@article{FelserJessen2021, author = {Felser, Claudia and Jessen, Anna}, title = {Correlative coordination and variable subject-verb agreement in German}, series = {Languages : open access journal}, volume = {6}, journal = {Languages : open access journal}, number = {2}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {2226-471X}, doi = {10.3390/languages6020067}, pages = {20}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Coordinated subjects often show variable number agreement with the finite verb, but linguistic approaches to this phenomenon have rarely been informed by systematically collected data. We report the results from three experiments investigating German speakers' agreement preferences with complex subjects joined by the correlative conjunctions sowohl horizontal ellipsis als auch ('both horizontal ellipsis and'), weder horizontal ellipsis noch ('neither horizontal ellipsis nor') or entweder horizontal ellipsis oder ('either horizontal ellipsis or'). We examine to what extent conjunction type and a conjunct's relative proximity to the verb affect the acceptability and processibility of singular vs. plural agreement. Experiment 1 was an untimed acceptability rating task, Experiment 2 a timed sentence completion task, and Experiment 3 was a self-paced reading task. Taken together, our results show that number agreement with correlative coordination in German is primarily determined by a default constraint triggering plural agreement, which interacts with linear order and semantic factors. Semantic differences between conjunctions only affected speakers' agreement preferences in the absence of processing pressure but not their initial agreement computation. The combined results from our offline and online experimental measures of German speakers' agreement preferences suggest that the constraints under investigation do not only differ in their relative weighting but also in their relative timing during agreement computation.}, language = {en} } @article{Hassler2021, author = {Haßler, Gerda}, title = {Adverbal expression of aspectuality and interaction with perfective and imperfective verbs}, series = {Russian Grammar: System - Usus - Variation/Русская грамматика: Cистема - узус - варьирование}, journal = {Russian Grammar: System - Usus - Variation/Русская грамматика: Cистема - узус - варьирование}, publisher = {Lang}, address = {Berlin}, isbn = {978-3-631-87748-7}, pages = {219 -- 234}, year = {2021}, abstract = {This paper intends to explore the interaction between aspect and lexical means, in this case temporal adverbials, in the bounding of representations of situations. First, the theoretical basis is outlined, followed by the results of a corpus analysis of coccurrences with adverbs that limit situations. The term situation encompasses all representable processes, states, events, or actions. Finally, some theoretical conclusions are drawn concerning the cognitive category of bounding, using the example of aspectuality. The imperfective verb forms maintain their aspectuality in delimiting connections with adverbs, resulting in a complex, multi-dimensional aspectuality. In nongrammaticalized forms, such as lexical markers, the speaker is free to make a temporal localization or an aspectual perspective. Lexical expressions can make temporal and aspect markings even more precisely and clearly than tenses. They can also limit or extend situations and thus express aspect. Aspectuality thus presents itself as a compositional category, in which external bounding and the internal representation of a course of action or development can interact.}, language = {en} } @article{Wardlitz2021, author = {Wardlitz, Vladislava}, title = {Introduction}, series = {Russian grammar: system - usus - variation = Russkaja grammatika: sistema - uzus - varʹirovanie / Vladislava Warditz}, journal = {Russian grammar: system - usus - variation = Russkaja grammatika: sistema - uzus - varʹirovanie / Vladislava Warditz}, publisher = {Lang}, address = {Berlin}, isbn = {978-3-631-86458-6}, issn = {2750-297X}, pages = {15 -- 22}, year = {2021}, language = {en} } @article{ClahsenJessen2021, author = {Clahsen, Harald and Jessen, Anna}, title = {Morphological generalization in bilingual language production}, series = {Language acquisition : a journal of developmental linguistics}, volume = {28}, journal = {Language acquisition : a journal of developmental linguistics}, number = {4}, publisher = {Psychology Press, Taylor \& Francis Group}, address = {London}, issn = {1048-9223}, doi = {10.1080/10489223.2021.1910267}, pages = {370 -- 386}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Morphological variability in bilingual language production is widely attested. Producing inflected words has been found to be less reliable and consistent in bilinguals than in first-language (functionally monolingual) L1 speakers, even for bilingual speakers at advanced proficiency levels. The sources for these differences are not well understood. The current study presents a detailed investigation of morphological generalization processes in bilingual speakers' language production. We examined past participle formation of German using an elicited-production experiment containing nonce verbs with varying degrees of similarity to existing verbs testing a large group of bilingual Turkish/German speakers relative to L1 German speakers. We compared similarity-based lexical extensions with generalizations of morphological rules. The results show that rule-based generalizations are used less often and more variably within the bilingual group than within the L1 group. Our results also show a selective effect of age of acquisition on the bilingual speakers' morphological generalizations.}, language = {en} } @article{KocamanSelvi2021, author = {Kocaman, Ceren and Selvi, Ali Fuad}, title = {Gender, sexuality, and language teaching materials}, series = {Babylonia Journal of Language Education}, volume = {1}, journal = {Babylonia Journal of Language Education}, pages = {76 -- 81}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Obwohl schon viel {\"u}ber kommerzielle Materialien gesagt und geschrieben wurde, ist unser Verst{\"a}ndnis sehr begrenzt, wenn es um lokal produzierte (hauseigene, nicht-kommerzielle) Materialien geht, die oft verwendet werden, um bestehende ver{\"o}ffentlichte Materialien zu ersetzen oder zu erg{\"a}nzen. In diesem Beitrag geben wir einen {\"U}berblick {\"u}ber die Literatur zur Darstellung von Geschlecht und Sexualit{\"a}t in kommerziellen Lehrmitteln und unsere {\"U}berlegungen zu lokal produzierten Unterrichtsmaterialien, die in einem Englisch-Intensivprogramm an einer Universit{\"a}t in der T{\"u}rkei mit Englisch als Unterrichtsmedium (EMI) verwendet werden. Wir unterstreichen die Bedeutung von Materialien f{\"u}r die Handlungsf{\"a}higkeit von Lehrkr{\"a}ften bei der Schaffung eines sicheren und inklusiven Klassenzimmers und bei der Bek{\"a}mpfung von systematischer Unterdr{\"u}ckung, Diskriminierung und Ungerechtigkeit im und ausserhalb des Klassenzimmers.}, language = {en} } @article{OPUS4-56680, title = {Writing the economic subject in modern western Europe}, series = {Literature, Culture, Economy}, journal = {Literature, Culture, Economy}, number = {9}, editor = {Behrendt, Aileen Jorena and Courtman, Nicholas}, publisher = {Lang}, address = {Berlin}, isbn = {978-3-631-83999-7}, issn = {2364-1304}, doi = {10.3726/b18541}, pages = {219}, year = {2021}, abstract = {This book explores how capitalism shapes the formation of the economic subject in modern European writing. How are subject positions determined by the subject's relationship to money and work? How fair is a society that predicates social inclusion upon employment? And what happens when full employment is impossible? The volume traces how literary authors and social theorists have answered these questions in different social and historical contexts from the nineteenth century to the present day. The contributions confront the imperatives of productivity, notions of success and failure, the construction of work cultures and environments, the (in)visibility of certain labour groups, and the implications of the body as a productive site.}, language = {en} } @article{GrubicWierzba2021, author = {Grubic, Mira and Wierzba, Marta}, title = {The German additive particle noch}, series = {Glossa : a journal of general linguistics}, volume = {6}, journal = {Glossa : a journal of general linguistics}, number = {1}, publisher = {Ubiquity Press}, address = {London}, issn = {2397-1835}, doi = {10.5334/gjgl.1275}, pages = {29}, year = {2021}, abstract = {The particle noch ('still') can have an additive reading similar to auch ('also'). We argue that both particles indicate that a previously partially answered QUD is re-opened to add a further answer. The particles differ in that the QUD, in the case of auch, can be re-opened with respect to the same topic situation, whereas noch indicates that the QUD is re-opened with respect to a new topic situation. This account predicts a difference in the accommodation behavior of the two particles. We present an experiment whose results are in line with this prediction.}, language = {en} } @article{UygunClahsen2021, author = {Uygun, Serkan and Clahsen, Harald}, title = {Morphological processing in heritage speakers}, series = {Bilingualism : language and cognition}, volume = {24}, journal = {Bilingualism : language and cognition}, number = {3}, publisher = {Cambridge Univ. Press}, address = {Cambridge}, issn = {1366-7289}, doi = {10.1017/S1366728920000577}, pages = {415 -- 426}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Previous research has shown that heritage speakers struggle with inflectional morphology. 'Limitations of online resources' for processing a non-dominant language has been claimed as one possible reason for these difficulties. To date, however, there is very little experimental evidence on real-time language processing in heritage speakers. Here we report results from a masked priming experiment with 97 bilingual (Turkish/German) heritage speakers and a control group of 40 non-heritage speakers of Turkish examining regular and irregular forms of the Turkish aorist. We found that, for the regular aorist, heritage speakers use the same morphological decomposition mechanism ('affix stripping') as control speakers, whereas for processing irregularly inflected forms they exhibited more variability (i.e., less homogeneous performance) than the control group. Heritage speakers also demonstrated semantic priming effects. At a more general level, these results indicate that heritage speakers draw on multiple sources of information for recognizing morphologically complex words.}, language = {en} } @article{DeVeaughGeiss2021, author = {De Veaugh-Geiss, Joseph P.}, title = {n{\`a}-cleft (non-)exhaustivity}, series = {Glossa : a journal of general linguistics}, volume = {6}, journal = {Glossa : a journal of general linguistics}, number = {1}, publisher = {Open Library of Humanities}, address = {London}, issn = {2397-1835}, doi = {10.16995/glossa.5698}, pages = {41}, year = {2021}, abstract = {This paper presents two experimental studies on the exhaustive inference associated with focus-background na-clefts in Akan (among others, Boadi 1974; Duah 2015; Grubic \& Renans \& Duah 2019; Titov 2019), with a direct comparison to two recent experiments on German es-clefts employing an identical design (De Veaugh-Geiss et al. 2018). Despite the unforeseen response patterns in Akan in the incremental information-retrieval paradigm used, a post-hoc exploratory analysis reveals compelling parallels between the two languages. The results are compatible with a unified approach both (i) cross-linguistically between Akan and German; and (ii) cross-sententially between na-clefts (a na P, 'It is a who did P') and definite pseudoclefts, i.e., definite descriptions with identity statements (Nipa no a P ne a, 'The person who did P is a') (Boadi 1974; Ofori 2011). Participant variability in (non-)exhaustive interpretations is compatible with discourse pragmatic approaches to cleft exhaustivity (Pollard \& Yasavul 2016; De Veaugh-Geiss et al. 2018; Titov 2019).}, language = {en} } @article{Bade2021, author = {Bade, Nadine}, title = {On the scope and nature of Maximise Presupposition}, series = {Language and linguistics compass}, volume = {15}, journal = {Language and linguistics compass}, number = {6}, publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell}, address = {Oxford}, issn = {1749-818X}, doi = {10.1111/lnc3.12416}, pages = {16}, year = {2021}, abstract = {The paper introduces the principle Maximise Presupposition and its cognates. The main focus of the literature and this article is on the inferences that arise as a result of reasoning with Maximise Presupposition ('anti-presuppositions'). I will review the arguments put forward for distinguishing them from other inference types, most notably presuppositions and conversational implicatures. I will zoom in on three main issues regarding Maximise Presupposition and these inferences critically discussed in the literature: epistemic strength(ening), projection, and the role of alternatives. I will discuss more recent views which argue for either a uniform treatment of anti-presuppositions and implicatures and/or a revision of the original principle in light of new data and developments in pragmatics.}, language = {en} } @article{Tran2021, author = {Tran, Thuan}, title = {Non-canonical word order and temporal reference in Vietnamese}, series = {Linguistics : an interdisciplinary journal of the language sciences}, volume = {59}, journal = {Linguistics : an interdisciplinary journal of the language sciences}, number = {1}, publisher = {De Gruyter Mouton}, address = {Berlin}, issn = {0024-3949}, doi = {10.1515/ling-2020-0256}, pages = {1 -- 34}, year = {2021}, abstract = {The paper revisits Duffield's (2007) (Duffield, Nigel. 2007. Aspects of Vietnamese clausal structure: Separating tense from assertion. Linguistics 45(4). 765-814) analysis of the correlation between the position of a 'when'-phrase and the temporal reference of a bare sentence in Vietnamese. Bare sentences in Vietnamese, based on (Smith, Carlota S. \& Mary S. Erbaugh. 2005. Temporal interpretation in Mandarin Chinese. Linguistics 43(4). 713-756), are argued to obtain their temporal interpretation from their aspectual composition, and the default temporal reference: bounded events are located in the past, unbounded events at present. It is shown that the correlation so observed in when-questions is superficial, and is tied to the syntax and semantics of temporal modification and the requirement that temporal adverbials denoting future time is base generated in sentence-initial position, and past time adverbials in sentence-final position. A 'when'-phrase, being temporally underspecified, obtains its temporal value from its base position. However, the correlation between word order and temporal reference in argument wh-questions and declaratives is factual, depending on whether the predicate-argument configuration allows for a telic interpretation or not. To be specific, it is dependent on whether the application of Generic Modification (Snyder, William. 2012. Parameter theory and motion predicates. In Violeta Demonte \& Louise McNally (eds.), Telicity, change, and state. Acrosscategorial view of event structure, 279-299. Oxford: Oxford University Press) or accomplishment composition is realized. Canonical declaratives, and argument wh-questions, with telicity inducing material, license GM or accomplishment composition, yielding bounded events, hence past; by contrast, their noncanonical counterparts block GM or accomplishment composition, giving rise to unbounded event descriptions, hence non-past.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Erdmann2021, author = {Erdmann, Julius}, title = {Kultursemiotik digitaler Bildzeichen der tunesischen Revolution}, series = {Communicatio ; 51}, journal = {Communicatio ; 51}, publisher = {de Gruyter}, address = {Berlin}, isbn = {978-3-11-063845-5}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, pages = {XI, 382}, year = {2021}, language = {de} } @article{Koch2021, author = {Koch, Franziska}, title = {Zwischen Rache, Schuld und Wunschtraum. Die Zerst{\"o}rung der d{\"o}rflichen Gemeinschaft in Tadeusz Nowaks "A jak kr{\´o}lem, a jak katem będziesz"}, series = {Close Reading - Distant Reading. Spannungsfelder der slavistischen Literatur- und Kulturwissenschaften}, journal = {Close Reading - Distant Reading. Spannungsfelder der slavistischen Literatur- und Kulturwissenschaften}, publisher = {Martin-Luther-Universit{\"a}t Halle-Wittenberg}, address = {Halle}, isbn = {978-3-96670-076-4}, issn = {2194-7473}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.25673/36970}, pages = {279 -- 293}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Der Artikel diskutiert den Roman „A jak kr{\´o}lem, a jak katem będziesz" (1968, „Und wenn du K{\"o}nig und wenn du Henker bist") von Tadeusz Nowak unter besonderer Ber{\"u}cksichtigung der Frage, wie die - durch die Augenzeugenschaft der Shoah begr{\"u}ndeten - Traumata des polnischen Dorfes in Nowaks Text sichtbar werden. Der Roman ist gepr{\"a}gt durch ein ambivalentes, zwischen Wunsch- und Schuldnarrativen pendelndes Erz{\"a}hlen. Der Protagonist verk{\"o}rpert einen unbequemen Helden, der tief verwurzelt in den volkst{\"u}mlichen Traditionen seiner b{\"a}uerlichen Herkunft ist. Als paternalistischer Besch{\"u}tzer und R{\"a}cher seines j{\"u}dischen Freundes erlebt er die Zerst{\"o}rung der d{\"o}rflichen Idylle. Taumelnd zwischen Rachegedanken und Schuldgef{\"u}hlen gegen{\"u}ber seiner Dorfgemeinschaft verf{\"a}llt Piotr dem Wahnsinn. Ein Weiterleben nach Kriegsende ist f{\"u}r ihn nur durch Amnesie und kathartische Wiederaufnahme in das d{\"o}rfliche Kollektiv m{\"o}glich. Die St{\"a}rke von Nowaks Roman liegt nicht allein in der Rekonstruktion der polnischen volkst{\"u}mlichen Kultur. Vielmehr zeigt der Roman den Versuch, die historischen und sozialen Traumata des polnischen Dorfes w{\"a}hrend der Jahre 1939-1945 - die in der direkten und unmittelbaren Augenzeugenschaft der Shoah begr{\"u}ndet liegen - mit dem der ruralen Bev{\"o}lkerung eigenen Wort-, Legenden- und Erfahrungsschatz wiederzugeben.}, language = {de} } @article{BoschDeCesareDemskeetal.2021, author = {Bosch, Sina and De Cesare, Ilaria and Demske, Ulrike and Felser, Claudia}, title = {New empirical approaches to grammatical variation and change}, series = {Languages : open access journal}, volume = {6}, journal = {Languages : open access journal}, number = {3}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {2226-471X}, doi = {10.3390/languages6030113}, pages = {3}, year = {2021}, language = {en} } @article{Clahsen2021, author = {Clahsen, Harald}, title = {Obituary: Pieter Muysken}, series = {Bilingualism : language and cognition}, volume = {24}, journal = {Bilingualism : language and cognition}, number = {4}, publisher = {Cambridge Univ. Press}, address = {Cambridge}, issn = {1366-7289}, doi = {10.1017/S1366728921000249}, pages = {597 -- 598}, year = {2021}, language = {en} } @article{Ernst2021, author = {Ernst, Marion Eva}, title = {Negative menschliche Eigenschaften im Spiegel der Vogel-Metaphorik}, series = {Sprache \& Sprachen : Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Sprache und Sprachen}, journal = {Sprache \& Sprachen : Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Sprache und Sprachen}, number = {Sonderheft}, publisher = {GeSuS}, address = {Gelsenkirchen}, issn = {0934-6813}, pages = {91 -- 107}, year = {2021}, abstract = {In dem vorliegenden Beitrag wird es um Metaphern und Phraseologismen gehen, in denen sich negative menschliche Eigenschaften wie z.B. Dummheit, Verr{\"u}cktheit oder Unsauberkeit im Spiegel der Vogel-Metaphorik niederschlagen. F{\"u}r die Metaphern wird ausgef{\"u}hrt, wie, vor dem Hintergrund der Metapherntheorie von Lakoff \& Johnson (1980), Charakteristika der jeweiligen Vogelart semantisch auf Subfelder mangelnder menschlicher sozialer und kognitiver Kompetenzen bezogen sind. Welcher Bezug besteht zwischen einem Ursprungsbereich (source domain) und einem Zielbereich (target domain) wie in Pleitegeier? Wie motiviert oder motivierbar sind Metaphern und Phraseologismen wie Spinatwachtel oder eine Meise haben? In Bezug auf die Phraseologismen wird er{\"o}rtert, welche struktursemantischen Klassen vertreten sind und welche semantischen Subfelder im Vergleich zu den Metaphern Verwendung finden.}, language = {de} } @article{Hassler2021, author = {Hassler, Gerda}, title = {Meaning and Function}, series = {Concordia discors vs. discordia concors : international journal for researches into comparative literature, contrastive linguistics, cross-cultural and translation strategies}, journal = {Concordia discors vs. discordia concors : international journal for researches into comparative literature, contrastive linguistics, cross-cultural and translation strategies}, number = {16}, publisher = {Ştefan cel Mare University Press}, address = {Suceava}, issn = {2065-4057}, pages = {17 -- 50}, year = {2021}, abstract = {The use of the word functional in the most diverse theories and approaches has contributed in no small measure to the confusion in linguistics today. This article does not claim to give an overview of the different directions of functionalism in linguistics. Rather, the aim is to present what Coseriu's view characterised as functional in his time and to what extent his theory outlined a path that still makes sense in functional-cognitive linguistics today. This will involve an examination of Coseriu's difficult-to-identify concept of function. Furthermore, the article will also show that functional thinking is relevant for current grammatography.}, language = {en} } @article{PueblaGarcia2021, author = {Puebla, Cecilia and Garcia, Juan}, title = {Advocating the inclusion of older adults in digital language learning technology and research}, series = {Bilingualism : language and cognition}, volume = {25}, journal = {Bilingualism : language and cognition}, number = {3}, publisher = {Cambridge Univ. Press}, address = {New York}, issn = {1366-7289}, doi = {10.1017/S1366728921000742}, pages = {398 -- 399}, year = {2021}, language = {en} } @masterthesis{Kraft2021, type = {Bachelor Thesis}, author = {Kraft, Justin}, title = {Eine vergleichende Analyse der sprachlichen Manipulationsstrategien von AfD und NSDAP anhand ausgew{\"a}hlter Beispiele}, doi = {10.25932/publishup-49610}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-496104}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, pages = {42}, year = {2021}, abstract = {In den letzten Jahren erlebte der Rechtspopulismus in Europa einen Aufstieg. Die ‚Alternative f{\"u}r Deutschland' (AfD) erhielt bei der deutschen Bundestagswahl 2017 beispielsweise 12,7 \% der abgegebenen Stimmen und war dar{\"u}ber hinaus gerade im Osten des Landes erfolgreich. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wird vergleichend untersucht, welche sprachlichen Manipulationsstrategien der AfD dazu beitragen und wie sie wirken. Die Arbeit gliedert sich grob in zwei Teile: die Analyse des Sprachgebrauchs der AfD und schließlich der Vergleich mit jenem der Nationalsozialist:innen. Ziel der Arbeit ist es nicht, die AfD als Kopie der NSDAP zu entlarven, sondern ihre sprachlichen Manipulationsstrategien im historischen Kontext ergebnisoffen zu analysieren und so ein tieferes Verst{\"a}ndnis dieser zu erm{\"o}glichen, um eine Grundlage f{\"u}r die zuk{\"u}nftige Erarbeitung m{\"o}glicher Gegenstrategien zu schaffen. Dabei stellt sich die Verwendung von diskriminierenden Sprechakten als wesentlicher Teilaspekt der Strategie heraus. So kann aus den Ergebnissen geschlussfolgert werden, dass die Polarisierung der Gesellschaft in zwei Teile (Ingroup und Outgroup) sowie die damit verbundene Diskriminierung der Outgroup als Ziel des Sprachgebrauchs der AfD bezeichnet werden k{\"o}nnen. Auf diesem Weg kann eine zunehmende Radikalisierung des Sprachgebrauchs innerhalb der letzten Jahre festgestellt werden. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit werden im Vergleich mit den Nationalsozialist:innen zahlreiche Parallelen deutlich: {\"U}ber gemeinsame Stilmittel wie Metaphorik, Verwendung von Superlativen oder bestimmten Begrifflichkeiten hinaus ist hier vor allem die Diskriminierung eines konkreten Feindbildes sowie die angestrebte Spaltung der Bev{\"o}lkerung zu nennen. Zugleich gilt es auch, die deutlichen Unterschiede zwischen dem Sprachgebrauch im Nationalsozialismus und jenem der AfD zu akzentuieren, um eine ebenso leichtfertige wie unangemessene Gleichsetzung zu verhindern. Zentral ist hier die Eindeutigkeit des Sprachgebrauchs. Die Vergleiche mit verschiedenen Quellen aus dem Dritten Reich verdeutlichen, dass der Sprachgebrauch im Nationalsozialismus direkter und viel radikaler war. Die AfD ist hingegen oftmals darauf bedacht, ihre Aussagen nur augenscheinlich eindeutig zu formulieren, sich insgesamt aber immer eine M{\"o}glichkeit des sprachlichen Zur{\"u}ckruderns offen zu halten. Ein offensichtlicher Grund d{\"u}rften die unterschiedlichen gesellschaftlichen Bedingungen zu beiden Zeiten sein. F{\"u}r die AfD ist es heute schwieriger, eine ausreichend große Masse an mindestens unsicheren Menschen zu mobilisieren. Begr{\"u}ndet werden kann dies mit einer im Vergleich zur Weimarer Republik {\"u}ber Jahrzehnte hinweg gesetzlich, politisch und gesellschaftlich etablierten und sehr stabilen Demokratie. Deshalb ist die AfD darauf angewiesen, eine mehrdeutige Sprache zu verwenden, die ihnen im Bedarfsfall eine Rechtfertigung und somit einen Weg zur{\"u}ck erm{\"o}glicht. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus erm{\"o}glicht ihnen ein solcher Sprachgebrauch aber auch, sich einerseits gegen{\"u}ber den Institutionen der Demokratie (beispielsweise dem Verfassungsschutz) zu rechtfertigen und andererseits insbesondere der konservativen W{\"a}hlerschaft das Gef{\"u}hl zu geben, dass sie keine rechtsextreme Partei w{\"a}hlen. Aus den Ergebnissen der Arbeit l{\"a}sst sich dar{\"u}ber hinaus die These ableiten, dass eine Ver{\"a}nderung des Sprachgebrauchs allein nicht dazu f{\"u}hrt, dass Menschen einer Ideologie folgen. Der historische Vergleich deutet aber darauf hin, dass ein diskriminierender Sprachgebrauch zur Entstehung eines N{\"a}hrbodens einer solchen Ideologie beitragen kann, wenn der gesellschaftliche und politische Rahmen es zul{\"a}sst. Diesen Rahmen versucht die AfD St{\"u}ck f{\"u}r St{\"u}ck in ihrem Sinne zu verschieben. In den letzten Jahren gelang es ihr zunehmend, den {\"o}ffentlichen Diskurs zu ihren Gunsten mitzubestimmen und zu ver{\"a}ndern. Daf{\"u}r ist der manipulative Gebrauch von Sprache entscheidend. Durch ihn sind sie in der Lage, die ›gef{\"u}hlte‹ Wahrheit im Kampf gegen Fakten siegen zu lassen und Diskurse wie die Klima-Debatte oder die Diskussionen um Maßnahmen gegen die Coronapandemie zu beeinflussen. Die Arbeit macht aber auch deutlich, wie kompliziert das Vorhaben der Polarisierung in einer heterogenen Gesellschaft wie der heutigen deutschen ist. Sogar innerhalb der AfD kommt es immer h{\"a}ufiger zu Uneinigkeiten.}, language = {de} } @misc{GrubicWierzba2021, author = {Grubic, Mira and Wierzba, Marta}, title = {The German additive particle noch}, series = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe}, journal = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe}, number = {709}, issn = {1866-8364}, doi = {10.25932/publishup-51004}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-510049}, pages = {29}, year = {2021}, abstract = {The particle noch ('still') can have an additive reading similar to auch ('also'). We argue that both particles indicate that a previously partially answered QUD is re-opened to add a further answer. The particles differ in that the QUD, in the case of auch, can be re-opened with respect to the same topic situation, whereas noch indicates that the QUD is re-opened with respect to a new topic situation. This account predicts a difference in the accommodation behavior of the two particles. We present an experiment whose results are in line with this prediction.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Pauly2021, author = {Pauly, Dennis Nikolas}, title = {The effect of noun capitalization when reading German and English}, doi = {10.25932/publishup-49803}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-498031}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, pages = {III, 200}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Das Promotionsprojekt hatte als Ziel, die Fragestellung zu beantworten, ob die strukturelle wortinitiale Substantivgroßschreibung, wie sie sich neben dem Deutschen sonst nur noch im Luxemburgischen finden l{\"a}sst, {\"u}ber eine Funktion verf{\"u}gt, die dem Leser einen Vorteil bringt. Die {\"u}bergeordnete Hypothese war, dass ein Vorteil dadurch erreicht wird, dass durch die parafoveale Wahrnehmung der Majuskel bereits eine syntaktische Kategorie, n{\"a}mlich der Kern einer Nominalgruppe, aktiviert wird. Durch diese Wahrnehmung aus dem Augenwinkel sollte das nachfolgende Substantiv schon vorverarbeitet werden k{\"o}nnen. Im Ergebnis sollte eine Erleichterung der Satzverarbeitung bewirkt werden, was sich letztlich in insgesamt schnelleren Lese- bzw. Fixationszeiten zeigen sollte. Die Struktur des Projekts beinhaltet drei Studien, die teilweise jeweils unterschiedliche Versuchspersonengruppen umfassten: Studie 1: - Studiendesign: Semantisches Priming mittels sogenannter Holzwegs{\"a}tze sollten die Funktionsweise der Substantivgroßschreibung f{\"u}r den Leser hervorbringen - Versuchspersonen: Deutsche L1-Sprecher lesen Deutsch Studie 2: - Studiendesign: gleiches Design wie Studie 1, allerdings auf Englisch - Versuchspersonengruppen: Studie 3: 1. Englische L1-Sprecher g{\"a}nzlich ohne Deutschkenntnisse, 2. englische L1-Sprecher, die regelm{\"a}ßig deutsche Texte lesen, 3. deutsche L1-Sprecher mit exzellenten Englischkenntnissen. - Studiendesign: Einfluss der Substantivfrequenz auf eine potentielle Vorverarbeitung mittels boundary paradigm; Untersuchungsprachen: Deutsch und Englisch - Versuchspersonengruppen: 1. Deutsche L1-Sprecher lesen Deutsch, 2. englische L1-Sprecher g{\"a}nzlich ohne Deutschkenntnisse lesen Englisch, 3. deutsche L1-Sprecher mit exzellenten Englischkenntnissen lesen Englisch. Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse: Die Substantivgroßschreibung hat eindeutig einen Einfluss auf die Satzverarbeitung sowohl im Deutschen als auch im Englischen. Dass dieser einen substanziell entscheidenden Vorteil bringt, kann nicht best{\"a}tigt werden.}, language = {en} } @article{PaetzelPruesmannPerugiaCastellano2021, author = {Paetzel-Pr{\"u}smann, Maike and Perugia, Giulia and Castellano, Ginevra}, title = {The influence of robot personality on the development of uncanny feelings}, series = {Computers in human behavior}, volume = {120}, journal = {Computers in human behavior}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {0747-5632}, doi = {10.1016/j.chb.2021.106756}, pages = {17}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Empirical investigations on the uncanny valley have almost solely focused on the analysis of people?s noninteractive perception of a robot at first sight. Recent studies suggest, however, that these uncanny first impressions may be significantly altered over an interaction. What is yet to discover is whether certain interaction patterns can lead to a faster decline in uncanny feelings. In this paper, we present a study in which participants with limited expertise in Computer Science played a collaborative geography game with a Furhat robot. During the game, Furhat displayed one of two personalities, which corresponded to two different interaction strategies. The robot was either optimistic and encouraging, or impatient and provocative. We performed the study in a science museum and recruited participants among the visitors. Our findings suggest that a robot that is rated high on agreeableness, emotional stability, and conscientiousness can indeed weaken uncanny feelings. This study has important implications for human-robot interaction design as it further highlights that a first impression, merely based on a robot?s appearance, is not indicative of the affinity people might develop towards it throughout an interaction. We thus argue that future work should emphasize investigations on exact interaction patterns that can help to overcome uncanny feelings.}, language = {en} } @article{KorochkinaBuerkiFoschiniNickels2021, author = {Korochkina, Maria and B{\"u}rki-Foschini, Audrey Damaris and Nickels, Lyndsey}, title = {Apples and oranges}, series = {Journal of memory and language : JML}, volume = {120}, journal = {Journal of memory and language : JML}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {0749-596X}, doi = {10.1016/j.jml.2021.104246}, pages = {17}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Despite scarce empirical evidence, introducing new vocabulary in semantic categories has long been standard in second language teaching. We examined the effect of learning context on encoding, immediate recall and integration of new vocabulary into semantic memory by contrasting categorically related (novel names for familiar concepts blocked by semantic category) and unrelated (mixed semantic categories) learning contexts. Two learning sessions were conducted 24 hours apart, with each participant exposed to both contexts. Subsequently, a test phase examined picture naming, translation and picture-word interference tasks. Compared to the unrelated context, the categorically related context resulted in poorer naming accuracy in the learning phase, slower response latencies at the immediate recall tasks and greater semantic interference in the picture-word interference task (picture naming in L1 with semantically related novel word distractors). We develop a theoretical account of word learning that attributes observed differences to episodic rather than semantic memory.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Fominyam2021, author = {Fominyam, Henry Zamchang}, title = {Aspects of Awing grammar and information structure}, doi = {10.25932/publishup-51806}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-518068}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, pages = {xi, 391}, year = {2021}, abstract = {This project describes the nominal, verbal and 'truncation' systems of Awing and explains the syntactic and semantic functions of the multifunctional l<-><-> (LE) morpheme in copular and wh-focused constructions. Awing is a Bantu Grassfields language spoken in the North West region of Cameroon. The work begins with morphological processes viz. deverbals, compounding, reduplication, borrowing and a thorough presentation of the pronominal system and takes on verbal categories viz. tense, aspect, mood, verbal extensions, negation, adverbs and triggers of a homorganic N(asal)-prefix that attaches to the verb and other verbal categories. Awing grammar also has a very unusual phenomenon whereby nouns and verbs take long and short forms. A chapter entitled truncation is dedicated to the phenomenon. It is observed that the truncation process does not apply to bare singular NPs, proper names and nouns derived via morphological processes. On the other hand, with the exception of the 1st person non-emphatic possessive determiner and the class 7 noun prefix, nouns generally take the truncated form with modifiers (i.e., articles, demonstratives and other possessives). It is concluded that nominal truncation depicts movement within the DP system (Abney 1987). Truncation of the verb occurs in three contexts: a mass/plurality conspiracy (or lattice structuring in terms of Link 1983) between the verb and its internal argument (i.e., direct object); a means to align (exhaustive) focus (in terms of Fery's 2013), and a means to form polar questions. The second part of the work focuses on the role of the LE morpheme in copular and wh-focused clauses. Firstly, the syntax of the Awing copular clause is presented and it is shown that copular clauses in Awing have 'subject-focus' vs 'topic-focus' partitions and that the LE morpheme indirectly relates such functions. Semantically, it is shown that LE does not express contrast or exhaustivity in copular clauses. Turning to wh-constructions, the work adheres to Hamblin's (1973) idea that the meaning of a question is the set of its possible answers and based on Rooth's (1985) underspecified semantic notion of alternative focus, concludes that the LE morpheme is not a Focus Marker (FM) in Awing: LE does not generate or indicate the presence of alternatives (Krifka 2007); The LE morpheme can associate with wh-elements as a focus-sensitive operator with semantic import that operates on the focus alternatives by presupposing an exhaustive answer, among other notions. With focalized categories, the project further substantiates the claim in Fominyam \& Šim{\´i}k (2017), namely that exhaustivity is part of the semantics of the LE morpheme and not derived via contextual implicature, via a number of diagnostics. Hence, unlike in copular clauses, the LE morpheme with wh-focused categories is analysed as a morphological exponent of a functional head Exh corresponding to Horvath's (2010) EI (Exhaustive Identification). The work ends with the syntax of verb focus and negation and modifies the idea in Fominyam \& Šim{\´i}k (2017), namely that the focalized verb that associates with the exhaustive (LE) particle is a lower copy of the finite verb that has been moved to Agr. It is argued that the LE-focused verb 'cluster' is an instantiation of adjunction. The conclusion is that verb doubling with verb focus in Awing is neither a realization of two copies of one and the same verb (Fominyam and Šim{\´i}k 2017), nor a result of a copy triggered by a focus marker (Aboh and Dyakonova 2009). Rather, the focalized copy is said to be merged directly as the complement of LE forming a type of adjoining cluster.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{DeCesare2021, author = {De Cesare, Ilaria}, title = {Word order variability and change in German infinitival complements}, doi = {10.25932/publishup-52735}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-527358}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, pages = {xii, 231}, year = {2021}, abstract = {The present work deals with the variation in the linearisation of German infinitival complements from a diachronic perspective. Based on the observation that in present-day German the position of infinitival complements is restricted by properties of the matrix verb (Haider, 2010, Wurmbrand, 2001), whereas this appears much more liberal in older stages of German (Demske, 2008, Mach{\´e} and Abraham, 2011, Demske, 2015), this dissertation investigates the emergence of those restrictions and the factors that have led to a reduced, yet still existing variability. The study contrasts infinitival complements of two types of matrix verbs, namely raising and control verbs. In present-day German, these show different syntactic behaviour and opposite preferences as far as the position of the infinitive is concerned: while infinitival complements of raising verbs build a single clausal domain with the with the matrix verb and occur obligatorily intraposed, infinitive complements of control verbs can form clausal constituents and occur predominantly extraposed. This correlation is not attested in older stages of German, at least not until Early New High German. Drawing on diachronic corpus data, the present work provides a description of the changes in the linearisation of infinitival complements from Early New High German to present-day German which aims at finding out when the correlation between infinitive type and word order emerged and further examines their possible causes. The study shows that word order change in German infinitival complements is not a case of syntactic change in the narrow sense, but that the diachronic variation results from the interaction of different language-internal and language-external factors and that it reflects, on the one hand, the influence of language modality on the emerging standard language and, on the other hand, a process of specialisation.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Eilers2021, author = {Eilers, Sarah}, title = {Children's processing of anaphora during reading comprehension}, doi = {10.25932/publishup-52714}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-527141}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, pages = {107}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Viele Kinder haben Schwierigkeiten, w{\"a}hrend des Lesens einen Textinhalt ad{\"a}quat zu erfassen. Lesen ist eine komplexe kognitive Aufgabe, die verschiedene Unteraufgaben umfasst, darunter zum Beispiel das Dekodieren von W{\"o}rtern und das Verkn{\"u}pfen mehrerer aufeinander folgender S{\"a}tze. Einen Teil dieser Verkn{\"u}pfungen machen referenzielle Ausdr{\"u}cke aus. Referenzen wie nominale Anaphern (Minky/die Katze) oder Pronomen (Minky/sie) signalisieren den Lesenden, wie die Protagonisten und Protagonistinnen in aufeinander folgenden S{\"a}tzen zusammenh{\"a}ngen. Die Lesenden verkn{\"u}pfen diese Information in einem mentalen Modell des Textes, nachdem sie die Referenz aufgel{\"o}st haben. Besonders Personalpronomen (er/sie) k{\"o}nnen ohne einen solchen Aufl{\"o}sungsprozess nicht verstanden werden. Sie m{\"u}ssen mit einem passenden Antezedenten in Verbindung gebracht werden, oder das mentale Modell bleibt unvollst{\"a}ndig. Gelungene Pronomenaufl{\"o}sung ist somit besonders bedeutsam f{\"u}r ein gutes Textverst{\"a}ndnis. Die vorliegende Dissertation besch{\"a}ftigt sich mit der Pronomenaufl{\"o}sung von Grundschulkindern im Alter von 8-9 Jahren und geht dabei der grunds{\"a}tzlichen Frage nach, ob Kinder in diesem Alter Pronomen in nat{\"u}rlichen Lesesituationen spontan aufl{\"o}sen. Zudem wurde am Beispiel der Geschlechtsinformation des Pronomens untersucht, welchen Einfluss die Informationsdichte um die Pronomenregion auf die Blickbewegungen von Kindern hat. Dabei ging es auch um den Einfluss von Leseentwicklung und Lesefertigkeiten auf die Blickbewegungen beim Lesen, sowie auf das Verstehen eines Pronomens. Die erste Studie untersuchte das Lesen kurzer Texte, die aus jeweils drei S{\"a}tzen bestanden. Der erste Satz f{\"u}hrte einen Protagonisten mit Namen ein (Mia), auf den sich der zweite oder dritte Satz bezog, entweder mit einer Wiederholung des Namens (Mia) oder einem Pronomen (sie). Die Studie ging der Frage nach, ob Kinder bei solchen salienten Antezedenten ein Pronomen (sie) als referenziellen Ausdruck dem wiederholten Namen (Mia) vorziehen. In der Literatur zum Lesen Erwachsener ist dieser Befund als repeated name penalty effect bekannt: Der Lesefluss von ge{\"u}bten Lesenden wird durch die Wiederholung einer Nominalphrase deutlich beeintr{\"a}chtigt. F{\"u}r Kinder dagegen wurde die Hypothese aufgestellt, dass deren Lesefluss durch die Wiederholung verbessert werden k{\"o}nnte, und zwar aufgrund der sich {\"u}berlappenden Wortform (Mia - Mia) die eine kognitiv aufw{\"a}ndige Aufl{\"o}sung des Pronomens (Mia - sie) {\"u}berfl{\"u}ssig macht. Die zweite Studie untersuchte die Verarbeitung von kongruenten und inkongruenten Geschlechtsinformation auf dem Pronomen. Die Kinder bekamen komplexe S{\"a}tze zu lesen, bei denen das Pronomen entweder passend zum Antezedenten gew{\"a}hlt war (Mia - sie) oder unpassend (Mia - er). Erg{\"a}nzend wurden Leseverstehen und Lesefl{\"u}ssigkeit erhoben und mit der F{\"a}higkeit der Kinder, spontan ein inkongruentes Pronomen w{\"a}hrend des Lesens zu erkennen, in Verbindung gebracht. Die dritte Studie untersuchte die Blickbewegungen auf dem Pronomen in Abh{\"a}ngigkeit von variierender Geschlechtsinformationen genauer. Sie verglich den Lesefluss und das Leseverstehen von Kindern in Pronomenregionen, in denen das Pronomen anhand von der Geschlechtsinformation eindeutig einem Protagonisten zugeordnet werden kann (Peter und Paula…, er…) mit Lesesituationen, in denen der weitere Satzkontext zur Aufl{\"o}sung herangezogen werden muss (Peter und Paul, … er…). Dabei wurden die Blickbewegungen auf der Pronomenregion mit dem Leseverstehen, insbesondere dem Verstehen des Pronomens, in Verbindung gebracht. Dieses Experiment wurde im Sinne einer Longitudinalstudie in Klasse 3 und Klasse 4 mit der gleichen Gruppe von 70 Kindern durchgef{\"u}hrt. Zusammengefasst belegen die Ergebnisse dieser Dissertation, dass Kinder im Alter zwischen 8 und 9 Jahren noch deutliche Schwierigkeiten mit dem Verstehen von Pronomen in Leseaufgaben haben. Die Antworten auf Verst{\"a}ndnisfragen zum Pronomen zeigen insbesondere, dass Kinder die Kontextinformation in S{\"a}tzen nur unzureichend f{\"u}r die Pronomenaufl{\"o}sung nutzen, und dass ihr Verst{\"a}ndnis eines Pronomens wesentlich davon abh{\"a}ngt, ob das Pronomen anhand der Geschlechtsinformation eindeutig einem Antezedenten zugewiesen werden kann. Dies zeigte sich bei Kindern im 3., aber auch noch im 4. Schuljahr. Die Ergebnisse der Analyse von Blickbewegungsdaten, welche den wesentlichen Beitrag der vorliegenden Dissertation zum Forschungsfeld darstellen, zeigen zun{\"a}chst, dass Kinder ein Pronomen erwarten, wenn der Antezent salient ist (Studie 1). Anders als angenommen gibt es keinen Beleg daf{\"u}r, dass der kindliche Lesefluss von einer Wiederholung des Antezedenten profitiert. Der Befund eines repeated name penalty effects bei Kindern dieser Altersgruppe belegt im Gegenteil eine Sensitivit{\"a}t f{\"u}r die Diskursregeln, nach denen Pronomen auf saliente Antezedenten referieren. Allerdings kann daraus nicht abgeleitet werden, dass die Online-Pronomenaufl{\"o}sung von Kindern mit denen von erwachsenen Lesenden vergleichbar ist. Die Ergebnisse der Analyse von Blickbewegungsdaten auf der Pronomenregion (Studien 2 und 3) belegen wichtige Unterschiede zwischen Kindern und Erwachsenen, sowie deutliche interindividuelle Unterschiede in Zusammenhang mit dem Leseverstehen und der Lesefl{\"u}ssigkeit der Kinder. Die Ergebnisse der Studie 2 belegen einen Zusammenhang zwischen der Lesefl{\"u}ssigkeit eines Kindes und der F{\"a}higkeit, eine Inkongruenz zwischen Pronomen und Antezedenten w{\"a}hrend des Lesens wahrzunehmen. W{\"a}hrend alle Kinder l{\"a}ngere gaze durations (erste Verweildauer) auf einem inkongruenten Pronomen hatten, zeigte sich nur bei Kindern mit hoher Lesefl{\"u}ssigkeit eine Tendenz zu regressiven Blickbewegungen aus der fraglichen Pronomenregion. Diese regressiven Blickbewegungen gelten als Signal f{\"u}r eine lokale Verarbeitungsschwierigkeit und werden als Versuch interpretiert, diese Schwierigkeit aufzul{\"o}sen. Eine hohe Lesefl{\"u}ssigkeit war also korreliert mit dem Erkennen der Inkongruenz. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus war das Blickbewegungsmuster der Kinder, die die Inkongruenz erkannten, vergleichbarer mit dem der erwachsenen Kontrollgruppe. Die Befunde werden so interpretiert, dass Kinder mit einer h{\"o}heren Lesefl{\"u}ssigkeit mehr kognitive Ressourcen f{\"u}r die {\"U}berwachung ihres eigenen Leseprozesses zur Verf{\"u}gung stehen, und sie diese freien Ressourcen zur Pronomenaufl{\"o}sung auch in schwierigen Satzkontexten nutzen k{\"o}nnen. Kinder unterscheiden sich stark in ihrem Leseverstehen, auch innerhalb einer Kohorte. Die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Dissertation belegen, dass vorwiegend Kinder mit gutem Leseverstehen in der Lage sind, Pronomen w{\"a}hrend des Lesens anhand derer Geschlechtsinformation aufzul{\"o}sen. Es l{\"a}sst sich zeigen, dass sich gute Lesende nachweislich mehr Zeit in einer Pronomenregion nehmen, wenn das Pronomen anhand der Geschlechtsinformation direkt aufgel{\"o}st werden kann. Darin unterscheiden sie sich von schlechteren Lesenden, auch wenn diese insgesamt eine l{\"a}ngere Lesedauer zeigen. Das Alter der Kinder war dabei weniger entscheidend als ihre individuelle Leistung im Leseverstehens- und Lesefl{\"u}ssigkeitstest. Zusammengefasst l{\"a}sst sich sagen, dass gute Lesende unter den Kindern in der Lage sind, Pronomen w{\"a}hrend des Lesens spontan aufzul{\"o}sen. Dabei ist das Leseverstehen ein entscheidender Faktor in beiden untersuchten Altersstufen. F{\"u}r einen Einfluss des Alters der Kinder gab es dagegen kein Indiz. Der Beitrag der vorliegenden Dissertation zum Forschungsfeld ist die Untersuchung und Darstellung der spezifischen Blickbewegungsmuster im Zusammenhang mit einer erfolgreichen Aufl{\"o}sung von Pronomen bei Kindern. Das Blickbewegungsverhalten in der Pronomenregion ist abh{\"a}ngig vom Leseverstehen und der Lesefl{\"u}ssigkeit der Kinder. Die vorliegenden Ergebnisse lassen vermuten, dass viele Kinder Pronomen w{\"a}hrend des Satzverstehens nicht spontan aufl{\"o}sen, was sich negativ auf ihr Leseverstehen auswirkt, und zwar vermutlich umso mehr in komplexeren Textzusammenh{\"a}ngen. Die vorliegende Arbeit verdeutlicht die kognitiven Anforderungen, die erfolgreiche Pronomenaufl{\"o}sung an Kinder stellt. Nicht zuletzt gibt sie wichtige Impulse f{\"u}r die Untersuchung von {\"u}bergeordneten Leseprozessen in nat{\"u}rlichen Leseumgebungen mittels Eyetracking auch bei j{\"u}ngeren Kindern.}, language = {en} } @article{HyoenaeHeikkilaeVainioetal.2021, author = {Hy{\"o}n{\"a}, Jukka and Heikkil{\"a}, Timo T. and Vainio, Seppo and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Parafoveal access to word stem during reading}, series = {Cognition : international journal of cognitive science}, volume = {208}, journal = {Cognition : international journal of cognitive science}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {0010-0277}, doi = {10.1016/j.cognition.2020.104547}, pages = {13}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Previous studies (Hyona, Yan, \& Vainio, 2018; Yan et al., 2014) have demonstrated that in morphologically rich languages a word's morphological status is processed parafoveally to be used in modulating saccadic programming in reading. In the present parafoveal preview study conducted in Finnish, we examined the exact nature of this effect by comparing reading of morphologically complex words (a stem + two suffixes) to that of monomorphemic words. In the preview-change condition, the final 3-4 letters were replaced with other letters making the target word a pseudoword; for suffixed words, the word stem remained intact but the suffix information was unavailable; for monomorphemic words, only part of the stem was parafoveally available. Three alternative predictions were put forth. According to the first alternative, the morphological effect in initial fixation location is due to parafoveally perceiving the suffix as a highly frequent letter cluster and then adjusting the saccade program to land closer to the word beginning for suffixed than monomorphemic words. The second alternative, the processing difficulty hypothesis, assumes a morphological complexity effect: suffixed words are more complex than monomorphemic words. Therefore, the attentional window is narrower and the saccade is shorter. The third alternative posits that the effect reflects parafoveal access to the word's stem. The results for the initial fixation location and fixation durations were consistent with the parafoveal stem-access view.}, language = {en} } @article{Reifegerste2021, author = {Reifegerste, Jana}, title = {The effects of aging on bilingual language}, series = {Bilingualism : language and cognition}, volume = {24}, journal = {Bilingualism : language and cognition}, number = {1}, publisher = {Cambridge Univ. Press}, address = {Cambridge}, issn = {1366-7289}, doi = {10.1017/S1366728920000413}, pages = {1 -- 17}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Substantial research has examined cognition in aging bilinguals. However, less work has investigated the effects of aging on language itself in bilingualism. In this article I comprehensively review prior research on this topic, and interpret the evidence in light of current theories of aging and theories of bilingualism. First, aging indeed appears to affect bilinguals' language performance, though there is considerable variability in the trajectory across adulthood (declines, age-invariance, and improvements) and in the extent to which these trajectories resemble those found in monolinguals. I argue that these age effects are likely explained by the key opposing forces of increasing experience and cognitive declines in aging. Second, consistent with some theoretical work on bilingual language processing, the grammatical processing mechanisms do not seem to change between younger and older bilingual adults, even after decades of immersion. I conclude by discussing how future research can further advance the field.}, language = {en} } @article{FelisattiFischerKulkovaetal.2021, author = {Felisatti, Arianna and Fischer, Martin H. and Kulkova, Elena and K{\"u}hne, Katharina and Michirev, Alexej}, title = {Separation/connection procedures}, series = {Behavioral and brain sciences : an international journal of current research and theory with open peer commentary}, volume = {44}, journal = {Behavioral and brain sciences : an international journal of current research and theory with open peer commentary}, publisher = {Cambridge Univ. Press}, address = {New York}, issn = {1469-1825}, doi = {10.1017/S0140525X20000461}, pages = {2}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Lee and Schwarz (L\&S) suggest that separation is the grounded procedure underlying cleansing effects in different psychological domains. Here, we interpret L\&S's account from a hierarchical view of cognition that considers the influence of physical properties and sensorimotor constraints on mental representations. This approach allows theoretical integration and generalization of L\&S's account to the domain of formal quantitative reasoning.}, language = {en} } @article{HohausZimmermann2021, author = {Hohaus, Vera and Zimmermann, Malte}, title = {Comparisons of equality with German so ... wie, and the relationship between degrees and properties}, series = {Journal of semantics}, volume = {38}, journal = {Journal of semantics}, number = {1}, publisher = {Oxford Univ. Press}, address = {Oxford}, issn = {0167-5133}, doi = {10.1093/jos/ffaa011}, pages = {95 -- 143}, year = {2021}, abstract = {We present a compositionally transparent, unified semantic analysis of two kinds of so ... wie-equative constructions in German, namely degree equatives and property equatives in the domain of individuals or events. Unlike in English and many other European languages (Haspelmath \& Buchholz 1998, Rett 2013), both equative types in German feature the parameter marker so, suggesting a unified analysis. We show that the parallel formal expression of German degree and property equatives is accompanied by a parallel syntactic distribution (in predicative, attributive, and adverbial position), and by identical semantic properties: Both equative types allow for scope ambiguities, show negative island effects out of context, and license the negative polarity item uberhaupt 'at all' in the complement clause. As the same properties are also shared by German comparatives, we adopt the influential quantificational analysis of comparatives in von Stechow (1984ab), Heim (1985, 2001, 2007), and Beck (2011), and treat both German equative types in a uniform manner as expressing universal quantification over sets of degrees or over sets of properties (of individuals or events). Conceptually, the uniform marking of degree-related and property-related meanings is expected given that the abstract semantic category degree (type ) can be reconstructed in terms of equivalence classes, i.e., ontologically simpler sets of individuals (type ) or events (type ). These are found in any language, showing that whether or not a language makes explicit reference to degrees (by means of gradable adjectives, degree question words, degree-only equatives) does not follow on general conceptual or semantic grounds, but is determined by the grammar of that language.}, language = {en} } @article{BarthWeingartenOgden2021, author = {Barth-Weingarten, Dagmar and Ogden, Richard}, title = {"Chunking" spoken language}, series = {Open linguistics}, volume = {7}, journal = {Open linguistics}, number = {1}, publisher = {De Gruyter}, address = {Berlin}, issn = {2300-9969}, doi = {10.1515/opli-2020-0173}, pages = {531 -- 548}, year = {2021}, abstract = {In this introductory paper to the special issue on "Weak cesuras in talk-in-interaction", we aim to guide the reader into current work on the "chunking" of naturally occurring talk. It is conducted in the methodological frameworks of Conversation Analysis and Interactional Linguistics - two approaches that consider the interactional aspect of humans talking with each other to be a crucial starting point for its analysis. In doing so, we will (1) lay out the background of this special issue (what is problematic about "chunking" talk-in-interaction, the characteristics of the methodological approach chosen by the contributors, the cesura model), (2) highlight what can be gained from such a revised understanding of "chunking" in talk-in-interaction by referring to previous work with this model as well as the findings of the contributions to this special issue, and (3) indicate further directions such work could take starting from papers in this special issue. We hope to induce a fruitful exchange on the phenomena discussed, across methodological divides.}, language = {en} } @article{FuchsKoenigGerstenberg2021, author = {Fuchs, Susanne and Koenig, Laura L. and Gerstenberg, Annette}, title = {A longitudinal study of speech acoustics in older French females}, series = {Languages : open access journal}, volume = {6}, journal = {Languages : open access journal}, number = {4}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {2226-471X}, doi = {10.3390/languages6040211}, pages = {24}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Aging in speech production is a multidimensional process. Biological, cognitive, social, and communicative factors can change over time, stay relatively stable, or may even compensate for each other. In this longitudinal work, we focus on stability and change at the laryngeal and supralaryngeal levels in the discourse particle euh produced by 10 older French-speaking females at two times, 10 years apart. Recognizing the multiple discourse roles of euh, we divided out occurrences according to utterance position. We quantified the frequency of euh, and evaluated acoustic changes in formants, fundamental frequency, and voice quality across time and utterance position. Results showed that euh frequency was stable with age. The only acoustic measure that revealed an age effect was harmonics-to-noise ratio, showing less noise at older ages. Other measures mostly varied with utterance position, sometimes in interaction with age. Some voice quality changes could reflect laryngeal adjustments that provide for airflow conservation utterance-finally. The data suggest that aging effects may be evident in some prosodic positions (e.g., utterance-final position), but not others (utterance-initial position). Thus, it is essential to consider the interactions among these factors in future work and not assume that vocal aging is evident throughout the signal.}, language = {en} } @article{IefremenkoSchroederKornfilt2021, author = {Iefremenko, Kateryna and Schroeder, Christoph and Kornfilt, Jaklin}, title = {Converbs in heritage Turkish}, series = {Nordic journal of linguistics / publ. for The Nordic Association of Linguists}, volume = {44}, journal = {Nordic journal of linguistics / publ. for The Nordic Association of Linguists}, number = {2}, publisher = {Cambridge Univ. Press}, address = {Cambridge}, issn = {0332-5865}, doi = {10.1017/S0332586521000160}, pages = {130 -- 154}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Turkish expresses adverbial subordination predominantly by means of converb clauses. These are headed by nonfinite verbs, i.e. converbs, which have a converb suffix attached to the stem. The different converbs express different aspectual relations between the subordinate and the superordinate clause, and they can be modifying or non-modifying. We analyse data from speakers of Turkish as a heritage language in Germany and the U.S. as well as monolingual speakers of Turkish in Turkey. The data come from two age groups: adults and adolescents. We show that unlike in canonical Turkish, converbs in heritage Turkish can be multifunctional, meaning that they can express both simultaneity and causality, for example. Furthermore, we show that converbs in heritage Turkish can be both modifying and non-modifying. As possible factors which might be responsible for such variation, we discuss language contact, sociolinguistic differences between the speaker communities (Germany vs. the U.S.) and age of the speakers.}, language = {en} } @article{MazzarellaGotzner2021, author = {Mazzarella, Diana and Gotzner, Nicole}, title = {The polarity asymmetry of negative strengthening}, series = {Glossa : a journal of general linguistics}, volume = {6}, journal = {Glossa : a journal of general linguistics}, number = {1}, publisher = {Open Library of Humanities}, address = {London}, issn = {2397-1835}, doi = {10.5334/gjgl.1342}, pages = {17}, year = {2021}, abstract = {The interpretation of negated antonyms is characterised by a polarity asymmetry: the negation of a positive polarity antonym (X is not interesting) is more likely to be strengthened to convey its opposite ('X is uninteresting') than the negation of a negative polarity antonym (X is not uninteresting to convey that 'X is interesting') is. A classical explanation of this asymmetry relies on face-management. Since the predication of a negative polarity antonym (X is uninteresting) is potentially face-threatening in most contexts, the negation of the corresponding positive polarity antonym (X is not interesting) is more likely to be interpreted as an indirect strategy to minimise face-threat while getting the message across. We present two experimental studies in which we test the predictions of this explanation. In contrast with it, our results show that adjectival polarity, but not face-threatening potential, appears to be responsible for the asymmetric interpretation of negated antonyms.}, language = {en} } @article{PreglaLissonHernandezVasishthetal.2021, author = {Pregla, Dorothea and Liss{\´o}n Hern{\´a}ndez, Paula J. and Vasishth, Shravan and Burchert, Frank and Stadie, Nicole}, title = {Variability in sentence comprehension in aphasia in German}, series = {Brain \& language : a journal of the neurobiology of language}, volume = {222}, journal = {Brain \& language : a journal of the neurobiology of language}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {0093-934X}, doi = {10.1016/j.bl.2021.105008}, pages = {20}, year = {2021}, abstract = {An important aspect of aphasia is the observation of behavioral variability between and within individual participants. Our study addresses variability in sentence comprehension in German, by testing 21 individuals with aphasia and a control group and involving (a) several constructions (declarative sentences, relative clauses and control structures with an overt pronoun or PRO), (b) three response tasks (object manipulation, sentence-picture matching with/without self-paced listening), and (c) two test phases (to investigate test-retest performance). With this systematic, large-scale study we gained insights into variability in sentence comprehension. We found that the size of syntactic effects varied both in aphasia and in control participants. Whereas variability in control participants led to systematic changes, variability in individuals with aphasia was unsystematic across test phases or response tasks. The persistent occurrence of canonicity and interference effects across response tasks and test phases, however, shows that the performance is systematically influenced by syntactic complexity.}, language = {en} } @article{StenzelWilliams2021, author = {Stenzel, Kristine and Williams, Nicholas}, title = {Toward an interactional approach to multilingualism}, series = {Language \& communication : an interdisciplinary journal}, volume = {80}, journal = {Language \& communication : an interdisciplinary journal}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Oxford}, issn = {0271-5309}, doi = {10.1016/j.langcom.2021.05.010}, pages = {136 -- 164}, year = {2021}, abstract = {This study examines language ideologies and communicative practices in the multilingual Vaupes region of northwestern Amazonia. Following a comparative overview of the Vaupes as a 'small-scale' language ecology, it discusses claims from existing ethnographic work on the region in light of data from a corpus of video-recordings of sociolinguistic interviews and spontaneous everyday conversations. It shows how a practice-based and interdisciplinary approach combining language documentation methodology and ethnographic, structural linguistic, and interactional perspectives can contribute to understanding of macro and micro aspects of multilingualism, thus contributing to future work on the Vaupes, typologies of small-scale multilingual ecologies, and language contact research.}, language = {en} } @article{GerstenbergSkupienDekens2021, author = {Gerstenberg, Annette and Skupien-Dekens, Carine}, title = {A grammar of authority?}, series = {Journal of historical pragmatics}, volume = {22}, journal = {Journal of historical pragmatics}, number = {1}, publisher = {John Benjamins Publishing Co.}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {1566-5852}, doi = {10.1075/jhp.17006.ger}, pages = {1 -- 33}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Directive Speech Acts (dsas) are a major feature of historical pragmatics, specifically in research on historical (im)politeness. However, for Classical French, there is a lack of research on related phenomena. In our contribution, we present two recently constructed corpora covering the period of Classical French, sermo and apwcf. We present these corpora in terms of their genre characteristics on a communicative-functional and socio-pragmatic level. Based on the observation that, both in sermo and apwcf, dsas frequently occur together with terms of address, we analyse and manually code a sample based on this co-occurrence, and we compare the results with regard to special features in the individual corpora. The emerging patterns show a clear correspondence between socio-pragmatic factors and the linguistic means used to realise dsas. We propose that these results can be interpreted as signs of an underlying "grammar of authority".}, language = {en} } @article{MertzenLagoVasishth2021, author = {Mertzen, Daniela and Lago, Sol and Vasishth, Shravan}, title = {The benefits of preregistration for hypothesis-driven bilingualism research}, series = {Bilingualism : language and cognition}, volume = {24}, journal = {Bilingualism : language and cognition}, number = {5}, publisher = {Cambridge Univ. Press}, address = {Cambridge}, issn = {1366-7289}, doi = {10.1017/S1366728921000031}, pages = {807 -- 812}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Preregistration is an open science practice that requires the specification of research hypotheses and analysis plans before the data are inspected. Here, we discuss the benefits of preregistration for hypothesis-driven, confirmatory bilingualism research. Using examples from psycholinguistics and bilingualism, we illustrate how non-peer reviewed preregistrations can serve to implement a clean distinction between hypothesis testing and data exploration. This distinction helps researchers avoid casting post-hoc hypotheses and analyses as confirmatory ones. We argue that, in keeping with current best practices in the experimental sciences, preregistration, along with sharing data and code, should be an integral part of hypothesis-driven bilingualism research.}, language = {en} } @article{StegenwallnerSchuetzAdani2021, author = {Stegenwallner-Sch{\"u}tz, Maja and Adani, Flavia}, title = {Number dissimilarity effects in object-initial sentence comprehension by German-speaking children with specific language impairment}, series = {Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR / American Speech Language Hearing Association}, volume = {64}, journal = {Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR / American Speech Language Hearing Association}, number = {3}, publisher = {American Speech-Language-Hearing Assoc.}, address = {Rockville}, issn = {1092-4388}, doi = {10.1044/2020_JSLHR-19-00305}, pages = {870 -- 888}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Purpose: This study examines the contribution of number morphology to language comprehension abilities among children with specific language impairment (SLI) and age-matched controls. It addresses the question of whether number agreement facilitates the comprehension accuracy of object-initial declarative sentences. According to the predictions of the structural intervention account for German, number agreement should assist the correct interpretation of object-initial sentences. Method: This study examines German-speaking children with SLI and a control group of age-matched typically developing children on their sentence comprehension skills for auditory presented subject-verb-object and object-verb-subject (OVS) sentences. The sentences were manipulated with respect to the number properties of the noun phrases (e.g., one plural and one singular, or both singular) and the number agreement of the verb. Results: The group of children with SLI demonstrated poorer comprehension accuracy in comparison to controls. Comprehension difficulty was limited to OVS sentences among children with SLI. In addition, children with SLI comprehended OVS sentences in which number agreement (with plural subject and verb inflection) indicated the noncanonical word order more accurately than OVS sentences with two singular noun phrases and therein did not differ from controls. Conclusion: The study suggests that number agreement helps alleviate the difficulty with OVS sentences and enhances comprehension accuracy, despite the finding that children with SLI exhibit lower comprehension accuracy and more heterogeneous interindividual differences, relative to controls.}, language = {en} } @article{ElsnerAdam2021, author = {Elsner, Birgit and Adam, Maurits}, title = {Infants' goal prediction for simple action events}, series = {Topics in cognitive science / Cognitive Science Society}, volume = {13}, journal = {Topics in cognitive science / Cognitive Science Society}, number = {1}, publisher = {Wiley}, address = {Oxford}, issn = {1756-8765}, doi = {10.1111/tops.12494}, pages = {45 -- 62}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Looking times and gaze behavior indicate that infants can predict the goal state of an observed simple action event (e.g., object-directed grasping) already in the first year of life. The present paper mainly focuses on infants' predictive gaze-shifts toward the goal of an ongoing action. For this, infants need to generate a forward model of the to-be-obtained goal state and to disengage their gaze from the moving agent at a time when information about the action event is still incomplete. By about 6 months of age, infants show goal-predictive gaze-shifts, but mainly for familiar actions that they can perform themselves (e.g., grasping) and for familiar agents (e.g., a human hand). Therefore, some theoretical models have highlighted close relations between infants' ability for action-goal prediction and their motor development and/or emerging action experience. Recent research indicates that infants can also predict action goals of familiar simple actions performed by non-human agents (e.g., object-directed grasping by a mechanical claw) when these agents display agency cues, such as self-propelled movement, equifinality of goal approach, or production of a salient action effect. This paper provides a review on relevant findings and theoretical models, and proposes that the impacts of action experience and of agency cues can be explained from an action-event perspective. In particular, infants' goal-predictive gaze-shifts are seen as resulting from an interplay between bottom-up processing of perceptual information and top-down influences exerted by event schemata that store information about previously executed or observed actions.}, language = {en} } @article{LialiouSotiropoulouGafos2021, author = {Lialiou, Maria and Sotiropoulou, Stavroula and Gafos, Adamantios I.}, title = {Spatiotemporal coordination in word-medial stop-lateral and s-stop clusters of American English}, series = {Phonetica : international journal of phonetic science}, volume = {78}, journal = {Phonetica : international journal of phonetic science}, number = {5-6}, publisher = {De Gruyter Mouton}, address = {Berlin}, issn = {0031-8388}, doi = {10.1515/phon-2021-2010}, pages = {385 -- 433}, year = {2021}, abstract = {This paper is concerned with the relation between syllabic organization and intersegmental spatiotemporal coordination using Electromagnetic Articulometry recordings from seven speakers of American English (henceforth, English). Whereas previous work on English has focused on word-initial clusters (preceding a vowel whose identity was not systematically varied), the present work examined word-medial clusters /pl, kl, sp, sk/ in the context of three different vowel heights (high, mid, low). Our results provide evidence for a global organization for the segments involved in these cluster-vowel combinations. This is reflected in a number of ways: compression of the prevocalic consonant and reduction of CV timing in the word-medial cluster case compared to its singleton paired word in both stop-lateral and s-stop clusters, early vowel initiation (as permitted by the clusters' phonetic properties), and presence of compensatory relations between phonetic properties of different segments or intersegmental transitions within each cluster. In other words, we find that the global organization presiding over the segments partaking in these word-medial tautosyllabic CCVs is pleiotropic, that is, simultaneously expressed in multiple phonetic exponents rather than via a privileged metric such as c-center stability or any other such given single measure employed in previous works.}, language = {en} } @article{ParshinaLaurinavichyuteSekerina2021, author = {Parshina, Olga and Laurinavichyute, Anna and Sekerina, Irina A.}, title = {Eye-movement benchmarks in heritage language reading}, series = {Bilingualism : language and cognition}, volume = {24}, journal = {Bilingualism : language and cognition}, number = {1}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, address = {Cambridge}, issn = {1366-7289}, doi = {10.1017/S136672892000019X}, pages = {69 -- 82}, year = {2021}, abstract = {This eye-tracking study establishes basic benchmarks of eye movements during reading in heritage language (HL) by Russian-speaking adults and adolescents of high (n = 21) and low proficiency (n = 27). Heritage speakers (HSs) read sentences in Cyrillic, and their eye movements were compared to those of Russian monolingual skilled adult readers, 8-year-old children and L2 learners. Reading patterns of HSs revealed longer mean fixation durations, lower skipping probabilities, and higher regressive saccade rates than in monolingual adults. High-proficient HSs were more similar to monolingual children, while low-proficient HSs performed on par with L2 learners. Low-proficient HSs differed from high-proficient HSs in exhibiting lower skipping probabilities, higher fixation counts, and larger frequency effects. Taken together, our findings are consistent with the weaker links account of bilingual language processing as well as the divergent attainment theory of HL.}, language = {en} } @article{VasishthGelman2021, author = {Vasishth, Shravan and Gelman, Andrew}, title = {How to embrace variation and accept uncertainty in linguistic and psycholinguistic data analysis}, series = {Linguistics : an interdisciplinary journal of the language sciences}, volume = {59}, journal = {Linguistics : an interdisciplinary journal of the language sciences}, number = {5}, publisher = {De Gruyter Mouton}, address = {Berlin}, issn = {0024-3949}, doi = {10.1515/ling-2019-0051}, pages = {1311 -- 1342}, year = {2021}, abstract = {The use of statistical inference in linguistics and related areas like psychology typically involves a binary decision: either reject or accept some null hypothesis using statistical significance testing. When statistical power is low, this frequentist data-analytic approach breaks down: null results are uninformative, and effect size estimates associated with significant results are overestimated. Using an example from psycholinguistics, several alternative approaches are demonstrated for reporting inconsistencies between the data and a theoretical prediction. The key here is to focus on committing to a falsifiable prediction, on quantifying uncertainty statistically, and learning to accept the fact that - in almost all practical data analysis situations - we can only draw uncertain conclusions from data, regardless of whether we manage to obtain statistical significance or not. A focus on uncertainty quantification is likely to lead to fewer excessively bold claims that, on closer investigation, may turn out to be not supported by the data.}, language = {en} } @article{KuberskiGafos2021, author = {Kuberski, Stephan R. and Gafos, Adamantios I.}, title = {Fitts' law in tongue movements of repetitive speech}, series = {Phonetica : international journal of phonetic science}, volume = {78}, journal = {Phonetica : international journal of phonetic science}, number = {1}, publisher = {De Gruyter Mouton}, address = {Berlin}, issn = {0031-8388}, doi = {10.1159/000501644}, pages = {3 -- 27}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Fitts' law, perhaps the most celebrated law of human motor control, expresses a relation between the kinematic property of speed and the non-kinematic, task-specific property of accuracy. We aimed to assess whether speech movements obey this law using a metronome-driven speech elicitation paradigm with a systematic speech rate control. Specifically, using the paradigm of repetitive speech, we recorded via electromagnetic articulometry speech movement data in sequences of the form /CV.../ from 6 adult speakers. These sequences were spoken at 8 distinct rates ranging from extremely slow to extremely fast. Our results demonstrate, first, that the present paradigm of extensive metronome-driven manipulations satisfies the crucial prerequisites for evaluating Fitts' law in a subset of our elicited rates. Second, we uncover for the first time in speech evidence for Fitts' law at the faster rates and specifically beyond a participant-specific critical rate. We find no evidence for Fitts' law at the slowest metronome rates. Finally, we discuss implications of these results for models of speech.}, language = {en} } @article{GumbschAdamElsneretal.2021, author = {Gumbsch, Christian and Adam, Maurits and Elsner, Birgit and Butz, Martin V.}, title = {Emergent goal-anticipatory gaze in infants via event-predictive learning and inference}, series = {Cognitive science}, volume = {45}, journal = {Cognitive science}, number = {8}, publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell}, address = {Malden, Mass.}, issn = {1551-6709}, doi = {10.1111/cogs.13016}, pages = {26}, year = {2021}, abstract = {From about 7 months of age onward, infants start to reliably fixate the goal of an observed action, such as a grasp, before the action is complete. The available research has identified a variety of factors that influence such goal-anticipatory gaze shifts, including the experience with the shown action events and familiarity with the observed agents. However, the underlying cognitive processes are still heavily debated. We propose that our minds (i) tend to structure sensorimotor dynamics into probabilistic, generative event-predictive, and event boundary predictive models, and, meanwhile, (ii) choose actions with the objective to minimize predicted uncertainty. We implement this proposition by means of event-predictive learning and active inference. The implemented learning mechanism induces an inductive, event-predictive bias, thus developing schematic encodings of experienced events and event boundaries. The implemented active inference principle chooses actions by aiming at minimizing expected future uncertainty. We train our system on multiple object-manipulation events. As a result, the generation of goal-anticipatory gaze shifts emerges while learning about object manipulations: the model starts fixating the inferred goal already at the start of an observed event after having sampled some experience with possible events and when a familiar agent (i.e., a hand) is involved. Meanwhile, the model keeps reactively tracking an unfamiliar agent (i.e., a mechanical claw) that is performing the same movement. We qualitatively compare these modeling results to behavioral data of infants and conclude that event-predictive learning combined with active inference may be critical for eliciting goal-anticipatory gaze behavior in infants.}, language = {en} } @article{StoneLagoSchad2021, author = {Stone, Kate and Lago, Sol and Schad, Daniel}, title = {Divergence point analyses of visual world data}, series = {Bilingualism : language and cognition}, volume = {24}, journal = {Bilingualism : language and cognition}, number = {5}, publisher = {Cambridge Univ. Press}, address = {Cambridge}, issn = {1366-7289}, doi = {10.1017/S1366728920000607}, pages = {833 -- 841}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Much work has shown that differences in the timecourse of language processing are central to comparing native (L1) and non-native (L2) speakers. However, estimating the onset of experimental effects in timecourse data presents several statistical problems including multiple comparisons and autocorrelation. We compare several approaches to tackling these problems and illustrate them using an L1-L2 visual world eye-tracking dataset. We then present a bootstrapping procedure that allows not only estimation of an effect onset, but also of a temporal confidence interval around this divergence point. We describe how divergence points can be used to demonstrate timecourse differences between speaker groups or between experimental manipulations, two important issues in evaluating L2 processing accounts. We discuss possible extensions of the bootstrapping procedure, including determining divergence points for individual speakers and correlating them with individual factors like L2 exposure and proficiency. Data and an analysis tutorial are available at https://osf.io/exbmk/.}, language = {en} } @article{PaapeAvetisyanLagoetal.2021, author = {Paape, Dario and Avetisyan, Serine and Lago, Sol and Vasishth, Shravan}, title = {Modeling misretrieval and feature substitution in agreement attraction}, series = {Cognitive science}, volume = {45}, journal = {Cognitive science}, number = {8}, publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell}, address = {Malden, Mass.}, issn = {0364-0213}, doi = {10.1111/cogs.13019}, pages = {30}, year = {2021}, abstract = {We present computational modeling results based on a self-paced reading study investigating number attraction effects in Eastern Armenian. We implement three novel computational models of agreement attraction in a Bayesian framework and compare their predictive fit to the data using k-fold cross-validation. We find that our data are better accounted for by an encoding-based model of agreement attraction, compared to a retrieval-based model. A novel methodological contribution of our study is the use of comprehension questions with open-ended responses, so that both misinterpretation of the number feature of the subject phrase and misassignment of the thematic subject role of the verb can be investigated at the same time. We find evidence for both types of misinterpretation in our study, sometimes in the same trial. However, the specific error patterns in our data are not fully consistent with any previously proposed model.}, language = {en} } @article{HuttenlauchBeerHanneKlothetal.2021, author = {Huttenlauch, Clara and Beer, Carola de and Hanne-Kloth, Sandra and Wartenburger, Isabell}, title = {Production of prosodic cues in coordinate name sequences addressing varying interlocutors}, series = {Laboratory phonology}, volume = {12}, journal = {Laboratory phonology}, number = {1}, publisher = {Ubiquity Press}, address = {London}, issn = {1868-6346}, doi = {10.5334/labphon.221}, pages = {31}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Prosodic boundaries can be used to disambiguate the syntactic structure of coordinated name sequences (coordinates). To answer the question whether disambiguating prosody is produced in a situationally dependent or independent manner and to contribute to our understanding of the nature of the prosody-syntax link, we systematically explored variability in the prosody of boundary productions of coordinates evoked by different contextual settings in a referential communication task. Our analysis focused on prosodic boundaries produced to distinguish sequences with different syntactic structures (i.e., with or without internal grouping of the constituents). In German, these prosodic boundaries are indicated by three major prosodic cues: f0-range, final lengthening, and pause. In line with the Proximity/Anti-Proximity principle of the syntax-prosody model by Kentner and Fery (2013), speakers clearly use all three cues for constituent grouping and prosodically mark groups within and at their right boundary, indicating that prosodic phrasing is not a local phenomenon. Intra-individually, we found a rather stable prosodic pattern across contexts. However, inter-individually speakers differed from each other with respect to the prosodic cue combinations that they (consistently) used to mark the boundaries. Overall, our data speak in favour of a close link between syntax and prosody and for situational independence of disambiguating prosody.}, language = {en} } @article{WrightWachsGamezGuadix2021, author = {Wright, Michelle F. and Wachs, Sebastian and G{\´a}mez-Guadix, Manuel}, title = {J{\´o}venes ante el ciberodio}, series = {Comunicar : revista cient{\´i}fica de comunicaci{\´o}n y educaci{\´o}n}, volume = {29}, journal = {Comunicar : revista cient{\´i}fica de comunicaci{\´o}n y educaci{\´o}n}, number = {67}, publisher = {Grupo Comunicar}, address = {Huelva}, issn = {1134-3478}, doi = {10.3916/C67-2021-02}, pages = {21 -- 33}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Adolescents around the world are increasingly exposed to cyberhate. More knowledge is needed to understand how adolescents cope with cyberhate and how they can be supported when exposed. To this end, the present study investigated the associations between parental mediation of Internet use and adolescents' problem-focused coping strategies for hypothetical cyberhate victimization while considering family support as a moderator of these relationships. The sample consisted of self-reports of 5,960 adolescents between 12-18 years old (M=14.94; SD=1.61; females: 50.7\%) from Cyprus, Germany, Greece, India, Spain, South Korea, and Thailand. A structural equation model was used to investigate the relationship among parental mediation, family support, and coping with cyberhate. Findings showed a positive relationship between instructive parental mediation and adolescents' problem-focused coping strategies, and a negative relationship between restrictive parental mediation and adolescents' capability to cope productively with cyberhate. In addition, family support strengthened the positive relationship between instructive parental mediation and adolescents' use of coping strategies and attenuated the negative relationship between restrictive parental mediation and adolescents' use of coping strategies. The findings highlight the need for parental education training and underscore the importance of family support for increasing adolescents' ability to cope productively with cyberhate.}, language = {es} }