@article{GoltzBerner2017,
  author    = {Goltz, Reinhard and Berner, Elisabeth},
  title     = {Zum Status und Wert des Niederdeutschen in der Gegenwart},
  series = {Region - Sprache - Literatur},
  journal   = {Region - Sprache - Literatur},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-403091},
  pages     = {197 -- 201},
  year      = {2017},
  language  = {de}
}
@inproceedings{GonzalezCasacuberta2008,
  author    = {Gonz{\´a}lez, Jorge and Casacuberta, Francisco},
  title     = {Phrase-based finite state models},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-27209},
  year      = {2008},
  abstract  = {In the last years, statistical machine translation has already demonstrated its usefulness within a wide variety of translation applications. In this line, phrase-based alignment models have become the reference to follow in order to build competitive systems. Finite state models are always an interesting framework because there are well-known efficient algorithms for their representation and manipulation. This document is a contribution to the evolution of finite state models towards a phrase-based approach. The inference of stochastic transducers that are based on bilingual phrases is carefully analysed from a finite state point of view. Indeed, the algorithmic phenomena that have to be taken into account in order to deal with such phrase-based finite state models when in decoding time are also in-depth detailed.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{GotznerRomoli2022,
  author    = {Gotzner, Nicole and Romoli, Jacopo},
  title     = {Meaning and alternatives},
  series = {Annual review of linguistics},
  volume    = {8},
  journal   = {Annual review of linguistics},
  publisher = {Annual Reviews},
  address   = {Palo Alto},
  issn      = {2333-9691},
  doi       = {10.1146/annurev-linguistics-031220-012013},
  pages     = {213 -- 234},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Alternatives and competition in language are pervasive at all levels of linguistic analysis. More specifically, alternatives have been argued to play a prominent role in an ever-growing class of phenomena in the investigation of natural language meaning. In this article, we focus on scalar implicatures, as they are arguably the most paradigmatic case of an alternative-based phenomenon. We first review the main challenge for theories of alternatives, the so-called symmetry problem, and we briefly discuss how it has shaped the different approaches to alternatives. We then turn to two more recent challenges concerning scalar diversity and the inferences of sentences with multiple scalars. Finally, we describe several related alternative-based phenomena and recent conceptual approaches to alternatives. As we discuss, while important progress has been made, much more work is needed both on the theoretical side and on understanding the empirical landscape better.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{GotznerSpalek2022,
  author    = {Gotzner, Nicole and Spalek, Katharina},
  title     = {Expectations about upcoming discourse referents},
  series = {International review of pragmatics : IRP},
  volume    = {14},
  journal   = {International review of pragmatics : IRP},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Brill},
  address   = {Leiden},
  issn      = {1877-3095},
  doi       = {10.1163/18773109-01401003},
  pages     = {77 -- 94},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {In the current study, we explore how different information-structural devices affect which referents conversational partners expect in the upcoming discourse. Our main research question is how pitch accents (H*, L+H*) and focus particles (German nur `only' and auch 'also') affect speakers' choices to mention focused referents, previously mentioned alternatives or new, inferable alternatives. Participants in our experiment were presented with short discourses involving two referents and were asked to orally produce two sentences that continue the story. An analysis of speakers' continuations showed that participants were most likely to mention a contextual alternative in the condition with only and the L+H* conditions, followed by H* conditions. In the condition with also, in turn, participants mentioned both the focused/accented referent and the contextual alternative. Our findings highlight the importance of information structure for discourse management and suggest that speakers take activated alternatives to be relevant for an unfolding discourse.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{GotznerWartenburgerSpalek2016,
  author    = {Gotzner, Nicole and Wartenburger, Isabell and Spalek, Katharina},
  title     = {The impact of focus particles on the recognition and rejection of contrastive alternatives},
  series = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  journal   = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  number    = {517},
  issn      = {1866-8364},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-41342},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-413420},
  pages     = {37},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {The semantics of focus particles like only requires a set of alternatives (Rooth, 1992). In two experiments, we investigated the impact of such particles on the retrieval of alternatives that are mentioned in the prior context or unmentioned. The first experiment used a probe recognition task and showed that focus particles interfere with the recognition of mentioned alternatives and the rejection of unmentioned alternatives relative to a condition without a particle. A second lexical decision experiment demonstrated priming effects for mentioned and unmentioned alternatives (compared with an unrelated condition) while focus particles caused additional interference effects. Overall, our results indicate that focus particles trigger an active search for alternatives and lead to a competition between mentioned alternatives, unmentioned alternatives, and the focused element.},
  language  = {en}
}
@book{GranzowEmdenLuber2019,
  author    = {Granzow-Emden, Matthias and Luber, Johannes},
  title     = {Deutsche Grammatik verstehen und unterrichten},
  series = {Bachelor-Wissen},
  journal   = {Bachelor-Wissen},
  edition   = {3. {\"u}berarb. u. erw. Aufl.},
  publisher = {Narr},
  address   = {T{\"u}bingen},
  isbn      = {978-3-8233-8134-1},
  doi       = {elibrary.narr.digital/book/99.125005/9783823391340},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:101:1-2019111818314224958564},
  pages     = {318},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Diese neuartige Einf{\"u}hrung in die deutsche Grammatik verbindet schulgrammatisches Wissen und neuere Grammatikmodelle in anschaulicher und verst{\"a}ndlicher Weise miteinander. Lehramtsstudierende k{\"o}nnen sich damit die Kenntnisse und Kompetenzen aneignen, die sie f{\"u}r ihr Studium und ihren k{\"u}nftigen Beruf brauchen, erfahrene Lehrkr{\"a}fte erhalten wichtige Impulse f{\"u}r neue Wege im Deutschunterricht. Mit den funktional orientierten Erkl{\"a}rungen zum Feldermodell und den zahlreichen systematisch gestalteten Tabellen im Bereich der Verben, Nomen/Nominalgruppen, Pr{\"a}positionen und Pronomen bekommt die Schulgrammatik eine tragf{\"a}hige Grundlage. Die Tabellen eignen sich dar{\"u}ber hinaus f{\"u}r DaF-/DaZ-Kurse sowie f{\"u}r die autodidaktische Aneignung des Deutschen als Fremd- oder Zweitsprache. Die neue Auflage wurde gr{\"u}ndlich {\"u}berarbeitet und erweitert.},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Green2007,
  author    = {Green, Antony Dubach},
  title     = {Phonology limited},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  isbn      = {978-3-939469-93-3},
  issn      = {1616-7392},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-15512},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {x, 207},
  year      = {2007},
  abstract  = {Phonology Limited is a study of the areas of phonology where the application of optimality theory (OT) has previously been problematic. Evidence from a wide variety of phenomena in a wide variety of languages is presented to show that interactions involving more than just faithfulness and markedness are best analyzed as involving language-specific morphological constraints rather than universal phonological constraints. OT has proved to be a highly insightful and successful theory of linguistics in general and phonology in particular, focusing as it does on surface forms and treating the relationship between inputs and outputs as a form of conflict resolution. Yet there have also been a number of serious problems with the approach that have led some detractors to argue that OT has failed as a theory of generative grammar. The most serious of these problems is opacity, defined as a state of affairs where the grammatical output of a given input appears to violate more constraints than an ungrammatical competitor. It is argued that these problems disappear once language-specific morphological constraints are allowed to play a significant role in analysis. Specifically, a number of processes of Tiberian Hebrew traditionally considered opaque are reexamined and shown to be straightforwardly transparent, but crucially involving morphological constraints on form, such as a constraint requiring certain morphological forms to end with a syllabic trochee, or a constraint requiring paradigm uniformity with regard to the occurrence of fricative allophones of stop phonemes. Language-specific morphological constraints are also shown to play a role in allomorphy, where a lexeme is associated with more than one input; the constraint hierarchy then decides which input is grammatical in which context. For example, [ɨ]/[ə] and [u]/[ə] alternation found in some lexemes but not in others in Welsh is attributed to the presence of two inputs for the lexemes with the alternation. A novel analysis of the initial consonant mutations of the modern Celtic languages argues that mutated forms are separately listed inputs chosen in appropriate contexts by constraints on morphology and syntax, rather than being outputs that are phonologically unfaithful to their unmutated inputs. Finally, static irregularities and lexical exceptions are examined and shown to be attributable to language-specific morphological constraints. In American English, the distribution of tense and lax vowels is predictable in several contexts; however, in some contexts, the distributions of tense [ɔ] vs. lax [a] and of tense [{\ae}] vs. lax [{\ae}] are not as expected. It is shown that clusters of output-output faithfulness constraints create a pattern to which words are attracted, which however violates general phonological considerations. New words that enter the language first obey the general phonological considerations before being attracted into the language-specific exceptional pattern.},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{Grimm2009,
  author    = {Grimm, Angela},
  title     = {Die Entwicklung des Prosodischen Wortes im Deutschen},
  series = {Spektrum Patholinguistik},
  volume    = {2},
  journal   = {Spektrum Patholinguistik},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  issn      = {1866-9433},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-32628},
  pages     = {51 -- 68},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {Inhalt: 1. Einleitung 2. Hintergrund 2.1 Die prosodische Organisation des Deutschen 2.2 Implikationen f{\"u}r den Erwerb der Wortprosodie im Deutschen 3. Methode 3.1 Datenerhebung 3.2 Empirische Analyse 4. Ergebnisse: Die Entwicklung des Prosodischen Wortes im Deutschen 5. Analyse der empirischen Daten 5.1 Grundannahmen 5.2 Analyse der Entwicklungsstufen 6. Zusammenfassung und Diskussion 7. Literatur},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Grimm2007,
  author    = {Grimm, Angela},
  title     = {The development of word-prosodic structure in child German : simplex words and compounds},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-43194},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  year      = {2007},
  abstract  = {Die Dissertation untersucht die Entwicklung der prosodischen Struktur von Simplizia und Komposita im Deutschen. Ausgewertet werden langzeitlich erhobene Produktionsdaten von vier monolingualen Kindern im Alter von 12 bis 26 Monaten. Es werden vier Entwicklungsstufen angenommen, in denen jedoch keine einheitlichen Outputs produziert werden. Die Asymmetrien zwischen den verschiedenen W{\"o}rtern werden systematisch auf die Struktur des Zielwortes zur{\"u}ckgef{\"u}hrt. In einer optimalit{\"a}tstheoretischen Analyse wird gezeigt, dass sich die Entwicklungsstufen aus der Umordnung von Constraints ergeben und dass dasselbe Ranking die Variation zwischen den Worttypen zu einer bestimmten Entwicklungsstufe vorhersagt.},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{GrimmSchulz2017,
  author    = {Grimm, Angela and Schulz, Petra},
  title     = {Die Rolle von Risikofaktoren f{\"u}r die Diagnose von SSES bei ein- und mehrsprachigen Kindern},
  series = {Spektrum Patholinguistik (Band 10)- Schwerpunktthema: Panorama Patholinguistik: Sprachwissenschaft trifft Sprachtherapie},
  journal   = {Spektrum Patholinguistik (Band 10)- Schwerpunktthema: Panorama Patholinguistik: Sprachwissenschaft trifft Sprachtherapie},
  number    = {10},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  issn      = {1866-9085},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-405062},
  pages     = {21 -- 49},
  year      = {2017},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{Grimshwa2006,
  author    = {Grimshwa, Jane},
  title     = {Last resorts and grammaticality},
  series = {Linguistics in Potsdam},
  journal   = {Linguistics in Potsdam},
  number    = {25},
  issn      = {1616-7392},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-32302},
  pages     = {33 -- 41},
  year      = {2006},
  abstract  = {A "last resort" is argued to be nothing more than a winning, i.e. grammatical form, once it is understood in terms of competition between alternative candidates. It is a theorem of OT that we find last resort effects, since it follows from the nature of competition and constraint interaction.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Grishina2019,
  author    = {Grishina, Yulia},
  title     = {Assessing the applicability of annotation projection methods for coreference relations},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-42537},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-425378},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {viii, 198},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {The main goal of this thesis is to explore the feasibility of using cross-lingual annotation projection as a method of alleviating the task of manual coreference annotation. To reach our goal, we build a first trilingual parallel coreference corpus that encompasses multiple genres. For the annotation of the corpus, we develop common coreference annotation guidelines that are applicable to three languages (English, German, Russian) and include a novel domain-independent typology of bridging relations as well as state-of-the-art near-identity categories. Thereafter, we design and perform several annotation projection experiments. In the first experiment, we implement a direct projection method with only one source language. Our results indicate that, already in a knowledge-lean scenario, our projection approach is superior to the most closely related work of Postolache et al. (2006). Since the quality of the resulting annotations is to a high degree dependent on the word alignment, we demonstrate how using limited syntactic information helps to further improve mention extraction on the target side. As a next step, in our second experiment, we show how exploiting two source languages helps to improve the quality of target annotations for both language pairs by concatenating annotations projected from two source languages. Finally, we assess the projection quality in a fully automatic scenario (using automatically produced source annotations), and propose a pilot experiment on manual projection of bridging pairs. For each of the experiments, we carry out an in-depth error analysis, and we conclude that noisy word alignments, translation divergences and morphological and syntactic differences between languages are responsible for projection errors. We systematically compare and evaluate our projection methods, and we investigate the errors both qualitatively and quantitatively in order to identify problematic cases. Finally, we discuss the applicability of our method to coreference annotations and propose several avenues of future research.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{GrovePutnam2009,
  author    = {Grove, Kyle Wade and Putnam, Mike},
  title     = {Deriving pairedness in vP structure},
  series = {Linguistics in Potsdam},
  journal   = {Linguistics in Potsdam},
  number    = {28},
  issn      = {1616-7392},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-32284},
  pages     = {187 -- 210},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {Minimalist accounts lack a natural theory of markedness, whereas Optimality-Theoretical accounts fundamentally encode markedness. We think the duality of interfaces assumed in Minimalism is a step towards explaining pairedness behavior, where a given language exhibits a marked/ unmarked pair of items occupying the same niche. We argue that while Minimalism articulates the derivational aspect of language, and underlies grammaticality, an Optimality Theoretic articulation of PF and LF is conceptually natural and explains pairedness behavior. We adopt this 'hybrid' account, first, to explain the existence of marked (often termed 'reflexive') and unmarked anticausatives in German, recently studied in depth by Sch¨afer [2007].},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Grubic2011,
  author    = {Grubic, Mira},
  title     = {Ngizim fieldnotes},
  series = {Interdisciplinary studies on information structure : ISIS ; working papers of the SFB 632},
  journal   = {Interdisciplinary studies on information structure : ISIS ; working papers of the SFB 632},
  number    = {13},
  issn      = {1614-4708},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-49738},
  pages     = {1 -- 76},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {This chapter presents field notes of the West Chadic language Ngizim, spoken in North-East Nigeria. In Ngizim, subject focus is indicated by subject inversion, whereas the word order of sentences with focused non-subjects can remain unchanged. The goal of the field work was to find out more about focus marking in Ngizim.},
  language  = {en}
}
@book{GrubicGenzelKuegler2010,
  author    = {Grubic, Mira and Genzel, Susanne and K{\"u}gler, Frank},
  title     = {Linguistic Fieldnotes I: Information Structure in different African Languages},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-49684},
  publisher      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {This is the 13th issue of the working paper series Interdisciplinary Studies on Information Structure (ISIS) of the Sonderforschungsbereich (SFB) 632. It is the first part of a series of Linguistic Fieldnote issues which present data collected by members of different projects of the SFB during fieldwork on various languages or dialects spoken worldwide. This part of the Fieldnote Series is dedicated to data from African languages. It contains contributions by Mira Grubic (A5) on Ngizim, and Susanne Genzel \& Frank K{\"u}gler (D5) on Akan. The papers allow insights into various aspects of the elicitation of formal correlates of focus and related phenomena in different African languages investigated by the SFB in the second funding phase, especially in the period between 2007 and 2010.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{GrubicWierzba2021,
  author    = {Grubic, Mira and Wierzba, Marta},
  title     = {The German additive particle noch},
  series = {Glossa : a journal of general linguistics},
  volume    = {6},
  journal   = {Glossa : a journal of general linguistics},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Ubiquity Press},
  address   = {London},
  issn      = {2397-1835},
  doi       = {10.5334/gjgl.1275},
  pages     = {29},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {The particle noch ('still') can have an additive reading similar to auch ('also'). We argue that both particles indicate that a previously partially answered QUD is re-opened to add a further answer. The particles differ in that the QUD, in the case of auch, can be re-opened with respect to the same topic situation, whereas noch indicates that the QUD is re-opened with respect to a new topic situation. This account predicts a difference in the accommodation behavior of the two particles. We present an experiment whose results are in line with this prediction.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{GrubicWierzba2021,
  author    = {Grubic, Mira and Wierzba, Marta},
  title     = {The German additive particle noch},
  series = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  journal   = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  number    = {709},
  issn      = {1866-8364},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-51004},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-510049},
  pages     = {29},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {The particle noch ('still') can have an additive reading similar to auch ('also'). We argue that both particles indicate that a previously partially answered QUD is re-opened to add a further answer. The particles differ in that the QUD, in the case of auch, can be re-opened with respect to the same topic situation, whereas noch indicates that the QUD is re-opened with respect to a new topic situation. This account predicts a difference in the accommodation behavior of the two particles. We present an experiment whose results are in line with this prediction.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{GrumLegutke2022,
  author    = {Grum, Urska and Legutke, Michael K.},
  title     = {Sampling},
  series = {Forschungsmethoden in der Fremdsprachendidaktik : Ein Handbuch},
  journal   = {Forschungsmethoden in der Fremdsprachendidaktik : Ein Handbuch},
  edition   = {2., vollst{\"a}ndig {\"u}berarbeitete und erweiterte Aufl.},
  publisher = {Narr Francke Attempto},
  address   = {T{\"u}bingen},
  isbn      = {978-3-8233-8432-8},
  pages     = {85 -- 96},
  year      = {2022},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{GumbschAdamElsneretal.2021,
  author    = {Gumbsch, Christian and Adam, Maurits and Elsner, Birgit and Butz, Martin V.},
  title     = {Emergent goal-anticipatory gaze in infants via event-predictive learning and inference},
  series = {Cognitive science},
  volume    = {45},
  journal   = {Cognitive science},
  number    = {8},
  publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},
  address   = {Malden, Mass.},
  issn      = {1551-6709},
  doi       = {10.1111/cogs.13016},
  pages     = {26},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {From about 7 months of age onward, infants start to reliably fixate the goal of an observed action, such as a grasp, before the action is complete. The available research has identified a variety of factors that influence such goal-anticipatory gaze shifts, including the experience with the shown action events and familiarity with the observed agents. However, the underlying cognitive processes are still heavily debated. We propose that our minds (i) tend to structure sensorimotor dynamics into probabilistic, generative event-predictive, and event boundary predictive models, and, meanwhile, (ii) choose actions with the objective to minimize predicted uncertainty. We implement this proposition by means of event-predictive learning and active inference. The implemented learning mechanism induces an inductive, event-predictive bias, thus developing schematic encodings of experienced events and event boundaries. The implemented active inference principle chooses actions by aiming at minimizing expected future uncertainty. We train our system on multiple object-manipulation events. As a result, the generation of goal-anticipatory gaze shifts emerges while learning about object manipulations: the model starts fixating the inferred goal already at the start of an observed event after having sampled some experience with possible events and when a familiar agent (i.e., a hand) is involved. Meanwhile, the model keeps reactively tracking an unfamiliar agent (i.e., a mechanical claw) that is performing the same movement. We qualitatively compare these modeling results to behavioral data of infants and conclude that event-predictive learning combined with active inference may be critical for eliciting goal-anticipatory gaze behavior in infants.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Gussenhoven2007,
  author    = {Gussenhoven, Carlos},
  title     = {Notions and subnotions in information structure},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-19704},
  year      = {2007},
  abstract  = {Three dimensions can be distinguished in a cross-linguistic account of information structure. First, there is the definition of the focus constituent, the part of the linguistic expression which is subject to some focus meaning. Second and third, there are the focus meanings and the array of structural devices that encode them. In a given language, the expression of focus is facilitated as well as constrained by the grammar within which the focus devices operate. The prevalence of focus ambiguity, the structural inability to make focus distinctions, will thus vary across languages, and within a language, across focus meanings.},
  language  = {en}
}