem sensitiv gegen{\"u}ber St{\"o}rungen in den Anfangsbedingungen sind. Diese Systeme zeichnen sich durch eine extrem hohe Flexibilit{\"a}t ihres Verhaltens aus.}, language = {de} } @unpublished{ZakharovMeister2000, author = {Zakharov, Venjamin E. and Meister, Claudia-Veronika}, title = {Acceleration and heating in the auroral magnetosphere by current driven electrostatic ion cyclotron turbulence}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-14959}, year = {2000}, abstract = {A numerical MHD model is developed to investigate acceleration and heating of both thermal and auroral plasma. This is done for magnetospheric flux tubes in which intensive field aligned currents flow. To give each of these tubes, the empirical Tsyganenko model of the magnetospheric field is used. The parameters of the background plasma outside the flux tube as well as the strength of the electric field of magnetospheric convection are given. Performing the numerical calculations, the distributions of the plasma densities, velocities, temperatures, parallel electric field and current, and of the coefficients of thermal conductivity are obtained in a self-consistent way. It is found that EIC turbulence develops effectively in the thermal plasma. The parallel electric field develops under the action of the anomalous resistivity. This electric field accelerates both the thermal and the auroral plasma. The thermal turbulent plasma is also subjected to an intensive heating. The increase of the plasma of the Earth's ionosphere. Besides, studying the growth and dispersion properties of oblique ion cyclotron waves excited in a drifting magnetized plasma, it is shown that under non-stationary conditions such waves may reveal the properties of bursts of polarized transverse electromagnetic waves at frequencies near the patron gyrofrequency.}, language = {en} } @unpublished{VolosevichMeister2000, author = {Volosevich, Alexandra and Meister, Claudia-Veronika}, title = {Nonlinear electrostatic ion-acoustic waves in the solar atmosphere}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-14968}, year = {2000}, abstract = {Basing on recent solar models, the excitation of ion-acoustic turbulence in the weaklycollisional, fully and partially-ionized regions of the solar atmosphere is investigated. Within the frame of hydrodynamics, conditions are found under which the heating of the plasma by ion-acoustic type waves is more effective than the Joule heating. Taking into account wave and Joule heating effects, a nonlinear differential equation is derived, which describes the evolution of nonlinear ion-acoustic waves in the collisional plasma.}, language = {en} } @unpublished{MeisterDziourkevich2000, author = {Meister, Claudia-Veronika and Dziourkevich, Natalia S.}, title = {Temperature-anisotropy driven mirror waves in space plasma}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-14977}, year = {2000}, abstract = {In this paper an analysis of the excitation conditions of mirror waves is done, which propagate parallel to an external magnetic field. There are found analytical expressions for the dispersion relations of the waves in case of different plasma conditions. These relations may be used in future to develop the nonlinear theory of mirror waves. In comparison with former analytical works, in the study the inuence of the magnetic field and nite temperatures of the ions parallel to the magnetic field are taken into account. Application is done for the earth's magnetosheath.}, language = {en} } @unpublished{LiperovskyMeisterDodaetal.2005, author = {Liperovsky, V. A. and Meister, Claudia-Veronika and Doda, L. N. and Liperovskaya, E. V. and Davidov, V. F. and Bogdanov, V. V.}, title = {On the possible influence of radon and aerosol injection on the atmosphere and ionosphere before earthquakes}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-14995}, year = {2005}, abstract = {A model of the generation of pulses of local electric fields with characteristic time scales of 1-10 minutes is considered for atmospheric conditions above fracture regions of earthquakes. In the model, it is proposed that aerosols, increased ionization velocity and upstreaming air flows occur at night-time conditions. The pulses of local electric fields cause respective pulses of infrared emissions. But infrared emissions with time scales of 1-10 minutes were not observed up to now experimentally. The authors think, that the considered non-stationary field and radiation effects might be a new-type of applicable earthquake indicators and ask to perform special earth-based and satellite observations of the night-time atmosphere in seismoactive fracture regions.}, language = {en} } @unpublished{LiperovskayaMeisterParrotetal.2006, author = {Liperovskaya, E. V. and Meister, Claudia-Veronika and Parrot, M. and Bogdanov, V. V. and Vasil'eva, N. E.}, title = {On Es-spread effects in the ionosphere connected to earthquakes}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-15003}, year = {2006}, abstract = {In the present work, phenomena in the ionosphere are studied, which are connected with earthquakes (16 events) having a depth of less than 50 km and a magnitude M larger than 4. Analysed are night-time Es-spread effects using data of the vertical sounding station Petropavlovsk- Kanchatsky (φ=53.0°, λ=158.7°) from May 2004 until August 2004 registered every 15 minutes. It is found that the maximum distance of the earthquake from the sounding station, where pre-seismic phenomena are yet observable, depends on the magnitude of the earthquake. Further it is shown that 1-2 days before the earthquakes, in the premidnight hours, the appearance of Es-spread increases. The reliability of this increase amounts to 0.95.}, language = {en} } @unpublished{LiperovskayaParrotBogdanovetal.2006, author = {Liperovskaya, E. V. and Parrot, M. and Bogdanov, V. V. and Meister, Claudia-Veronika and Rodkin, M. V. and Liperovsky, V. A.}, title = {On long-term variations of foF2 in the mid-latitude ionosphere before strong earthquakes}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-15017}, year = {2006}, abstract = {The statistical analysis of the variations of the dayly-mean frequency of the maximum ionospheric electron density foF2 is performed in connection with the occurrence of (more than 60) earthquakes with magnitudes M > 6.0, depths h < 80 km and distances from the vertical sounding station R < 1000 km. For the study, data of the Tokyo sounding station are used, which were registered every hour in the years 1957-1990. It is shown that, on the average, foF2 decreases before the earthquakes. One day before the shock the decrease amounts to about 5 \%. The statistical reliability of this phenomenon is obtained to be better than 0.95. Further, the variations of the occurrence probability of the turbulization of the F-layer (F spread) are investigated for (more than 260) earthquakes with M > 5.5, h < 80 km, R < 1000 km. For the analysis, data of the Japanese station Akita from 1969-1990 are used, which were obtained every hour. It is found that before the earthquakes the occurrence probability of F spread decreases. In the week before the event, the decrease has values of more than 10 \%. The statistical reliability of this phenomenon is also larger than 0.95. Examining the seismo-ionospheric effects, here periods of time with weak heliogeomagnetic disturbances are considered, the Wolf number is less than 100 and the index ∑ Kp is smaller than 30.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Zou2007, author = {Zou, Yong}, title = {Exploring recurrences in quasiperiodic systems}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-16497}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, year = {2007}, abstract = {In this work, some new results to exploit the recurrence properties of quasiperiodic dynamical systems are presented by means of a two dimensional visualization technique, Recurrence Plots(RPs). Quasiperiodicity is the simplest form of dynamics exhibiting nontrivial recurrences, which are common in many nonlinear systems. The concept of recurrence was introduced to study the restricted three body problem and it is very useful for the characterization of nonlinear systems. I have analyzed in detail the recurrence patterns of systems with quasiperiodic dynamics both analytically and numerically. Based on a theoretical analysis, I have proposed a new procedure to distinguish quasiperiodic dynamics from chaos. This algorithm is particular useful in the analysis of short time series. Furthermore, this approach demonstrates to be efficient in recognizing regular and chaotic trajectories of dynamical systems with mixed phase space. Regarding the application to real situations, I have shown the capability and validity of this method by analyzing time series from fluid experiments.}, language = {en} } @book{Gutlederer2007, author = {Gutlederer, Erwin Johann}, title = {On the morphology of vesicles. - [{\"u}berarb. Diss.]}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-15065}, publisher = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, year = {2007}, abstract = {This dissertation contains theoretical investigations on the morphology and statistical mechanics of vesicles. The shapes of homogeneous fluid vesicles and inhomogeneous vesicles with fluid and solid membrane domains are calculated. The influence of thermal fluctuations is investigated. The obtained results are valid on mesoscopic length scales and are based on a geometrical membrane model, where the vesicle membrane is described as either a static or a thermal fluctuating surface. The thesis consists of three parts. In the first part, homogeneous vesicles are considered. The focus in this part is on the thermally induced morphological transition between vesicles with prolate and oblate shape. With the help of Monte Carlo simulations, the free energy profile of these vesicles is determined. It can be shown that the shape transformation between prolate and oblate vesicles proceeds continuously and is not hampered by a free energy barrier. The second and third part deal with inhomogeneous vesicles which contain intramembrane domains. These investigations are motivated by experimental results on domain formation in single or multicomponent vesicles, where phase separation occurs and different membrane phases coexist. The resulting domains differ with regard to their membrane structure (solid, fluid). The membrane structure has a distinct effect on the form of the domain and the morphology of the vesicle. In the second part, vesicles with coexisting solid and fluid membrane domains are studied, while the third part addresses vesicles with coexisting fluid domains. The equilibrium morphology of vesicles with simple and complex domain forms, derived through minimisation of the membrane energy, is determined as a function of material parameters. The results are summarised in morphology diagrams. These diagrams show previously unknown morphological transitions between vesicles with different domain shapes. The impact of thermal fluctuations on the vesicle and the form of the domains is investigated by means of Monte Carlo simulations.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Brand2007, author = {Brand, Sascha}, title = {Klimavariabilit{\"a}t der Tropo- und Stratosph{\"a}re in einem globalen gekoppelten Atmosph{\"a}re-Ozean-Modell mit vereinfachter stratosph{\"a}rischer Chemie}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-16602}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, year = {2007}, abstract = {In dieser Arbeit wurde die Variabilit{\"a}t der Atmosph{\"a}re in einem neuen gekoppelten Klimamodell (ECHO-GiSP) untersucht, welches eine vereinfachte Stratosph{\"a}renchemie (bis 80 km H{\"o}he) enth{\"a}lt. Es wurden 2 Simulationen {\"u}ber 150 Jahre durchgef{\"u}hrt. In einer der Simulationen wurde die atmosph{\"a}rische Chemie modelliert, hatte aber keinen Einfluß auf die Dynamik des Klimamodelles. In der zweiten Simulation wurde hingegen die Wirkung der Chemie auf die Klimadynamik explizit ber{\"u}cksichtigt, die {\"u}ber die Strahlungsbilanz des Modelles erfolgt. Dies ist die erste Langzeitsimulation mit einem voll gekoppelten globalen Klimamodell mit interaktiver Chemie. Die Simulation mit r{\"u}ckgekoppelter Chemie zeigt eine Abschw{\"a}chung des atmosph{\"a}rischen Variabilit{\"a}tsmusters der Arktischen Oszillation (AO). Zudem kommt es in der Troposph{\"a}re zu einer Reduzierung der mittleren Windgeschwindigkeiten der gem{\"a}ßigten Breiten aufgrund verringerter Temperaturgegens{\"a}tze zwischen den Tropen und den Polargebieten. Auch in der Stratosph{\"a}re ergibt sich eine Abschw{\"a}chung und Erw{\"a}rmung des Polarwirbels. Diese Auswirkungen der Kopplung zwischen der atmosph{\"a}rischen Chemie und der Dynamik des Klimamodelles sind eine wichtige Erkenntnis, da in fr{\"u}heren Klimasimulationen die Variabilit{\"a}t der AO oft zu stark ausgepr{\"a}gt war. In der Stratosph{\"a}re reduziert sich infolge des abgeschw{\"a}chten Polarwirbels auch die großr{\"a}umige Zirkulation zwischen den beiden Hemisph{\"a}ren der Erde. In der Troposph{\"a}re werden hingegen die allgemeine Zirkulation, und damit auch die subtropischen Strahlstr{\"o}me des Windes verst{\"a}rkt. Zudem kommt es in den Tropen zu Temperatur{\"a}nderungen durch stratosph{\"a}rische Ozonschwankungen in Abh{\"a}ngigkeit von der AO. Allgemein ver{\"a}ndert sich die Kopplung zwischen Troposph{\"a}re und Stratosph{\"a}re, einschließlich des durch die Anregung von langen atmosph{\"a}rischen Wellen erfolgenden vertikalen Energie{\"u}bertrages aus der Troposph{\"a}re in die Stratosph{\"a}re.}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Seefeldt2008, author = {Seefeldt, Michael}, title = {Pikosekunden-Weißlichterzeugung in mikrostrukturierten Fasern unter Ausnutzung nichtlinear optischer Effekte}, publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam}, address = {Potsdam}, isbn = {978-3-940793-20-1}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-16461}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, pages = {x, 133}, year = {2008}, abstract = {Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es erstmals gelungen, mit einem ps-Pumplaser (10 ps) Weißlicht mit einer spektralen Breite von mehr als einer optischen Oktave in einer mikrostrukturierten Faser (MSF) bei einer Pumpwellenl{\"a}nge von 1064 nm zu generieren. Es ließ sich, abgesehen von nichtkonvertierten Resten der Pumpstrahlung, ein unstrukturiertes und zeitlich stabiles Weißlichtspektrum von 700 nm bis 1650 nm generieren. Die maximale Ausgangsleistung dieser Weißlichtstrahlung betrug 3,1 W. Es konnten sehr gute Einkoppeleffizienzen von maximal 62 \% erzielt werden. Die an der Weißlichterzeugung beteiligten dispersiven und nichtlinear optischen Effekte, wie z.B. Selbstphasenmodulation, Vierwellenmischung, Modulationsinstabilit{\"a}ten oder Solitoneneffekte, werden detailliert theoretisch untersucht und erl{\"a}utert. Die Arbeit beinhaltet ebenfalls eine umfangreiche Beschreibung der Wirkungsweise und Eigenschaften von mikrostrukturierten Fasern mit einem festen Faserkern. Aufgrund der großen Variationsvielfalt des mikrostrukturierten Fasermantels und der damit verbundenen Wellenleitereigenschaften ergeben sich, insbesondere f{\"u}r die Anwendung in der nichtlinearen Optik, eine Reihe von interessanten Eigenschaften. Es wurden insgesamt vier verschiedene mikrostrukturierte Fasern experimentell untersucht. F{\"u}r die Interpretation der experimentellen Ergebnisse ist die Pulsausbreitung der ps-Pumppulse in einer dispersiven, nichtlinear optischen Faser anhand der verallgemeinerten nichtlinearen Schr{\"o}dinger-Gleichung berechnet worden. Durch einen Vergleich der Berechnungen mit den Messdaten ließen sich verst{\"a}rkte Modulationsinstabilit{\"a}ten und verschiedene Solitoneneffekte als haupts{\"a}chlich f{\"u}r die Weißlichterzeugung bei ps-Anregungspulsen verantwortlich identifizieren. Auf der Basis der durchgef{\"u}hrten Untersuchungen wurde in Kooperation mit der Fa. Jenoptik Laser, Optik, Systeme GmbH eine kompakte und leistungsstarke Weißlichtquelle entwickelt. Diese wurde erfolgreich in einer Koh{\"a}renztomographiemessung (Optical Coherence Tomography - OCT) getestet: Es konnte in ex vivo-Untersuchungen gezeigt werden, dass sich mit dieser ps-Weißlichtquelle eine hohe Eindringtiefe von ca. 400 µm in die Netzhaut eines Affen erreichen l{\"a}sst.}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Weikl2007, author = {Weikl, Thomas R.}, title = {Transition states and loop-closure principles in protein folding}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-26975}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, year = {2007}, abstract = {Proteins are chain molecules built from amino acids. The precise sequence of the 20 different types of amino acids in a protein chain defines into which structure a protein folds, and the three-dimensional structure in turn specifies the biological function of the protein. The reliable folding of proteins is a prerequisite for their robust function. Misfolding can lead to protein aggregates that cause severe diseases, such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, or the variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Small single-domain proteins often fold without experimentally detectable metastable intermediate states. The folding dynamics of these proteins is thought to be governed by a single transition-state barrier between the unfolded and the folded state. The transition state is highly instable and cannot be observed directly. However, mutations in which a single amino acid of the protein is substituted by another one can provide indirect access. The mutations slightly change the transition-state barrier and, thus, the folding and unfolding times of the protein. The central question is how to reconstruct the transition state from the observed changes in folding times. In this habilitation thesis, a novel method to extract structural information on transition states from mutational data is presented. The method is based on (i) the cooperativity of structural elements such as alpha-helices and beta-hairpins, and (ii) on splitting up mutation-induced free-energy changes into components for these elements. By fitting few parameters, the method reveals the degree of structure formation of alpha-helices and beta-hairpins in the transition state. In addition, it is shown in this thesis that the folding routes of small single-domain proteins are dominated by loop-closure dependencies between the structural elements.}, language = {en} } @unpublished{VolosevichMeister1998, author = {Volosevich, Alexandra V. and Meister, Claudia-Veronika}, title = {Nonlinear interaction of Farley-Buneman waves}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-14851}, year = {1998}, abstract = {The nonlinear interaction of waves excited by the modified two-stream instability (Farley-Buneman instability) is considered. It is found that, during the linear stage of wave growth, the enhanced pressure of the high-frequency part of the waves locally generates a ponderomotive force. This force acts on the plasma particles and redistributes them. Thus an additional electrostatic polarization field occurs, which influences the low-frequency part of the waves. Then, the low-frequency waves also cause a redistribution of the high-frequency waves. In the paper, a self-consistent system of equations is obtained, which describes the nonlinear interaction of the waves. It is shown that the considered mechanism of wave interaction causes a nonlinear stabilization of the high-frequency waves' growth and a formation of local density structures of the charged particles. The density modifications of the charged particles during the non-linear stage of wave growth and the possible interval of aspect angles of the high-frequency waves are estimated.}, language = {en} } @unpublished{RunovPudovkinMeister1999, author = {Runov, A. V. and Pudovkin, M. I. and Meister, Claudia-Veronika}, title = {The dynamics of tail-like current sheets under the influence of small-scale plasma turbulence}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-14906}, year = {1999}, abstract = {A 2D-magnetohydrodynamic model of current-sheet dynamics caused by anomalous electrical resistivity as result of small-scale plasma turbulence is proposed. The anomalous resistivity is assumed to be proportional to the square of the gradient of the magnetic pressure as may be valid for instance in the case of lower-hybrid-drift turbulence. The initial resistivity pulse is given. Then the temporal and spatial evolution of the magnetic and electric fields, plasma density, pressure, convection and resistivity are considered. The motion of the induced electric field is discussed as indicator of the plasma disturbances. The obtained results found using much improved numerical methods show a magnetic field evolution with x-line formation and plasma acceleration. Besides, in the current sheet, three types of magnetohydrodynamic waves occur, fast magnetoacoustic waves of compression and rarefaction as well as slow magnetoacoustic waves.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{OPUS4-1412, title = {The 3rd international IEEE scientific conference on physics and control (PhysCon 2007) : September 3rd-7th 2007 at the University of Potsdam}, editor = {Kurths, J{\"u}rgen and Fradkov, Alexander and Chen, Guanrong}, publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam}, address = {Potsdam}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-15228}, pages = {345}, year = {2007}, abstract = {During the last few years there was a tremendous growth of scientific activities in the fields related to both Physics and Control theory: nonlinear dynamics, micro- and nanotechnologies, self-organization and complexity, etc. New horizons were opened and new exciting applications emerged. Experts with different backgrounds starting to work together need more opportunities for information exchange to improve mutual understanding and cooperation. The Conference "Physics and Control 2007" is the third international conference focusing on the borderland between Physics and Control with emphasis on both theory and applications. With its 2007 address at Potsdam, Germany, the conference is located for the first time outside of Russia. The major goal of the Conference is to bring together researchers from different scientific communities and to gain some general and unified perspectives in the studies of controlled systems in physics, engineering, chemistry, biology and other natural sciences. We hope that the Conference helps experts in control theory to get acquainted with new interesting problems, and helps experts in physics and related fields to know more about ideas and tools from the modern control theory.}, language = {en} } @unpublished{BraunFeudelGuzdar1998, author = {Braun, Robert and Feudel, Fred and Guzdar, Parvez}, title = {The route to chaos for a two-dimensional externally driven flow}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-14717}, year = {1998}, abstract = {We have numerically studied the bifurcations and transition to chaos in a two-dimensional fluid for varying values of the Reynolds number. These investigations have been motivated by experiments in fluids, where an array of vortices was driven by an electromotive force. In these experiments, successive changes leading to a complex motion of the vortices, due to increased forcing, have been explored [Tabeling, Perrin, and Fauve, J. Fluid Mech. 213, 511 (1990)]. We model this experiment by means of two-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations with a special external forcing, driving a linear chain of eight counter-rotating vortices, imposing stress-free boundary conditions in the vertical direction and periodic boundary conditions in the horizontal direction. As the strength of the forcing or the Reynolds number is raised, the original stationary vortex array becomes unstable and a complex sequence of bifurcations is observed. Several steady states and periodic branches and a period doubling cascade appear on the route to chaos. For increasing values of the Reynolds number, shear flow develops, for which the spatial scale is large compared to the scale of the forcing. Furthermore, we have investigated the influence of the aspect ratio of the container as well as the effect of no-slip boundary conditions at the top and bottom, on the bifurcation scenario.}, language = {en} } @unpublished{Lukaschewitsch1998, author = {Lukaschewitsch, Michael}, title = {Geoelectrical conductivity problems on unbounded domains}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-14704}, year = {1998}, abstract = {This paper deals with the electrical conductivity problem in geophysics. It is formulated as an elliptic boundary value problem of second order for a large class of bounded and unbounded domains. A special boundary condition, the so called "Complete Electrode Model", is used. Poincar{\´e} inequalities are formulated and proved in the context of weighted Sobolev spaces, leading to existence and uniqueness statements for the boundary value problem. In addition, a parameter-to-solution operator arising from the inverse conductivity problem in medicine (EIT) and geophysics is investigated mathematically and is shown to be smooth and analytic.}, language = {en} } @unpublished{BoeckmannNiebsch1998, author = {B{\"o}ckmann, Christine and Niebsch, Jenny}, title = {Examination of the nonlinear LIDAR-operator : the influence of inhomogeneous absorbing spheres on the operator}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-14725}, year = {1998}, abstract = {The determination of the atmospheric aerosol size distribution is an inverse illposed problem. The shape and the material composition of the air-carried particles are two substantial model parameters. Present evaluation algorithms only used an approximation with spherical homogeneous particles. In this paper we propose a new numerically efficient recursive algorithm for inhomogeneous multilayered coated and absorbing particles. Numerical results of real existing particles show that the influence of the two parameters on the model is very important and therefore cannot be ignored.}, language = {en} } @unpublished{LiperovskyPochotelovLiperovskayaetal.1998, author = {Liperovsky, V.A. and Pochotelov, O.A. and Liperovskaya, E.V. and Parrot, M. and Meister, C.-V. and Alimov, O. A.}, title = {Modifications of sporadic E-layers caused by seismic activity}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-14799}, year = {1998}, abstract = {Contents: 1 Introduction 2 Formation and destruction of sporadic E-layers 3 Temporal variations of parameters of sporadic E-layers during earthquake preparation 3.1 Temporal variations of fbEs with time-scales of a few hours 3.2 Study of fbEs variations with characteristic time-scales of 0.5-3 hours 3.3 Variations of the parameters of sporadic E-layers with characteristic time-scales of 15-45 minutes 3.4 Sporadic E-layer variations with characteristic time-scales of 2-15 minutes 4 On the spatial scales of sporadic E-layer disturbances related to seismic activity 5 Complex experimental researches of the ionosphere, electromagnetic noise and the geomagnetic field 5.1 Ionospheric and electromagnetic phenomena of the Kayraccum earthquake in 1985 5.2 Comparison of anomalies with characteristic time-scales of 2-3 hours for ionospheric E- and F-layers, and temporal behaviour of electromagnetic noise emission intensity 5.3 Night airglow emissions in the E-region before earthquakes and sporadic E-layer variations 6 Physical models of lithosphere-ionosphere links 6.1 Lithosphere-ionosphere links due to AGW 6.2 Electromagnetic models for the lithosphere-ionosphere coupling 6.3 Sporadic E-layers as current generators 7 Discussion and conclusion}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Miteva2007, author = {Miteva, Rositsa Stoycheva}, title = {Electron acceleration at localized wave structures in the solar corona}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-14775}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, year = {2007}, abstract = {Our dynamic Sun manifests its activity by different phenomena: from the 11-year cyclic sunspot pattern to the unpredictable and violent explosions in the case of solar flares. During flares, a huge amount of the stored magnetic energy is suddenly released and a substantial part of this energy is carried by the energetic electrons, considered to be the source of the nonthermal radio and X-ray radiation. One of the most important and still open question in solar physics is how the electrons are accelerated up to high energies within (the observed in the radio emission) short time scales. Because the acceleration site is extremely small in spatial extent as well (compared to the solar radius), the electron acceleration is regarded as a local process. The search for localized wave structures in the solar corona that are able to accelerate electrons together with the theoretical and numerical description of the conditions and requirements for this process, is the aim of the dissertation. Two models of electron acceleration in the solar corona are proposed in the dissertation: I. Electron acceleration due to the solar jet interaction with the background coronal plasma (the jet--plasma interaction) A jet is formed when the newly reconnected and highly curved magnetic field lines are relaxed by shooting plasma away from the reconnection site. Such jets, as observed in soft X-rays with the Yohkoh satellite, are spatially and temporally associated with beams of nonthermal electrons (in terms of the so-called type III metric radio bursts) propagating through the corona. A model that attempts to give an explanation for such observational facts is developed here. Initially, the interaction of such jets with the background plasma leads to an (ion-acoustic) instability associated with growing of electrostatic fluctuations in time for certain range of the jet initial velocity. During this process, any test electron that happen to feel this electrostatic wave field is drawn to co-move with the wave, gaining energy from it. When the jet speed has a value greater or lower than the one, required by the instability range, such wave excitation cannot be sustained and the process of electron energization (acceleration and/or heating) ceases. Hence, the electrons can propagate further in the corona and be detected as type III radio burst, for example. II. Electron acceleration due to attached whistler waves in the upstream region of coronal shocks (the electron--whistler--shock interaction) Coronal shocks are also able to accelerate electrons, as observed by the so-called type II metric radio bursts (the radio signature of a shock wave in the corona). From in-situ observations in space, e.g., at shocks related to co-rotating interaction regions, it is known that nonthermal electrons are produced preferably at shocks with attached whistler wave packets in their upstream regions. Motivated by these observations and assuming that the physical processes at shocks are the same in the corona as in the interplanetary medium, a new model of electron acceleration at coronal shocks is presented in the dissertation, where the electrons are accelerated by their interaction with such whistlers. The protons inflowing toward the shock are reflected there by nearly conserving their magnetic moment, so that they get a substantial velocity gain in the case of a quasi-perpendicular shock geometry, i.e, the angle between the shock normal and the upstream magnetic field is in the range 50--80 degrees. The so-accelerated protons are able to excite whistler waves in a certain frequency range in the upstream region. When these whistlers (comprising the localized wave structure in this case) are formed, only the incoming electrons are now able to interact resonantly with them. But only a part of these electrons fulfill the the electron--whistler wave resonance condition. Due to such resonant interaction (i.e., of these electrons with the whistlers), the electrons are accelerated in the electric and magnetic wave field within just several whistler periods. While gaining energy from the whistler wave field, the electrons reach the shock front and, subsequently, a major part of them are reflected back into the upstream region, since the shock accompanied with a jump of the magnetic field acts as a magnetic mirror. Co-moving with the whistlers now, the reflected electrons are out of resonance and hence can propagate undisturbed into the far upstream region, where they are detected in terms of type II metric radio bursts. In summary, the kinetic energy of protons is transfered into electrons by the action of localized wave structures in both cases, i.e., at jets outflowing from the magnetic reconnection site and at shock waves in the corona.}, language = {en} } @unpublished{WittNeimanKurths1997, author = {Witt, Annette and Neiman, Alexander and Kurths, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Characterizing the dynamics of stochastic bistable systems by measures of complexity}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-14556}, year = {1997}, abstract = {The dynamics of noisy bistable systems is analyzed by means of Lyapunov exponents and measures of complexity. We consider both the classical Kramers problem with additive white noise and the case when the barrier fluctuates due to additional external colored noise. In case of additive noise we calculate the Lyapunov exponents and all measures of complexity analytically as functions of the noise intensity resp. the mean escape time. For the problem of fluctuating barrier the usual description of the dynamics with the mean escape time is not sufficient. The application of the concept of measures of complexity allows to describe the structures of motion in more detail. Most complexity measures sign the value of correlation time at which the phenomenon of resonant activation occurs with an extremum.}, language = {en} } @unpublished{BoeckmannBieleNeuberetal.1997, author = {B{\"o}ckmann, Christine and Biele, Jens and Neuber, Roland and Niebsch, Jenny}, title = {Retrieval of multimodal aerosol size distribution by inversion of multiwavelength data}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-14360}, year = {1997}, abstract = {The ill-posed problem of aerosol size distribution determination from a small number of backscatter and extinction measurements was solved successfully with a mollifier method which is advantageous since the ill-posed part is performed on exactly given quantities, the points r where n(r) is evaluated may be freely selected. A new twodimensional model for the troposphere is proposed.}, language = {en} } @unpublished{Dicken1998, author = {Dicken, Volker}, title = {Simultaneous activity and attenuation reconstruction in emission tomography}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-14747}, year = {1998}, abstract = {In single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) one is interested in reconstructing the activity distribution f of some radiopharmaceutical. The data gathered suffer from attenuation due to the tissue density µ. Each imaged slice incorporates noisy sample values of the nonlinear attenuated Radon transform (formular at this place in the original abstract) Traditional theory for SPECT reconstruction treats µ as a known parameter. In practical applications, however, µ is not known, but either crudely estimated, determined in costly additional measurements or plainly neglected. We demonstrate that an approximation of both f and µ from SPECT data alone is feasible, leading to quantitatively more accurate SPECT images. The result is based on nonlinear Tikhonov regularization techniques for parameter estimation problems in differential equations combined with Gauss-Newton-CG minimization.}, language = {en} } @unpublished{MaassPereverzevRamlauetal.1998, author = {Maaß, Peter and Pereverzev, Sergei V. and Ramlau, Ronny and Solodky, Sergei G.}, title = {An adaptive discretization for Tikhonov-Phillips regularization with a posteriori parameter selection}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-14739}, year = {1998}, abstract = {The aim of this paper is to describe an efficient strategy for descritizing ill-posed linear operator equations of the first kind: we consider Tikhonov-Phillips-regularization χ^δ α = (a * a + α I)^-1 A * y ^δ with a finite dimensional approximation A n instead of A. We propose a sparse matrix structure which still leads to optimal convergences rates but requires substantially less scalar products for computing A n compared with standard methods.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Giesecke2007, author = {Giesecke, Andr{\´e}}, title = {Box-Simulationen von rotierender Magnetokonvektion im fl{\"u}ssigen Erdkern}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-13605}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, year = {2007}, abstract = {Box-Simulationen von rotierender Magnetokonvektion im fl{\"u}ssigen Erdkern Numerische Simulationen der 3D-MHD Gleichungen sind mit Hilfe des Codes NIRVANA durchgef{\"u}hrt worden. Die Gleichungen f{\"u}r kompressible rotierende Magnetokonvektion wurden f{\"u}r erd{\"a}hnliche Bedingungen numerisch in einer kartesischen Box gel{\"o}st. Charakteristische Eigenschaften mittlerer Gr{\"o}ßen, wie der Turbulenz-Intensit{\"a}t oder der turbulente W{\"a}rmefluss, die durch die kombinierte Wirkung kleinskaliger Fluktuationen entstehen, wurden bestimmt. Die Korrelationsl{\"a}nge der Turbulenz h{\"a}ngt signifikant von der St{\"a}rke und der Orientierung des Magnetfeldes ab, und das anisotrope Verhalten der Turbulenz aufgrund von Coriolis- und Lorentzkraft ist f{\"u}r schnellere Rotation wesentlich st{\"a}rker ausgepr{\"a}gt. Die Ausbildung eines isotropen Verhaltens auf kleinen Skalen unter dem Einfluss von Rotation alleine wird bereits durch ein schwaches Magnetfeld verhindert. Dies resultiert in einer turbulenten Str{\"o}mung, die durch die vertikale Komponente dominiert wird. In Gegenwart eines horizontalen Magnetfeldes nimmt der vertikale turbulente W{\"a}rmefluss leicht mit zunehmender Feldst{\"a}rke zu, so dass die K{\"u}hlung eines rotierenden Systems verbessert wird. Der horizontale W{\"a}rmetransport ist stets westw{\"a}rts und in Richtung der Pole orientiert. Letzteres kann unter Umst{\"a}nden die Quelle f{\"u}r eine großskalige meridionale Str{\"o}mung darstellen, w{\"a}hrend erstes in globalen Simulationen mit nicht axialsymmetrischen Randbedingungen f{\"u}r den W{\"a}rmefluss von Bedeutung ist. Die mittlere elektromotorische Kraft, die die Erzeugung von magnetischem Fluss durch die Turbulenz beschreibt, wurde unmittelbar aus den L{\"o}sungen f{\"u}r Geschwindigkeit und Magnetfeld berechnet. Hieraus konnten die entsprechenden α-Koeffizienten hergeleitet werden. Aufgrund der sehr schwachen Dichtestratifizierung {\"a}ndert der α-Effekt sein Vorzeichen nahezu exakt in der Mitte der Box. Der α-Effekt ist positiv in der oberen H{\"a}lfte und negativ in der unteren H{\"a}lfte einer auf der Nordhalbkugel rotierenden Box. F{\"u}r ein starkes Magnetfeld ergibt sich zudem eine deutliche abw{\"a}rts orientierte Advektion von magnetischem Fluss. Ein Mean-Field Modell des Geodynamos wurde konstruiert, das auf dem α-Effekt basiert, wie er aus den Box-Simulationen berechnet wurde. F{\"u}r eine {\"a}ußerst beschr{\"a}nkte Klasse von radialen α-Profilen weist das lineare α^2-Modell Oszillationen auf einer Zeitskala auf, die durch die turbulente Diffusionszeit bestimmt wird. Die wesentlichen Eigenschaften der periodischen L{\"o}sungen werden pr{\"a}sentiert, und der Einfluss der Gr{\"o}ße des inneren Kerns auf die Charakteristiken des kritischen Bereichs, innerhalb dessen oszillierende L{\"o}sungen auftreten, wurden untersucht. Reversals werden als eine halbe Oszillation interpretiert. Sie sind ein recht seltenes Ereignis, da sie lediglich dann stattfinden k{\"o}nnen, wenn das α-Profil ausreichend lange in dem periodische L{\"o}sungen erlaubenden Bereich liegt. Aufgrund starker Fluktuationen auf der konvektiven Zeitskala ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit eines solchen Reversals relativ klein. In einem einfachen nicht-linearen Mean-Field Modell mit realistischen Eingabeparametern, die auf den Box-Simulationen beruhen, konnte die Plausibilit{\"a}t des Reversal-Modells anhand von Langzeitsimulationen belegt werden.}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Stephan2007, author = {Stephan, Niels}, title = {Ph{\"a}nomenologische Untersuchungen zur Feuchteempfindlichkeit der elektrischen Eigenschaften von d{\"u}nnen Polymerfilmen und deren Verwendung f{\"u}r neuartige Feuchtesensoren}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-13853}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, year = {2007}, abstract = {Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die ph{\"a}nomenologische Untersuchung der Feuchteempfindlichkeit der elektrischen Eigenschaften d{\"u}nner Polymerschichten. Diese Untersuchungen stellen gleichzeitig Vorarbeiten zur Entwicklung von Prototypen von zwei polymeren D{\"u}nnschicht-Feuchtesensoren dar, die sich durch die spezielle Auswahl der feuchtesensitiven Materialien jeweils durch eine besondere Eigenschaft gegen{\"u}ber kommerziellen Massenprodukten auszeichnen. Ziel der Entwicklungsarbeiten f{\"u}r den ersten Prototypen war die Konstruktion eines schnellen Feuchtesensors, der pl{\"o}tzliche und sprunghafte Feuchte{\"a}nderungen in der umgebenden Atmosph{\"a}re m{\"o}glichst rasch detektieren kann. Daf{\"u}r wurden d{\"u}nne Schichten von Poly-DADMAC auf Interdigitalstrukturen aufgebracht, die einen m{\"o}glichst direkten Kontakt zwischen feuchtesensitiver Schicht und umgebender, feuchter Atmosph{\"a}re gew{\"a}hrleisten. Als Messgr{\"o}ßen dienten die Wechselstromgr{\"o}ßen Widerstand und Kapazit{\"a}t der Schichten. Die Feuchtekennlinien der Schichten zeigen gute Konstanz und hohe Reproduzierbarkeit. Der Widerstand der Schichten {\"a}ndert sich durch den Einfluss von Feuchte je nach Schichtdicke um 3 bis 5 Gr{\"o}ßenordnungen und eignet sich als Messgr{\"o}ße f{\"u}r die Feuchtigkeit im gesamten Feuchtebereich. Die Hysterese der Filme konnte auf kleiner als 2,5\% r.F. bestimmt werden, die Reproduzierbarkeit auf besser als 1\% r.F. Die Ansprechzeit der Schichten l{\"a}sst sich schichtdickenabh{\"a}ngig zu 1 bis 10 Sekunden bestimmen. Hierbei zeigen besonders die d{\"u}nnen Schichten kurze Ansprechzeiten. Zielstellung f{\"u}r den zweiten Feuchtesensor war die Entwicklung eines Prototypen, dessen sensitive Schicht sich biostatisch und biozid verh{\"a}lt, so dass er in biotischen Umgebungen eingesetzt werden kann. Es wurden f{\"u}nf Polysulfobetaine synthetisiert, deren Biozidit{\"a}t und Biostatik mit dem Kontakttest nach R{\"o}nnpagel, dem ISO846-Test und Abbautests bestimmt wurde. Zwei Polymere - Poly-DMMAAPS (BT2) und Poly-[MSA-Styren-Sulfobetain] (BT5) - erwiesen sich als ausreichend biozid und biostatisch. Schichten dieser Polymere wurden auf Interdigitalstrukturen aufgezogen, anschließend wurden die Kennlinien dieser Proben aufgenommen. Die Messwerte zeigen f{\"u}r beide Polymere gute Konstanz und eine hohe Reproduzierbarkeit. BT2-Proben sind zwischen 20\% und 80\% r.F. besonders empfindlich und zeigen {\"u}ber einen Monat keine Langzeitdrift. Vernetzte Proben zeigen bis 50°C keinen temperaturbedingten Abfall der Feuchteempfindlichkeit. Der Einsatz vernetzter BT5-Schichten als kapazitiver Feuchtesensor ist bis etwa 70°C m{\"o}glich, die Schichten sind selbst nach Lagerung im Hochvakuum und mehrfacher Betauung stabil. Damit liegen zwei funktionsf{\"a}hige Prototypen von Feuchtesensoren vor, f{\"u}r die die meisten Kennwerte denen von vergleichbaren kommerziellen Feuchtesensoren entsprechen. Gleichzeitig zeichnen sie sich aber durch eine sehr niedrige Ansprechzeit bzw. eine ausreichende Lebensdauer unter biotischen Bedingungen aus.}, language = {de} } @unpublished{Jansen1996, author = {Jansen, Wolfgang}, title = {A note on the determination of the type of communication areas}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-14339}, year = {1996}, abstract = {The paper presents a method that determines, by standard numerical means, the type of mutual relations of fold and flip bifurcations (configured as a so-called communication area) of a map. Equation systems are developed for the computation of points where a transition between areas of different types occurs. Furthermore, it is shown that saddle area<->spring area transitions can exist which have not yet been considered in the literature. Analytical conditions of that transition are derived.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Straesser2007, author = {Str{\"a}ßer, Alexander}, title = {Neue Prinzipien zur Realisierung von gepulsten, frequenzstabilisierten Lasern mit hoher mittlerer Leistung und exzellenter Strahlqualit{\"a}t}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-17496}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, year = {2007}, abstract = {Wasserdampf in der Stratosph{\"a}re und Troposph{\"a}re ist eines der wichtigsten atmosph{\"a}rischen Treibhausgase. Neben seiner Bedeutung f{\"u}r das Klima hat es großen Einfluss auf die Bildung von polaren stratosph{\"a}rischen Wolken sowie auf die atmosph{\"a}rische Chemie. Weltweit erstmalig soll innerhalb eines Forscherverbundes in Deutschland ein leistungsstarkes, mobiles, abtastendes Wasserdampf-DIAL zur dreidimensional hochaufgel{\"o}sten Messung des atmosph{\"a}rischen Wasserdampfs entwickelt werden. Mit dem Wasserdampf-DIAL k{\"o}nnen Wasserdampfkonzentrationen in der Atmosph{\"a}re mit hoher zeitlicher und r{\"a}umlicher Aufl{\"o}sung gemessen werden. Das DIAL basiert auf einem Titan-Saphir-Laser oder einem dazu alternativen OPO-Laser (optisch parametrischer Oszillator). Der f{\"u}r das optische Pumpen dieser Laser n{\"o}tige Pumplaser wurde im Rahmen dieser Arbeit in der Arbeitsgruppe Nichtlineare Optik des Instituts f{\"u}r Physik der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam entwickelt. Ein hochaufl{\"o}sendes, mobiles DIAL erfordert einen Pumplaser mit großen Pulsenergien, guter Strahlqualit{\"a}t und einer hohen Effizienz. Um diese Ziele zu erreichen, wurde ein MOPA-System (Master Oscillator Power Amplifier) mit Frequenzstabilisierung auf der Basis von doppelbrechungskompensierten, transversal diodengepumpten Laserst{\"a}ben entwickelt und untersucht. Auf dem Weg dahin wurden unterschiedliche Realisierungsm{\"o}glichkeiten des MOPA-Systems gepr{\"u}ft. Im Rahmen dessen wurden die Festk{\"o}rperlasermaterialien Yb:YAG [1], kerndotierte Nd:YAG-Keramik [2] und herk{\"o}mmliches Nd:YAG vorgestellt und hinsichtlich ihrer Eignung f{\"u}r dieses MOPA-System untersucht. Nachdem die Entscheidung f{\"u}r Nd:YAG als laseraktives Material gefallen war, konnte darauf aufbauend die Konzeptionierung des Lasersystems auf der Basis von Verst{\"a}rkungsrechnungen vorgenommen werden. Die entwickelte Verst{\"a}rkungsrechnung tr{\"a}gt den Tatbest{\"a}nden von realen Systemen Rechnung, indem radiusabh{\"a}ngige Intensit{\"a}ten und eine radiale, nicht homogene Inversionsdichte ber{\"u}cksichtigt werden. Die Frequenzstabilisierung des gepulsten Oszillators (Frequenzstabilit{\"a}t von 1 MHz) wurde mittels des Pound-Drever-Hall-Verfahrens vorgenommen. Mit der Heterodynmethode wird die Frequenzstabilit{\"a}t des Oszillators gemessen. Nach Untersuchungen {\"u}ber verschiedene Konfigurationen f{\"u}r lineare und ringf{\"o}rmige Oszillatoren, wurde ein Ringoszillator mit zwei Laserk{\"o}pfen aufgebaut, in welchen von außen mit einem Laser fester Frequenz eingestrahlt wird. Dieser emittiert bei einer Wiederholrate von 400 Hz eine Pulsenergie von Eout = 21 mJ bei nahezu beugungsbegrenzter Strahlqualit{\"a}t (M2 < 1,2). Die Verst{\"a}rkung dieser Laserpulse erfolgte zun{\"a}chst durch eine Vorverst{\"a}rkerstufe und anschließend durch zwei doppelbrechungskompensierte Hauptverst{\"a}rker im Doppeldurchgang. Eine gute Strahlqualit{\"a}t (M2 = 1,75) konnte unter anderem erzielt werden, indem der Doppeldurchgang durch die Hauptverst{\"a}rker mit einem phasenkonjugierenden Spiegel (SF6), auf der Basis der stimulierten Brillouin Streuung, realisiert wurde. Der entwickelte Laser emittiert Pulse mit einer L{\"a}nge von 25 ns und einer Energie von 250 mJ. Insgesamt wurde ein bisher einmaliges Lasersystem entwickelt. In der Literatur sind die erreichte Frequenzstabilit{\"a}t, Strahlqualit{\"a}t und Leistung in dieser Kombination bisher nicht dokumentiert. In der Zukunft soll durch den Einsatz von kerndotierten, keramischen Lasermaterialien, h{\"o}heren Pumpleistungen der Hauptverst{\"a}rker und phasenkonjugierenden Spiegeln aus Quarz die Pulsenergie des Systems weiter erh{\"o}ht werden. [1] M. Ostermeyer, A. Straesser, "Theoretical investigation of Yb:YAG as laser material for nanosecond pulse emission with large energies in the joule range", Optics Communications, Vol. 274, pp. 422-428 (2007) [2] A. Str{\"a}ßer and M. Ostermeyer, "Improving the brightness of side pumped power amplifiers by using core doped ceramic rods", Optics Express, Vol. 14, pp. 6687- 6693 (2006)}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Glushak2007, author = {Glushak, Ksenia}, title = {Atmospheric circulation and the surface mass balance in a regional climate model of Antarctica}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-17296}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, year = {2007}, abstract = {Understanding the Earth's climate system and particularly climate variability presents one of the most difficult and urgent challenges in science. The Antarctic plays a crucial role in the global climate system, since it is the principal region of radiative energy deficit and atmospheric cooling. An assessment of regional climate model HIRHAM is presented. The simulations are generated with the HIRHAM model, which is modified for Antarctic applications. With a horizontal resolution of 55km, the model has been run for the period 1958-1998 creating long-term simulations from initial and boundary conditions provided by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) ERA40 re-analysis. The model output is compared with observations from observation stations, upper air data, global atmospheric analyses and satellite data. In comparison with the observations, the evaluation shows that the simulations with the HIRHAM model capture both the large and regional scale circulation features with generally small bias in the modeled variables. On the annual time scale the largest errors in the model simulations are the overestimation total cloud cover and the colder near-surface temperature over the interior of the Antarctic plateau. The low-level temperature inversion as well as low-level wind jet is well captured by the model. The decadal scale processes were studied based on trend calculations. The long-term run was divided into two 20 years parts. The 2m temperature, 500 hPa temperature, MSLP, precipitation and net mass balance trends were calculated for both periods and over 1958 - 1998. During the last two decades the strong surface cooling was observed over the Eastern Antarctica, this result is in good agreement with the result of Chapman and Walsh (2005) who calculated the temperature trend based on the observational data. The MSLP trend reveals a big disparity between the first and second parts of the 40 year run. The overall trend shows the strengthening of the circumpolar vortex and continental anticyclone. The net mass balance as well as precipitation show a positive trend over the Antarctic Peninsula region, along Wilkes Land and in Dronning Maud Land. The Antarctic ice sheet grows over the Eastern part of Antarctica with small exceptions in Dronning Maud Land and Wilkes Land and sinks in the Antarctic Peninsula; this result is in good agreement with the satellite-measured altitude presented in Davis (2005) . To better understand the horizontal structure of MSLP, temperature and net mass balance trends the influence of the Southern Annual Mode (SAM) on the Antarctic climate was investigated. The main meteorological parameters during the positive and negative Antarctic Oscillation (AAO) phases were compared to each other. A positive/negative AAO index means strengthening/weakening of the circumpolar vortex, poleward/northward storm tracks and prevailing/weakening westerly winds. For detailed investigation of global teleconnection, two positive and one negative periods of AAO phase were chosen. The differences in MSLP and 2m temperature between positive and negative AAO years during the winter months partly explain the surface cooling during the last decades.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Pazienti2007, author = {Pazienti, Antonio}, title = {Manipulations of spike trains and their impact on synchrony analysis}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-17447}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, year = {2007}, abstract = {The interaction between neuronal cells can be identified as the computing mechanism of the brain. Neurons are complex cells that do not operate in isolation, but they are organized in a highly connected network structure. There is experimental evidence that groups of neurons dynamically synchronize their activity and process brain functions at all levels of complexity. A fundamental step to prove this hypothesis is to analyze large sets of single neurons recorded in parallel. Techniques to obtain these data are meanwhile available, but advancements are needed in the pre-processing of the large volumes of acquired data and in data analysis techniques. Major issues include extracting the signal of single neurons from the noisy recordings (referred to as spike sorting) and assessing the significance of the synchrony. This dissertation addresses these issues with two complementary strategies, both founded on the manipulation of point processes under rigorous analytical control. On the one hand I modeled the effect of spike sorting errors on correlated spike trains by corrupting them with realistic failures, and studied the corresponding impact on correlation analysis. The results show that correlations between multiple parallel spike trains are severely affected by spike sorting, especially by erroneously missing spikes. When this happens sorting strategies characterized by classifying only good'' spikes (conservative strategies) lead to less accurate results than tolerant'' strategies. On the other hand, I investigated the effectiveness of methods for assessing significance that create surrogate data by displacing spikes around their original position (referred to as dithering). I provide analytical expressions of the probability of coincidence detection after dithering. The effectiveness of spike dithering in creating surrogate data strongly depends on the dithering method and on the method of counting coincidences. Closed-form expressions and bounds are derived for the case where the dither equals the allowed coincidence interval. This work provides new insights into the methodologies of identifying synchrony in large-scale neuronal recordings, and of assessing its significance.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Tukhlina2008, author = {Tukhlina, Natalia}, title = {Feedback control of complex oscillatory systems}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-18546}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, year = {2008}, abstract = {In the present dissertation paper an approach which ensures an efficient control of such diverse systems as noisy or chaotic oscillators and neural ensembles is developed. This approach is implemented by a simple linear feedback loop. The dissertation paper consists of two main parts. One part of the work is dedicated to the application of the suggested technique to a population of neurons with a goal to suppress their synchronous collective dynamics. The other part is aimed at investigating linear feedback control of coherence of a noisy or chaotic self-sustained oscillator. First we start with a problem of suppressing synchronization in a large population of interacting neurons. The importance of this task is based on the hypothesis that emergence of pathological brain activity in the case of Parkinson's disease and other neurological disorders is caused by synchrony of many thousands of neurons. The established therapy for the patients with such disorders is a permanent high-frequency electrical stimulation via the depth microelectrodes, called Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS). In spite of efficiency of such stimulation, it has several side effects and mechanisms underlying DBS remain unclear. In the present work an efficient and simple control technique is suggested. It is designed to ensure suppression of synchrony in a neural ensemble by a minimized stimulation that vanishes as soon as the tremor is suppressed. This vanishing-stimulation technique would be a useful tool of experimental neuroscience; on the other hand, control of collective dynamics in a large population of units represents an interesting physical problem. The main idea of suggested approach is related to the classical problem of oscillation theory, namely the interaction between a self-sustained (active) oscillator and a passive load (resonator). It is known that under certain conditions the passive oscillator can suppress the oscillations of an active one. In this thesis a much more complicated case of active medium, which itself consists of thousands of oscillators is considered. Coupling this medium to a specially designed passive oscillator, one can control the collective motion of the ensemble, specifically can enhance or suppress it. Having in mind a possible application in neuroscience, the problem of suppression is concentrated upon. Second, the efficiency of suggested suppression scheme is illustrated by considering more complex case, i.e. when the population of neurons generating the undesired rhythm consists of two non-overlapping subpopulations: the first one is affected by the stimulation, while the collective activity is registered from the second one. Generally speaking, the second population can be by itself both active and passive; both cases are considered here. The possible applications of suggested technique are discussed. Third, the influence of the external linear feedback on coherence of a noisy or chaotic self-sustained oscillator is considered. Coherence is one of the main properties of self-oscillating systems and plays a key role in the construction of clocks, electronic generators, lasers, etc. The coherence of a noisy limit cycle oscillator in the context of phase dynamics is evaluated by the phase diffusion constant, which is in its turn proportional to the width of the spectral peak of oscillations. Many chaotic oscillators can be described within the framework of phase dynamics, and, therefore, their coherence can be also quantified by the way of the phase diffusion constant. The analytical theory for a general linear feedback, considering noisy systems in the linear and Gaussian approximation is developed and validated by numerical results.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Zemanova2007, author = {Zemanov{\´a}, Lucia}, title = {Structure-function relationship in hierarchical model of brain networks}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-18400}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, year = {2007}, abstract = {The mammalian brain is, with its numerous neural elements and structured complex connectivity, one of the most complex systems in nature. Recently, large-scale corticocortical connectivities, both structural and functional, have received a great deal of research attention, especially using the approach of complex networks. Here, we try to shed some light on the relationship between structural and functional connectivities by studying synchronization dynamics in a realistic anatomical network of cat cortical connectivity. We model the cortical areas by a subnetwork of interacting excitable neurons (multilevel model) and by a neural mass model (population model). With weak couplings, the multilevel model displays biologically plausible dynamics and the synchronization patterns reveal a hierarchical cluster organization in the network structure. We can identify a group of brain areas involved in multifunctional tasks by comparing the dynamical clusters to the topological communities of the network. With strong couplings of multilevel model and by using neural mass model, the dynamics are characterized by well-defined oscillations. The synchronization patterns are mainly determined by the node intensity (total input strengths of a node); the detailed network topology is of secondary importance. The biologically improved multilevel model exhibits similar dynamical patterns in the two regimes. Thus, the study of synchronization in a multilevel complex network model of cortex can provide insights into the relationship between network topology and functional organization of complex brain networks.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Blessmann2010, author = {Bleßmann, Daniela}, title = {Der Einfluss der Dynamik auf die stratosph{\"a}rische Ozonvariabilit{\"a}t {\"u}ber der Arktis im Fr{\"u}hwinter}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-51394}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, year = {2010}, abstract = {Der fr{\"u}hwinterliche Ozongehalt ist ein Indikator f{\"u}r den Ozongehalt im Sp{\"a}twinter/Fr{\"u}hjahr. Jedoch weist dieser aufgrund von Absinkprozessen, chemisch bedingten Ozonabbau und Wellenaktivit{\"a}t von Jahr zu Jahr starke Schwankungen auf. Die vorliegende Arbeit zeigt, dass diese Variabilit{\"a}t weitestgehend auf dynamische Prozesse w{\"a}hrend der Wirbelbildungsphase des arktischen Polarwirbels zur{\"u}ckgeht. Ferner wird der bisher noch ausstehende Zusammenhang zwischen dem fr{\"u}h- und sp{\"a}twinterlichen Ozongehalt bez{\"u}glich Dynamik und Chemie aufgezeigt. F{\"u}r die Untersuchung des Zusammenhangs zwischen der im Polarwirbel eingeschlossenen Luftmassenzusammensetzung und Ozonmenge wurden Beobachtungsdaten von Satellitenmessinstrumenten und Ozonsonden sowie Modellsimulationen des Lagrangschen Chemie/Transportmodells ATLAS verwandt. Die {\"u}ber die Fl{\"a}che (45-75°N) und Zeit (August-November) gemittelte Vertikalkomponente des Eliassen-Palm-Flussvektors durch die 100hPa-Fl{\"a}che zeigt eine Verbindung zwischen der fr{\"u}hwinterlichen wirbelinneren Luftmassenzusammensetzung und der Wirbelbildungsphase auf. Diese ist jedoch nur f{\"u}r die untere Stratosph{\"a}re g{\"u}ltig, da die Vertikalkomponente die sich innerhalb der Stratosph{\"a}re {\"a}ndernden Wellenausbreitungsbedingungen nicht erfasst. F{\"u}r eine verbesserte H{\"o}hendarstellung des Signals wurde eine neue integrale auf der Wellenamplitude und dem Charney-Drazin-Kriterium basierende Gr{\"o}ße definiert. Diese neue Gr{\"o}ße verbindet die Wellenaktivit{\"a}t w{\"a}hrend der Wirbelbildungsphase sowohl mit der Luftmassenzusammensetzung im Polarwirbel als auch mit der Ozonverteilung {\"u}ber die Breite. Eine verst{\"a}rkte Wellenaktivit{\"a}t f{\"u}hrt zu mehr Luft aus niedrigeren ozonreichen Breiten im Polarwirbel. Aber im Herbst und Fr{\"u}hwinter zerst{\"o}ren chemische Prozesse, die das Ozon ins Gleichgewicht bringen, die interannuale wirbelinnere Ozonvariablit{\"a}t, die durch dynamische Prozesse w{\"a}hrend der arktischen Polarwirbelbildungsphase hervorgerufen wird. Eine Analyse in Hinblick auf den Fortbestand einer dynamisch induzierten Ozonanomalie bis in den Mittwinter erm{\"o}glicht eine Absch{\"a}tzung des Einflusses dieser dynamischen Prozesse auf den arktischen Ozongehalt. Zu diesem Zweck wurden f{\"u}r den Winter 1999-2000 Modelll{\"a}ufe mit dem Lagrangesche Chemie/Transportmodell ATLAS gerechnet, die detaillierte Informationen {\"u}ber den Erhalt der k{\"u}nstlichen Ozonvariabilit{\"a}t hinsichtlich Zeit, H{\"o}he und Breite liefern. Zusammengefasst, besteht die dynamisch induzierte Ozonvariabilit{\"a}t w{\"a}hrend der Wirbelbildungsphase l{\"a}nger im Inneren als im {\"A}ußeren des Polarwirbels und verliert oberhalb von 750K potentieller Temperatur ihre signifikante Wirkung auf die mittwinterliche Ozonvariabilit{\"a}t. In darunterliegenden H{\"o}henbereichen ist der Anteil an der urspr{\"u}nglichen St{\"o}rung groß, bis zu 90\% auf der 450K. Innerhalb dieses H{\"o}henbereiches {\"u}ben die dynamischen Prozesse w{\"a}hrend der Wirbelbildungsphase einen entscheidenden Einfluss auf den Ozongehalt im Mittwinter aus.}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Schattauer2010, author = {Schattauer, Sylvia}, title = {Hybride D{\"u}nnschicht-Solarzellen aus mesopor{\"o}sem Titandioxid und konjugierten Polymeren}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-52619}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, year = {2010}, abstract = {Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die Untersuchung der aktiven Komponenten und ihrer Wechselwirkungen in teilorganischen Hybrid-Solarzellen. Diese bestehen aus einer d{\"u}nnen Titandioxidschicht, kombiniert mit einer d{\"u}nnen Polymerschicht. Die Effizienz der Hybrid-Solarzellen wird durch die Lichtabsorption im Polymer, die Dissoziation der gebildeten Exzitonen an der aktiven Grenzfl{\"a}che zwischen TiO2 und Polymer, sowie durch Generation und Extraktion freier Ladungstr{\"a}ger bestimmt. Zur Optimierung der Solarzellen wurden grundlegende physikalische Wechselwirkungen zwischen den verwendeten Materialen sowie der Einfluss verschiedener Herstellungsparameter untersucht. Unter anderem wurden Fragen zum optimalen Materialeinsatz und Pr{\"a}parationsbedingungen beantwortet sowie grundlegende Einfl{\"u}sse wie Schichtmorphologie und Polymerinfiltration n{\"a}her betrachtet. Zun{\"a}chst wurde aus unterschiedlich hergestelltem Titandioxid (Akzeptor-Schicht) eine Auswahl f{\"u}r den Einsatz in Hybrid-Solarzellen getroffen. Kriterium war hierbei die unterschiedliche Morphologie aufgrund der Oberfl{\"a}chenbeschaffenheit, der Film-Struktur, der Kristallinit{\"a}t und die daraus resultierenden Solarzelleneigenschaften. F{\"u}r die anschließenden Untersuchungen wurden mesopor{\"o}se TiO2-Filme aus einer neuen Nanopartikel-Synthese, welche es erlaubt, kristalline Partikel schon w{\"a}hrend der Synthese herzustellen, als Elektronenakzeptor und konjugierte Polymere auf Poly(p-Phenylen-Vinylen) (PPV)- bzw. Thiophenbasis als Donatormaterial verwendet. Bei der thermischen Behandlung der TiO2-Schichten erfolgt eine temperaturabh{\"a}ngige {\"A}nderung der Morphologie, jedoch nicht der Kristallstruktur. Die Auswirkungen auf die Solarzelleneigenschaften wurden dokumentiert und diskutiert. Um die Vorteile der Nanopartikel-Synthese, die Bildung kristalliner TiO2-Partikel bei tiefen Temperaturen, nutzen zu k{\"o}nnen, wurden erste Versuche zur UV-Vernetzung durchgef{\"u}hrt. Neben der Beschaffenheit der Oxidschicht wurde auch der Einfluss der Polymermorphologie, bedingt durch L{\"o}sungsmittelvariation und Tempertemperatur, untersucht. Hierbei konnte gezeigt werden, dass u.a. die Viskosit{\"a}t der Polymerl{\"o}sung die Infiltration in die TiO2-Schicht und dadurch die Effizienz der Solarzelle beeinflusst. Ein weiterer Ansatz zur Erh{\"o}hung der Effizienz ist die Entwicklung neuer lochleitender Polymere, welche m{\"o}glichst {\"u}ber einen weiten spektralen Bereich Licht absorbieren und an die Bandl{\"u}cke des TiO2 angepasst sind. Hierzu wurden einige neuartige Konzepte, z.B. die Kombination von Thiophen- und Phenyl-Einheiten n{\"a}her untersucht. Auch wurde die Sensibilisierung der Titandioxidschicht in Anlehnung an die h{\"o}heren Effizienzen der Farbstoffzellen in Betracht gezogen. Zusammenfassend konnten im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wichtige Einflussparameter auf die Funktion hybrider Solarzellen identifiziert und z.T. n{\"a}her diskutiert werden. F{\"u}r einige limitierende Faktoren wurden Konzepte zur Verbesserung bzw. Vermeidung vorgestellt.}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{ZamoraLopez2009, author = {Zamora-L{\´o}pez, Gorka}, title = {Linking structure and function of complex cortical networks}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-52257}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, year = {2009}, abstract = {The recent discovery of an intricate and nontrivial interaction topology among the elements of a wide range of natural systems has altered the manner we understand complexity. For example, the axonal fibres transmitting electrical information between cortical regions form a network which is neither regular nor completely random. Their structure seems to follow functional principles to balance between segregation (functional specialisation) and integration. Cortical regions are clustered into modules specialised in processing different kinds of information, e.g. visual or auditory. However, in order to generate a global perception of the real world, the brain needs to integrate the distinct types of information. Where this integration happens, nobody knows. We have performed an extensive and detailed graph theoretical analysis of the cortico-cortical organisation in the brain of cats, trying to relate the individual and collective topological properties of the cortical areas to their function. We conclude that the cortex possesses a very rich communication structure, composed of a mixture of parallel and serial processing paths capable of accommodating dynamical processes with a wide variety of time scales. The communication paths between the sensory systems are not random, but largely mediated by a small set of areas. Far from acting as mere transmitters of information, these central areas are densely connected to each other, strongly indicating their functional role as integrators of the multisensory information. In the quest of uncovering the structure-function relationship of cortical networks, the peculiarities of this network have led us to continuously reconsider the stablished graph measures. For example, a normalised formalism to identify the "functional roles" of vertices in networks with community structure is proposed. The tools developed for this purpose open the door to novel community detection techniques which may also characterise the overlap between modules. The concept of integration has been revisited and adapted to the necessities of the network under study. Additionally, analytical and numerical methods have been introduced to facilitate understanding of the complicated statistical interrelations between the distinct network measures. These methods are helpful to construct new significance tests which may help to discriminate the relevant properties of real networks from side-effects of the evolutionary-growth processes.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Inal2013, author = {Inal, Sahika}, title = {Responsive polymers for optical sensing applications}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-70806}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, year = {2013}, abstract = {LCST-type synthetic thermoresponsive polymers can reversibly respond to certain stimuli in aqueous media with a massive change of their physical state. When fluorophores, that are sensitive to such changes, are incorporated into the polymeric structure, the response can be translated into a fluorescence signal. Based on this idea, this thesis presents sensing schemes which transduce the stimuli-induced variations in the solubility of polymer chains with covalently-bound fluorophores into a well-detectable fluorescence output. Benefiting from the principles of different photophysical phenomena, i.e. of fluorescence resonance energy transfer and solvatochromism, such fluorescent copolymers enabled monitoring of stimuli such as the solution temperature and ionic strength, but also of association/disassociation mechanisms with other macromolecules or of biochemical binding events through remarkable changes in their fluorescence properties. For instance, an aqueous ratiometric dual sensor for temperature and salts was developed, relying on the delicate supramolecular assembly of a thermoresponsive copolymer with a thiophene-based conjugated polyelectrolyte. Alternatively, by taking advantage of the sensitivity of solvatochromic fluorophores, an increase in solution temperature or the presence of analytes was signaled as an enhancement of the fluorescence intensity. A simultaneous use of the sensitivity of chains towards the temperature and a specific antibody allowed monitoring of more complex phenomena such as competitive binding of analytes. The use of different thermoresponsive polymers, namely poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) and poly(meth)acrylates bearing oligo(ethylene glycol) side chains, revealed that the responsive polymers differed widely in their ability to perform a particular sensing function. In order to address questions regarding the impact of the chemical structure of the host polymer on the sensing performance, the macromolecular assembly behavior below and above the phase transition temperature was evaluated by a combination of fluorescence and light scattering methods. It was found that although the temperature-triggered changes in the macroscopic absorption characteristics were similar for these polymers, properties such as the degree of hydration or the extent of interchain aggregations differed substantially. Therefore, in addition to the demonstration of strategies for fluorescence-based sensing with thermoresponsive polymers, this work highlights the role of the chemical structure of the two popular thermoresponsive polymers on the fluorescence response. The results are fundamentally important for the rational choice of polymeric materials for a specific sensing strategy.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Balzer2014, author = {Balzer, Arnim}, title = {Crab flare observations with H.E.S.S. phase II}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-72545}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, year = {2014}, abstract = {The H.E.S.S. array is a third generation Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescope (IACT) array. It is located in the Khomas Highland in Namibia, and measures very high energy (VHE) gamma-rays. In Phase I, the array started data taking in 2004 with its four identical 13 m telescopes. Since then, H.E.S.S. has emerged as the most successful IACT experiment to date. Among the almost 150 sources of VHE gamma-ray radiation found so far, even the oldest detection, the Crab Nebula, keeps surprising the scientific community with unexplained phenomena such as the recently discovered very energetic flares of high energy gamma-ray radiation. During its most recent flare, which was detected by the Fermi satellite in March 2013, the Crab Nebula was simultaneously observed with the H.E.S.S. array for six nights. The results of the observations will be discussed in detail during the course of this work. During the nights of the flare, the new 24 m × 32 m H.E.S.S. II telescope was still being commissioned, but participated in the data taking for one night. To be able to reconstruct and analyze the data of the H.E.S.S. Phase II array, the algorithms and software used by the H.E.S.S. Phase I array had to be adapted. The most prominent advanced shower reconstruction technique developed by de Naurois and Rolland, the template-based model analysis, compares real shower images taken by the Cherenkov telescope cameras with shower templates obtained using a semi-analytical model. To find the best fitting image, and, therefore, the relevant parameters that describe the air shower best, a pixel-wise log-likelihood fit is done. The adaptation of this advanced shower reconstruction technique to the heterogeneous H.E.S.S. Phase II array for stereo events (i.e. air showers seen by at least two telescopes of any kind), its performance using MonteCarlo simulations as well as its application to real data will be described.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Fischer2014, author = {Fischer, Jost Leonhardt}, title = {Nichtlineare Kopplungsmechanismen akustischer Oszillatoren am Beispiel der Synchronisation von Orgelpfeifen}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-71975}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, year = {2014}, abstract = {In dieser Arbeit werden nichtlineare Kopplungsmechanismen von akustischen Oszillatoren untersucht, die zu Synchronisation f{\"u}hren k{\"o}nnen. Aufbauend auf die Fragestellungen vorangegangener Arbeiten werden mit Hilfe theoretischer und experimenteller Studien sowie mit Hilfe numerischer Simulationen die Elemente der Tonentstehung in der Orgelpfeife und die Mechanismen der gegenseitigen Wechselwirkung von Orgelpfeifen identifiziert. Daraus wird erstmalig ein vollst{\"a}ndig auf den aeroakustischen und fluiddynamischen Grundprinzipien basierendes nichtlinear gekoppeltes Modell selbst-erregter Oszillatoren f{\"u}r die Beschreibung des Verhaltens zweier wechselwirkender Orgelpfeifen entwickelt. Die durchgef{\"u}hrten Modellrechnungen werden mit den experimentellen Befunden verglichen. Es zeigt sich, dass die Tonentstehung und die Kopplungsmechanismen von Orgelpfeifen durch das entwickelte Oszillatormodell in weiten Teilen richtig beschrieben werden. Insbesondere kann damit die Ursache f{\"u}r den nichtlinearen Zusammenhang von Kopplungsst{\"a}rke und Synchronisation des gekoppelten Zwei-Pfeifen Systems, welcher sich in einem nichtlinearen Verlauf der Arnoldzunge darstellt, gekl{\"a}rt werden. Mit den gewonnenen Erkenntnissen wird der Einfluss des Raumes auf die Tonentstehung bei Orgelpfeifen betrachtet. Daf{\"u}r werden numerische Simulationen der Wechselwirkung einer Orgelpfeife mit verschiedenen Raumgeometrien, wie z. B. ebene, konvexe, konkave, und gezahnte Geometrien, exemplarisch untersucht. Auch der Einfluss von Schwellk{\"a}sten auf die Tonentstehung und die Klangbildung der Orgelpfeife wird studiert. In weiteren, neuartigen Synchronisationsexperimenten mit identisch gestimmten Orgelpfeifen, sowie mit Mixturen wird die Synchronisation f{\"u}r verschiedene, horizontale und vertikale Pfeifenabst{\"a}nde in der Ebene der Schallabstrahlung, untersucht. Die dabei erstmalig beobachteten r{\"a}umlich isotropen Unstetigkeiten im Schwingungsverhalten der gekoppelten Pfeifensysteme, deuten auf abstandsabh{\"a}ngige Wechsel zwischen gegen- und gleichphasigen Sychronisationsregimen hin. Abschließend wird die M{\"o}glichkeit dokumentiert, das Ph{\"a}nomen der Synchronisation zweier Orgelpfeifen durch numerische Simulationen, also der Behandlung der kompressiblen Navier-Stokes Gleichungen mit entsprechenden Rand- und Anfangsbedingungen, realit{\"a}tsnah abzubilden. Auch dies stellt ein Novum dar.}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Kellermann2011, author = {Kellermann, Thorsten}, title = {Accurate numerical relativity simulations of non-vacuumspace-times in two dimensions and applications to critical collapse}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-59578}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, year = {2011}, abstract = {This Thesis puts its focus on the physics of neutron stars and its description with methods of numerical relativity. In the first step, a new numerical framework the Whisky2D code will be developed, which solves the relativistic equations of hydrodynamics in axisymmetry. Therefore we consider an improved formulation of the conserved form of these equations. The second part will use the new code to investigate the critical behaviour of two colliding neutron stars. Considering the analogy to phase transitions in statistical physics, we will investigate the evolution of the entropy of the neutron stars during the whole process. A better understanding of the evolution of thermodynamical quantities, like the entropy in critical process, should provide deeper understanding of thermodynamics in relativity. More specifically, we have written the Whisky2D code, which solves the general-relativistic hydrodynamics equations in a flux-conservative form and in cylindrical coordinates. This of course brings in 1/r singular terms, where r is the radial cylindrical coordinate, which must be dealt with appropriately. In the above-referenced works, the flux operator is expanded and the 1/r terms, not containing derivatives, are moved to the right-hand-side of the equation (the source term), so that the left hand side assumes a form identical to the one of the three-dimensional (3D) Cartesian formulation. We call this the standard formulation. Another possibility is not to split the flux operator and to redefine the conserved variables, via a multiplication by r. We call this the new formulation. The new equations are solved with the same methods as in the Cartesian case. From a mathematical point of view, one would not expect differences between the two ways of writing the differential operator, but, of course, a difference is present at the numerical level. Our tests show that the new formulation yields results with a global truncation error which is one or more orders of magnitude smaller than those of alternative and commonly used formulations. The second part of the Thesis uses the new code for investigations of critical phenomena in general relativity. In particular, we consider the head-on-collision of two neutron stars in a region of the parameter space where two final states a new stable neutron star or a black hole, lay close to each other. In 1993, Choptuik considered one-parameter families of solutions, S[P], of the Einstein-Klein-Gordon equations for a massless scalar field in spherical symmetry, such that for every P > P⋆, S[P] contains a black hole and for every P < P⋆, S[P] is a solution not containing singularities. He studied numerically the behavior of S[P] as P → P⋆ and found that the critical solution, S[P⋆], is universal, in the sense that it is approached by all nearly-critical solutions regardless of the particular family of initial data considered. All these phenomena have the common property that, as P approaches P⋆, S[P] approaches a universal solution S[P⋆] and that all the physical quantities of S[P] depend only on |P - P⋆|. The first study of critical phenomena concerning the head-on collision of NSs was carried out by Jin and Suen in 2007. In particular, they considered a series of families of equal-mass NSs, modeled with an ideal-gas EOS, boosted towards each other and varied the mass of the stars, their separation, velocity and the polytropic index in the EOS. In this way they could observe a critical phenomenon of type I near the threshold of black-hole formation, with the putative solution being a nonlinearly oscillating star. In a successive work, they performed similar simulations but considering the head-on collision of Gaussian distributions of matter. Also in this case they found the appearance of type-I critical behaviour, but also performed a perturbative analysis of the initial distributions of matter and of the merged object. Because of the considerable difference found in the eigenfrequencies in the two cases, they concluded that the critical solution does not represent a system near equilibrium and in particular not a perturbed Tolmann-Oppenheimer-Volkoff (TOV) solution. In this Thesis we study the dynamics of the head-on collision of two equal-mass NSs using a setup which is as similar as possible to the one considered above. While we confirm that the merged object exhibits a type-I critical behaviour, we also argue against the conclusion that the critical solution cannot be described in terms of equilibrium solution. Indeed, we show that, in analogy with what is found in, the critical solution is effectively a perturbed unstable solution of the TOV equations. Our analysis also considers fine-structure of the scaling relation of type-I critical phenomena and we show that it exhibits oscillations in a similar way to the one studied in the context of scalar-field critical collapse.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Seewald2011, author = {Seewald, Gunter}, title = {Lineare und nichtlineare optische Untersuchungen am synthetischen Eumelanin und Entwicklung eines Kaskadenmodells}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-59967}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, year = {2011}, abstract = {Eumelanin ist ein Fluorophor mit teilweise recht ungew{\"o}hnlichen spektralen Eigenschaften. Unter anderem konnten in fr{\"u}heren Ver{\"o}ffentlichungen Unterschiede zwischen dem 1- und 2-photonen-angeregtem Fluoreszenzspektrum beobachtet werden, weshalb im nichtlinearen Anregungsfall ein schrittweiser Anregungsprozess vermutet wurde. Um diese und weitere optische Eigenschaften des Eumelanins besser zu verstehen, wurden in der vorliegenden Arbeit vielf{\"a}ltige messmethodische Ans{\"a}tze der linearen und nichtlinearen Optik an synthetischem Eumelanin in 0,1M NaOH verfolgt. Aus den Ergebnissen wurde ein Modell abgeleitet, welches die beobachteten photonischen Eigenschaften konsistent beschreibt. In diesem kaskadierten Zustandsmodell (Kaskaden-Modell) wird die aufgenommene Photonenenergie schrittweise von Anregungszust{\"a}nden hoher {\"U}bergangsenergien zu Anregungszust{\"a}nden niedrigerer {\"U}bergangsenergien transferiert. Messungen der transienten Absorption ergaben dominante Anteile mit kurzen Lebensdauern im ps-Bereich und ließen damit auf eine hohe Relaxationsgeschwindigkeit entlang der Kaskade schließen. Durch Untersuchung der nichtlinear angeregten Fluoreszenz von verschieden großen Eumelanin-Aggregaten konnte gezeigt werden, dass Unterschiede zwischen dem linear und nichtlinear angeregten Fluoreszenzspektrum nicht nur durch einen schrittweisen Anregungsprozess bei nichtlinearer Anregung sondern auch durch Unterschiede in den Verh{\"a}ltnissen der Quantenausbeuten zwischen kleinen und großen Aggregaten beim Wechsel von linearer zu nichtlinearer Anregung begr{\"u}ndet sein k{\"o}nnen. Durch Bestimmung des Anregungswirkungsquerschnitts und der Anregungspulsdauer-Abh{\"a}ngigkeit der nichtlinear angeregten Fluoreszenz von Eumelanin konnte jedoch ein schrittweiser 2-Photonen-Anregungsprozess {\"u}ber einen Zwischenzustand mit Lebendsdauern im ps-Bereich nachgewiesen werden.}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Berger2012, author = {Berger, Florian}, title = {Different modes of cooperative transport by molecular motors}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-60319}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, year = {2012}, abstract = {Cargo transport by molecular motors is ubiquitous in all eukaryotic cells and is typically driven cooperatively by several molecular motors, which may belong to one or several motor species like kinesin, dynein or myosin. These motor proteins transport cargos such as RNAs, protein complexes or organelles along filaments, from which they unbind after a finite run length. Understanding how these motors interact and how their movements are coordinated and regulated is a central and challenging problem in studies of intracellular transport. In this thesis, we describe a general theoretical framework for the analysis of such transport processes, which enables us to explain the behavior of intracellular cargos based on the transport properties of individual motors and their interactions. Motivated by recent in vitro experiments, we address two different modes of transport: unidirectional transport by two identical motors and cooperative transport by actively walking and passively diffusing motors. The case of cargo transport by two identical motors involves an elastic coupling between the motors that can reduce the motors' velocity and/or the binding time to the filament. We show that this elastic coupling leads, in general, to four distinct transport regimes. In addition to a weak coupling regime, kinesin and dynein motors are found to exhibit a strong coupling and an enhanced unbinding regime, whereas myosin motors are predicted to attain a reduced velocity regime. All of these regimes, which we derive both by analytical calculations and by general time scale arguments, can be explored experimentally by varying the elastic coupling strength. In addition, using the time scale arguments, we explain why previous studies came to different conclusions about the effect and relevance of motor-motor interference. In this way, our theory provides a general and unifying framework for understanding the dynamical behavior of two elastically coupled molecular motors. The second mode of transport studied in this thesis is cargo transport by actively pulling and passively diffusing motors. Although these passive motors do not participate in active transport, they strongly enhance the overall cargo run length. When an active motor unbinds, the cargo is still tethered to the filament by the passive motors, giving the unbound motor the chance to rebind and continue its active walk. We develop a stochastic description for such cooperative behavior and explicitly derive the enhanced run length for a cargo transported by one actively pulling and one passively diffusing motor. We generalize our description to the case of several pulling and diffusing motors and find an exponential increase of the run length with the number of involved motors.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Ohme2012, author = {Ohme, Frank}, title = {Bridging the gap between post-Newtonian theory and numerical relativity in gravitational-wave data analysis}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-60346}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, year = {2012}, abstract = {One of the most exciting predictions of Einstein's theory of gravitation that have not yet been proven experimentally by a direct detection are gravitational waves. These are tiny distortions of the spacetime itself, and a world-wide effort to directly measure them for the first time with a network of large-scale laser interferometers is currently ongoing and expected to provide positive results within this decade. One potential source of measurable gravitational waves is the inspiral and merger of two compact objects, such as binary black holes. Successfully finding their signature in the noise-dominated data of the detectors crucially relies on accurate predictions of what we are looking for. In this thesis, we present a detailed study of how the most complete waveform templates can be constructed by combining the results from (A) analytical expansions within the post-Newtonian framework and (B) numerical simulations of the full relativistic dynamics. We analyze various strategies to construct complete hybrid waveforms that consist of a post-Newtonian inspiral part matched to numerical-relativity data. We elaborate on exsisting approaches for nonspinning systems by extending the accessible parameter space and introducing an alternative scheme based in the Fourier domain. Our methods can now be readily applied to multiple spherical-harmonic modes and precessing systems. In addition to that, we analyze in detail the accuracy of hybrid waveforms with the goal to quantify how numerous sources of error in the approximation techniques affect the application of such templates in real gravitational-wave searches. This is of major importance for the future construction of improved models, but also for the correct interpretation of gravitational-wave observations that are made utilizing any complete waveform family. In particular, we comprehensively discuss how long the numerical-relativity contribution to the signal has to be in order to make the resulting hybrids accurate enough, and for currently feasible simulation lengths we assess the physics one can potentially do with template-based searches.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Mari2012, author = {Mari, Andrea}, title = {Signatures of non-classicality in optomechanical systems}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-59814}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, year = {2012}, abstract = {This thesis contains several theoretical studies on optomechanical systems, i.e. physical devices where mechanical degrees of freedom are coupled with optical cavity modes. This optomechanical interaction, mediated by radiation pressure, can be exploited for cooling and controlling mechanical resonators in a quantum regime. The goal of this thesis is to propose several new ideas for preparing meso- scopic mechanical systems (of the order of 10^15 atoms) into highly non-classical states. In particular we have shown new methods for preparing optomechani-cal pure states, squeezed states and entangled states. At the same time, proce-dures for experimentally detecting these quantum effects have been proposed. In particular, a quantitative measure of non classicality has been defined in terms of the negativity of phase space quasi-distributions. An operational al- gorithm for experimentally estimating the non-classicality of quantum states has been proposed and successfully applied in a quantum optics experiment. The research has been performed with relatively advanced mathematical tools related to differential equations with periodic coefficients, classical and quantum Bochner's theorems and semidefinite programming. Nevertheless the physics of the problems and the experimental feasibility of the results have been the main priorities.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Kiel2012, author = {Kiel, Mareike}, title = {Static and ultrafast optical properties of nanolayered composites : gold nanoparticles embedded in polyelectrolytes}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-61823}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, year = {2012}, abstract = {In the course of this thesis gold nanoparticle/polyelectrolyte multilayer structures were prepared, characterized, and investigated according to their static and ultrafast optical properties. Using the dip-coating or spin-coating layer-by-layer deposition method, gold-nanoparticle layers were embedded in a polyelectrolyte environment with high structural perfection. Typical structures exhibit four repetition units, each consisting of one gold-particle layer and ten double layers of polyelectrolyte (cationic+anionic polyelectrolyte). The structures were characterized by X-ray reflectivity measurements, which reveal Bragg peaks up to the seventh order, evidencing the high stratication of the particle layers. In the same measurements pronounced Kiessig fringes were observed, which indicate a low global roughness of the samples. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) images veried this low roughness, which results from the high smoothing capabilities of polyelectrolyte layers. This smoothing effect facilitates the fabrication of stratified nanoparticle/polyelectrolyte multilayer structures, which were nicely illustrated in a transmission electron microscopy image. The samples' optical properties were investigated by static spectroscopic measurements in the visible and UV range. The measurements revealed a frequency shift of the reflectance and of the plasmon absorption band, depending on the thickness of the polyelectrolyte layers that cover a nanoparticle layer. When the covering layer becomes thicker than the particle interaction range, the absorption spectrum becomes independent of the polymer thickness. However, the reflectance spectrum continues shifting to lower frequencies (even for large thicknesses). The range of plasmon interaction was determined to be in the order of the particle diameter for 10 nm, 20 nm, and 150 nm particles. The transient broadband complex dielectric function of a multilayer structure was determined experimentally by ultrafast pump-probe spectroscopy. This was achieved by simultaneous measurements of the changes in the reflectance and transmittance of the excited sample over a broad spectral range. The changes in the real and imaginary parts of the dielectric function were directly deduced from the measured data by using a recursive formalism based on the Fresnel equations. This method can be applied to a broad range of nanoparticle systems where experimental data on the transient dielectric response are rare. This complete experimental approach serves as a test ground for modeling the dielectric function of a nanoparticle compound structure upon laser excitation.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Deneke2012, author = {Deneke, Carlus}, title = {Theory of mRNA degradation}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-61998}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, year = {2012}, abstract = {One of the central themes of biology is to understand how individual cells achieve a high fidelity in gene expression. Each cell needs to ensure accurate protein levels for its proper functioning and its capability to proliferate. Therefore, complex regulatory mechanisms have evolved in order to render the expression of each gene dependent on the expression level of (all) other genes. Regulation can occur at different stages within the framework of the central dogma of molecular biology. One very effective and relatively direct mechanism concerns the regulation of the stability of mRNAs. All organisms have evolved diverse and powerful mechanisms to achieve this. In order to better comprehend the regulation in living cells, biochemists have studied specific degradation mechanisms in detail. In addition to that, modern high-throughput techniques allow to obtain quantitative data on a global scale by parallel analysis of the decay patterns of many different mRNAs from different genes. In previous studies, the interpretation of these mRNA decay experiments relied on a simple theoretical description based on an exponential decay. However, this does not account for the complexity of the responsible mechanisms and, as a consequence, the exponential decay is often not in agreement with the experimental decay patterns. We have developed an improved and more general theory of mRNA degradation which provides a general framework of mRNA expression and allows describing specific degradation mechanisms. We have made an attempt to provide detailed models for the regulation in different organisms. In the yeast S. cerevisiae, different degradation pathways are known to compete and furthermore most of them rely on the biochemical modification of mRNA molecules. In bacteria such as E. coli, degradation proceeds primarily endonucleolytically, i.e. it is governed by the initial cleavage within the coding region. In addition, it is often coupled to the level of maturity and the size of the polysome of an mRNA. Both for S. cerevisiae and E. coli, our descriptions lead to a considerable improvement of the interpretation of experimental data. The general outcome is that the degradation of mRNA must be described by an age-dependent degradation rate, which can be interpreted as a consequence of molecular aging of mRNAs. Within our theory, we find adequate ways to address this much debated topic from a theoretical perspective. The improvements of the understanding of mRNA degradation can be readily applied to further comprehend the mRNA expression under different internal or environmental conditions such as after the induction of transcription or stress application. Also, the role of mRNA decay can be assessed in the context of translation and protein synthesis. The ultimate goal in understanding gene regulation mediated by mRNA stability will be to identify the relevance and biological function of different mechanisms. Once more quantitative data will become available, our description allows to elaborate the role of each mechanism by devising a suitable model.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Patra2013, author = {Patra, Pintu}, title = {Population dynamics of bacterial persistence}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-69253}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, year = {2013}, abstract = {The life of microorganisms is characterized by two main tasks, rapid growth under conditions permitting growth and survival under stressful conditions. The environments, in which microorganisms dwell, vary in space and time. The microorganisms innovate diverse strategies to readily adapt to the regularly fluctuating environments. Phenotypic heterogeneity is one such strategy, where an isogenic population splits into subpopulations that respond differently under identical environments. Bacterial persistence is a prime example of such phenotypic heterogeneity, whereby a population survives under an antibiotic attack, by keeping a fraction of population in a drug tolerant state, the persister state. Specifically, persister cells grow more slowly than normal cells under growth conditions, but survive longer under stress conditions such as the antibiotic administrations. Bacterial persistence is identified experimentally by examining the population survival upon an antibiotic treatment and the population resuscitation in a growth medium. The underlying population dynamics is explained with a two state model for reversible phenotype switching in a cell within the population. We study this existing model with a new theoretical approach and present analytical expressions for the time scale observed in population growth and resuscitation, that can be easily used to extract underlying model parameters of bacterial persistence. In addition, we recapitulate previously known results on the evolution of such structured population under periodically fluctuating environment using our simple approximation method. Using our analysis, we determine model parameters for Staphylococcus aureus population under several antibiotics and interpret the outcome of cross-drug treatment. Next, we consider the expansion of a population exhibiting phenotype switching in a spatially structured environment consisting of two growth permitting patches separated by an antibiotic patch. The dynamic interplay of growth, death and migration of cells in different patches leads to distinct regimes in population propagation speed as a function of migration rate. We map out the region in parameter space of phenotype switching and migration rate to observe the condition under which persistence is beneficial. Furthermore, we present an extended model that allows mutation from the two phenotypic states to a resistant state. We find that the presence of persister cells may enhance the probability of resistant mutation in a population. Using this model, we explain the experimental results showing the emergence of antibiotic resistance in a Staphylococcus aureus population upon tobramycin treatment. In summary, we identify several roles of bacterial persistence, such as help in spatial expansion, development of multidrug tolerance and emergence of antibiotic resistance. Our study provides a theoretical perspective on the dynamics of bacterial persistence in different environmental conditions. These results can be utilized to design further experiments, and to develop novel strategies to eradicate persistent infections.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Schick2013, author = {Schick, Daniel}, title = {Ultrafast lattice dynamics in photoexcited nanostructures : femtosecond X-ray diffraction with optimized evaluation schemes}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-68827}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, year = {2013}, abstract = {Within the course of this thesis, I have investigated the complex interplay between electron and lattice dynamics in nanostructures of perovskite oxides. Femtosecond hard X-ray pulses were utilized to probe the evolution of atomic rearrangement directly, which is driven by ultrafast optical excitation of electrons. The physics of complex materials with a large number of degrees of freedom can be interpreted once the exact fingerprint of ultrafast lattice dynamics in time-resolved X-ray diffraction experiments for a simple model system is well known. The motion of atoms in a crystal can be probed directly and in real-time by femtosecond pulses of hard X-ray radiation in a pump-probe scheme. In order to provide such ultrashort X-ray pulses, I have built up a laser-driven plasma X-ray source. The setup was extended by a stable goniometer, a two-dimensional X-ray detector and a cryogen-free cryostat. The data acquisition routines of the diffractometer for these ultrafast X-ray diffraction experiments were further improved in terms of signal-to-noise ratio and angular resolution. The implementation of a high-speed reciprocal-space mapping technique allowed for a two-dimensional structural analysis with femtosecond temporal resolution. I have studied the ultrafast lattice dynamics, namely the excitation and propagation of coherent phonons, in photoexcited thin films and superlattice structures of the metallic perovskite SrRuO3. Due to the quasi-instantaneous coupling of the lattice to the optically excited electrons in this material a spatially and temporally well-defined thermal stress profile is generated in SrRuO3. This enables understanding the effect of the resulting coherent lattice dynamics in time-resolved X-ray diffraction data in great detail, e.g. the appearance of a transient Bragg peak splitting in both thin films and superlattice structures of SrRuO3. In addition, a comprehensive simulation toolbox to calculate the ultrafast lattice dynamics and the resulting X-ray diffraction response in photoexcited one-dimensional crystalline structures was developed in this thesis work. With the powerful experimental and theoretical framework at hand, I have studied the excitation and propagation of coherent phonons in more complex material systems. In particular, I have revealed strongly localized charge carriers after above-bandgap femtosecond photoexcitation of the prototypical multiferroic BiFeO3, which are the origin of a quasi-instantaneous and spatially inhomogeneous stress that drives coherent phonons in a thin film of the multiferroic. In a structurally imperfect thin film of the ferroelectric Pb(Zr0.2Ti0.8)O3, the ultrafast reciprocal-space mapping technique was applied to follow a purely strain-induced change of mosaicity on a picosecond time scale. These results point to a strong coupling of in- and out-of-plane atomic motion exclusively mediated by structural defects.}, language = {en} }