@phdthesis{Ramelli2015,
  author    = {Ramelli, Christian},
  title     = {Die Rheinische Verlaufsform im rheinfr{\"a}nkischen Dialekt},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-102797},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {x, 260},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {Diese Arbeit befasst sich mit der Rheinischen Verlaufsform (RV) im rheinfr{\"a}nkischen Dialekt. Nach dem DUDEN handelt es sich bei der RV um eine Konstruktion, die aus dem Kopulaverb sein und einer PP mit am und nominalisiertem Infinitiv besteht und dem Ausdruck von progressivem Aspekt dient. Die vorliegenden Arbeiten zur RV besch{\"a}ftigen sich im Wesentlichen entweder mit der Auspr{\"a}gung der Konstruktion im Standarddeutschen (z.B. Reimann (1999), Krause (2002), R{\"o}del (2003), R{\"o}del (2004a), R{\"o}del (2004b), van Pottelberge (2004)) oder im Ripuarischen (z.B. Andersson (1989), Bhatt \& Schmidt (1993)) und kommen zu unterschiedlichen Ergebnissen bez{\"u}glich der Verwendungsm{\"o}glichkeiten und des Aufbaus der Konstruktion, insbesondere des Status des Infinitivs in der Verlaufsform. Hauptziel dieser Arbeit ist es, zu zeigen, dass sich die Grammatikalisierung der Verlaufsform von der im DUDEN beschriebenen Konstruktion zu einer analytischen Verbform entlang eines festen Grammatikalisierungspfades vollzieht und die entsprechenden Teilschritte bei der Entwicklung zu einer analytischen Verbform herauszuarbeiten. Auf dieser Grundlage wird in der Arbeit dargestellt, wie sich mittels eines geeigneten Sets an Indikatoren der Grammatikalisierungsgrad der Verlaufsform in einem Dialektraum oder einem diatopischen Register konkret feststellen l{\"a}sst.},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{DeCesare2021,
  author    = {De Cesare, Ilaria},
  title     = {Word order variability and change in German infinitival complements},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-52735},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-527358},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {xii, 231},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {The present work deals with the variation in the linearisation of German infinitival complements from a diachronic perspective. Based on the observation that in present-day German the position of infinitival complements is restricted by properties of the matrix verb (Haider, 2010, Wurmbrand, 2001), whereas this appears much more liberal in older stages of German (Demske, 2008, Mach{\´e} and Abraham, 2011, Demske, 2015), this dissertation investigates the emergence of those restrictions and the factors that have led to a reduced, yet still existing variability. The study contrasts infinitival complements of two types of matrix verbs, namely raising and control verbs. In present-day German, these show different syntactic behaviour and opposite preferences as far as the position of the infinitive is concerned: while infinitival complements of raising verbs build a single clausal domain with the with the matrix verb and occur obligatorily intraposed, infinitive complements of control verbs can form clausal constituents and occur predominantly extraposed. This correlation is not attested in older stages of German, at least not until Early New High German. Drawing on diachronic corpus data, the present work provides a description of the changes in the linearisation of infinitival complements from Early New High German to present-day German which aims at finding out when the correlation between infinitive type and word order emerged and further examines their possible causes. The study shows that word order change in German infinitival complements is not a case of syntactic change in the narrow sense, but that the diachronic variation results from the interaction of different language-internal and language-external factors and that it reflects, on the one hand, the influence of language modality on the emerging standard language and, on the other hand, a process of specialisation.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Patterson2013,
  author    = {Patterson, Clare},
  title     = {The role of structural and discourse-level cues during pronoun resolution},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-71280},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {Pronoun resolution normally takes place without conscious effort or awareness, yet the processes behind it are far from straightforward. A large number of cues and constraints have previously been recognised as playing a role in the identification and integration of potential antecedents, yet there is considerable debate over how these operate within the resolution process. The aim of this thesis is to investigate how the parser handles multiple antecedents in order to understand more about how certain information sources play a role during pronoun resolution. I consider how both structural information and information provided by the prior discourse is used during online processing. This is investigated through several eye tracking during reading experiments that are complemented by a number of offline questionnaire experiments. I begin by considering how condition B of the Binding Theory (Chomsky 1981; 1986) has been captured in pronoun processing models; some researchers have claimed that processing is faithful to syntactic constraints from the beginning of the search (e.g. Nicol and Swinney 1989), while others have claimed that potential antecedents which are ruled out on structural grounds nonetheless affect processing, because the parser must also pay attention to a potential antecedent's features (e.g. Badecker and Straub 2002). My experimental findings demonstrate that the parser is sensitive to the subtle changes in syntactic configuration which either allow or disallow pronoun reference to a local antecedent, and indicate that the parser is normally faithful to condition B at all stages of processing. Secondly, I test the Primitives of Binding hypothesis proposed by Koornneef (2008) based on work by Reuland (2001), which is a modular approach to pronoun resolution in which variable binding (a semantic relationship between pronoun and antecedent) takes place before coreference. I demonstrate that a variable-binding (VB) antecedent is not systematically considered earlier than a coreference (CR) antecedent online. I then go on to explore whether these findings could be attributed to the linear order of the antecedents, and uncover a robust recency preference both online and offline. I consider what role the factor of recency plays in pronoun resolution and how it can be reconciled with the first-mention advantage (Gernsbacher and Hargreaves 1988; Arnold 2001; Arnold et al., 2007). Finally, I investigate how aspects of the prior discourse affect pronoun resolution. Prior discourse status clearly had an effect on pronoun resolution, but an antecedent's appearance in the previous context was not always facilitative; I propose that this is due to the number of topic switches that a reader must make, leading to a lack of discourse coherence which has a detrimental effect on pronoun resolution. The sensitivity of the parser to structural cues does not entail that cue types can be easily separated into distinct sequential stages, and I therefore propose that the parser is structurally sensitive but not modular. Aspects of pronoun resolution can be captured within a parallel constraints model of pronoun resolution, however, such a model should be sensitive to the activation of potential antecedents based on discourse factors, and structural cues should be strongly weighted.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{vandeKootSilvaFelseretal.,
  author    = {van de Koot, Hans and Silva, Renita and Felser, Claudia and Sato, Mikako},
  title     = {Does Dutch a-scrambling involve movement?},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-398566},
  pages     = {38},
  abstract  = {The present study focuses on A-scrambling in Dutch, a local word-order alternation that typically signals the discourse-anaphoric status of the scrambled constituent. We use cross-modal priming to investigate whether an A-scrambled direct object gives rise to antecedent reactivation effects in the position where a movement theory would postulate a trace. Our results indicate that this is not the case, thereby providing support for a base-generation analysis of A-scrambling in Dutch.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BoschDeCesareDemskeetal.2021,
  author    = {Bosch, Sina and De Cesare, Ilaria and Demske, Ulrike and Felser, Claudia},
  title     = {New empirical approaches to grammatical variation and change},
  series = {Languages : open access journal},
  volume    = {6},
  journal   = {Languages : open access journal},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {MDPI},
  address   = {Basel},
  issn      = {2226-471X},
  doi       = {10.3390/languages6030113},
  pages     = {3},
  year      = {2021},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{KrauseBoschClahsen2015,
  author    = {Krause, Helena and Bosch, Sina and Clahsen, Harald},
  title     = {Morphosyntax in the bilingual mental lexicon},
  series = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  journal   = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  number    = {528},
  issn      = {1866-8364},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-41547},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-415478},
  pages     = {25},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {Although morphosyntax has been identified as a major source of difficulty for adult (nonnative) language learners, most previous studies have examined a limited set of largely affix-based phenomena. Little is known about word-based morphosyntax in late bilinguals and of how morphosyntax is represented and processed in a nonnative speaker's lexicon. To address these questions, we report results from two behavioral experiments investigating stem variants of strong verbs in German (which encode features such as tense, person, and number) in groups of advanced adult learners as well as native speakers of German. Although the late bilinguals were highly proficient in German, the results of a lexical priming experiment revealed clear native-nonnative differences. We argue that lexical representation and processing relies less on morphosyntactic information in a nonnative than in a native language.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{KlieglEngbert2007,
  author    = {Kliegl, Reinhold and Engbert, Ralf},
  title     = {Conference Abstracts: 14th European Conference on Eye Movements ECEM2007},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-56799},
  year      = {2007},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{DimigenValsecchiSommeretal.2009,
  author    = {Dimigen, Olaf and Valsecchi, Matteo and Sommer, Werner and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Human Microsaccade-Related Visual Brain Responses},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-56923},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {Microsaccades are very small, involuntary flicks in eye position that occur on average once or twice per second during attempted visual fixation. Microsaccades give rise to EMG eye muscle spikes that can distort the spectrum of the scalp EEG and mimic increases in gamma band power. Here we demonstrate that microsaccades are also accompanied by genuine and sizeable cortical activity, manifested in the EEG. In three experiments, high-resolution eye movements were corecorded with the EEG: during sustained fixation of checkerboard and face stimuli and in a standard visual oddball task that required the counting of target stimuli. Results show that microsaccades as small as 0.15° generate a field potential over occipital cortex and midcentral scalp sites 100 -140 ms after movement onset, which resembles the visual lambda response evoked by larger voluntary saccades. This challenges the standard assumption of human brain imaging studies that saccade-related brain activity is precluded by fixation, even when fully complied with. Instead, additional cortical potentials from microsaccades were present in 86\% of the oddball task trials and of similar amplitude as the visual response to stimulus onset. Furthermore, microsaccade probability varied systematically according to the proportion of target stimuli in the oddball task, causing modulations of late stimulus-locked event-related potential (ERP) components. Microsaccades present an unrecognized source of visual brain signal that is of interest for vision research and may have influenced the data of many ERP and neuroimaging studies.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{KlieglEngbert2003,
  author    = {Kliegl, Reinhold and Engbert, Ralf},
  title     = {How tight is the link between lexical processing and saccade programs?},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-56919},
  year      = {2003},
  abstract  = {We question the assumption of serial attention shifts and the assumption that saccade programs are initiated or canceled only after stage one of word identification. Evidence: (1) Fixation durations prior to skipped words are not consistently higher compared to those prior to nonskipped words. (2) Attentional modulation of microsaccade rate might occur after early visual processing. Saccades are probably triggered by attentional selection.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{EngbertKliegl2003,
  author    = {Engbert, Ralf and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {The game of word skipping: Who are the competitors?},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-56899},
  year      = {2003},
  abstract  = {Computational models such as E-Z Reader and SWIFT are ideal theoretical tools to test quantitatively our current understanding of eye-movement control in reading. Here we present a mathematical analysis of word skipping in the E-Z Reader model by semianalytic methods, to highlight the differences in current modeling approaches. In E-Z Reader, the word identification system must outperform the oculomotor system to induce word skipping. In SWIFT, there is competition among words to be selected as a saccade target. We conclude that it is the question of competitors in the "game" of word skipping that must be solved in eye movement research.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{KupermanDambacherNuthmannetal.2010,
  author    = {Kuperman, Victor and Dambacher, Michael and Nuthmann, Antje and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {The effect of word position on eye-movements in sentence and paragraph reading},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-56828},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {The present study explores the role of the word position-in-text in sentence and paragraph reading. Three eye-movement data sets based on the reading of Dutch and German unrelated sentences reveal a sizeable, replicable increase in reading times over several words in the beginning and the end of sentences. The data from the paragraphbased English-language Dundee corpus replicate the pattern and also indicate that the increase in inspection times is driven by the visual boundaries of the text organized in lines, rather than by syntactic sentence boundaries. We argue that this effect is independent of several established lexical, contextual and oculomotor predictors of eye-movement behavior. We also provide evidence that the effect of word position-intext has two independent components: a start-up effect arguably caused by a strategic oculomotor program of saccade planning over the line of text, and a wrap-up effect originating in cognitive processes of comprehension and semantic integration.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{KlieglWeiDambacheretal.2011,
  author    = {Kliegl, Reinhold and Wei, Ping and Dambacher, Michael and Yan, Ming and Zhou, Xiaolin},
  title     = {Experimental effects and individual differences in linear mixed models: Estimating the relationship between spatial, object, and attraction effects in visual attention},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-56859},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Linear mixed models (LMMs) provide a still underused methodological perspective on combining experimental and individual-differences research. Here we illustrate this approach with two-rectangle cueing in visual attention (Egly et al., 1994). We replicated previous experimental cue-validity effects relating to a spatial shift of attention within an object (spatial effect), to attention switch between objects (object effect), and to the attraction of attention toward the display centroid (attraction effect), also taking into account the design-inherent imbalance of valid and other trials. We simultaneously estimated variance/covariance components of subject-related random effects for these spatial, object, and attraction effects in addition to their mean reaction times (RTs). The spatial effect showed a strong positive correlation with mean RT and a strong negative correlation with the attraction effect. The analysis of individual differences suggests that slow subjects engage attention more strongly at the cued location than fast subjects. We compare this joint LMM analysis of experimental effects and associated subject-related variances and correlations with two frequently used alternative statistical procedures},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{RolfsEngbertKliegl2005,
  author    = {Rolfs, Martin and Engbert, Ralf and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Crossmodal coupling of oculomotor controland spatial attention in vision and audition},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-56804},
  year      = {2005},
  abstract  = {Fixational eye movements occur involuntarily during visual fixation of stationary scenes. The fastest components of these miniature eye movements are microsaccades, which can be observed about once per second. Recent studies demonstrated that microsaccades are linked to covert shifts of visual attention [e.g., Engbert \& Kliegl (2003), Vision Res 43:1035-1045]. Here,we generalized this finding in two ways. First, we used peripheral cues, rather than the centrally presented cues of earlier studies. Second, we spatially cued attention in vision and audition to visual and auditory targets. An analysis of microsaccade responses revealed an equivalent impact of visual and auditory cues on microsaccade-rate signature (i.e., an initial inhibition followed by an overshoot and a final return to the pre-cue baseline rate). With visual cues or visual targets,microsaccades were briefly aligned with cue direction and then opposite to cue direction during the overshoot epoch, probably as a result of an inhibition of an automatic saccade to the peripheral cue. With left auditory cues and auditory targets microsaccades oriented in cue direction. Thus, microsaccades can be used to study crossmodal integration of sensory information and to map the time course of saccade preparation during covert shifts of visual and auditory attention.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{OngKliegl2008,
  author    = {Ong, James Kwan Yau and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Conditional co-occurrence probability acts like frequency in predicting fixation durations},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-56771},
  year      = {2008},
  abstract  = {The predictability of an upcoming word has been found to be a useful predictor in eye movement research, but is expensive to collect and subjective in nature. It would be desirable to have other predictors that are easier to collect and objective in nature if these predictors were capable of capturing the information stored in predictability. This paper contributes to this discussion by testing a possible predictor: conditional co-occurrence probability. This measure is a simple statistical representation of the relatedness of the current word to its context, based only on word co-occurrence patterns in data taken from the Internet. In the regression analyses, conditional co-occurrence probability acts like lexical frequency in predicting fixation durations, and its addition does not greatly improve the model fits. We conclude that readers do not seem to use the information contained within conditional co-occurrence probability during reading for meaning, and that similar simple measures of semantic relatedness are unlikely to be able to replace predictability as a predictor for fixation durations. Keywords: Co-occurrence probability, Cloze predictability, frequency, eye movement, fixation duration.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{KlieglMassonRichter2009,
  author    = {Kliegl, Reinhold and Masson, Michael E. J. and Richter, Eike M.},
  title     = {A linear mixed model analysis of masked repetition priming},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-57073},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {We examined individual differences in masked repetition priming by re-analyzing item-level response-time (RT) data from three experiments. Using a linear mixed model (LMM) with subjects and items specified as crossed random factors, the originally reported priming and word-frequency effects were recovered. In the same LMM, we estimated parameters describing the distributions of these effects across subjects. Subjects' frequency and priming effects correlated positively with each other and negatively with mean RT. These correlation estimates, however, emerged only with a reciprocal transformation of RT (i.e., -1/RT), justified on the basis of distributional analyses. Different correlations, some with opposite sign, were obtained (1) for untransformed or logarithmic RTs or (2) when correlations were computed using within-subject analyses. We discuss the relevance of the new results for accounts of masked priming, implications of applying RT transformations, and the use of LMMs as a tool for the joint analysis of experimental effects and associated individual differences.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{RisseKliegl2011,
  author    = {Risse, Sarah and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Adult age differences in the perceptual span during reading},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-56935},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Following up on research suggesting an age-related reduction in the rightward extent of the perceptual span during reading (Rayner, Castelhano, \& Yang, 2009), we compared old and young adults in an N+2-boundary paradigm in which a nonword preview of word N+2 or word N+2 itself is replaced by the target word once the eyes cross an invisible boundary located after word N. The intermediate word N+1 was always three letters long. Gaze durations on word N+2 were significantly shorter for identical than nonword N+2 preview both for young and for old adults with no significant difference in this preview benefit. Young adults, however, did modulate their gaze duration on word N more strongly than old adults in response to the difficulty of the parafoveal word N+1. Taken together, the results suggest a dissociation of preview benefit and parafoveal-on-foveal effect. Results are discussed in terms of age-related decline in resilience towards distributed processing while simultaneously preserving the ability to integrate parafoveal information into foveal processing. As such, the present results relate to proposals of regulatory compensation strategies older adults use to secure an overall reading speed very similar to that of young adults.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{KlieglPhilippLuckneretal.2001,
  author    = {Kliegl, Reinhold and Philipp, Doris and Luckner, Matthias and Krampe, Ralf T.},
  title     = {Face Memory Skill Acquisition},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-57067},
  year      = {2001},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{RolfsLaubrockKliegl2006,
  author    = {Rolfs, Martin and Laubrock, Jochen and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Shortening and Prolongation of Saccade Latencies Following Microsaccades},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-57012},
  year      = {2006},
  abstract  = {When the eyes fixate at a point in a visual scene, small saccades rapidly shift the image on the retina. The effect of these microsaccades on the latency of subsequent large-scale saccades may be twofold. First, microsaccades are associated with an enhancement of visual perception. Their occurrence during saccade target perception should, thus, decrease saccade latencies. On the other hand, microsaccades likely indicate activity in fixation-related oculomotor neurons. These represent competitors to saccade-related cells in the interplay of gaze holding and shifting. Consequently, an increase in saccade latencies after microsaccades would be expected. Here, we present evidence for both aspects of microsaccadic impact on saccade latency. In a delayed response task, participants made saccades to visible or memorized targets. First, microsaccade occurrence up to 50 ms before target disappearance correlated with 18 ms (or 8\%) faster saccades to memorized targets. Second, if microsaccades occurred shortly (i.e., < 150 ms) before a saccade was required, saccadic reaction times in visual and memory trials were increased by about 40 ms (or 16\%). Hence, microsaccades can have opposite consequences for saccade latencies, pointing at a differential role of these fixational eye movements in preparation of motor programs.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{KlieglBates2011,
  author    = {Kliegl, Reinhold and Bates, Douglas},
  title     = {International Collaboration in Psychology is on the Rise},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-57045},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {There has been a substantial increase in the percentage for publications with co-authors located in departments from different countries in 12 major journals of psychology. The results are evidence for a remarkable internationalization of psychological research, starting in the mid 1970s and increasing in rate at the beginning of the 1990s. This growth occurs against a constant number of articles with authors from the same country; it is not due to a concomitant increase in the number of co-authors per article. Thus, international collaboration in psychology is obviously on the rise.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{FiedlerKlieglLindenbergeretal.2005,
  author    = {Fiedler, Klaus and Kliegl, Reinhold and Lindenberger, Ulman and Mausfeld, Rainer and Mummendey, Am{\´e}lie and Prinz, Wolfgang},
  title     = {Psychologie im 21. Jahrhundert: F{\"u}hrende deutsche Psychologen {\"u}ber Lage und Zukunft ihres Fachs und die Rolle der psychologischen Grundlagenforschung},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-57051},
  year      = {2005},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{BohnKliegl2008,
  author    = {Bohn, Christiane and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Zur Interaktion von Verarbeitungstiefe und dem Wortvorhersagbarkeitseffekt beim Lesen von S{\"a}tzen},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-57036},
  year      = {2008},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Junker2004,
  author    = {Junker, Martina},
  title     = {Der verflixte Akkusativ : Altersunterschiede und Altersinvarianz beim Verstehen von S{\"a}tzen mit unterschiedlich komplexer syntaktischer Struktur},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-3784},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {In dieser Arbeit wird in mehreren Experimenten untersucht, wie gut junge und alte Erwachsene S{\"a}tze mit unterschiedlich komplexer syntaktischer Struktur verstehen k{\"o}nnen. Zentrales Thema dabei sind die Schwierigkeiten, die {\"a}ltere Erwachsene mit der Objekt-vor-Subjekt-Wortstellung haben. Untersucht wird, inwiefern diese beobachteten Altersunterschiede durch eine reduzierte verbale Arbeitsged{\"a}chtniskapazit{\"a}t der {\"a}lteren Erwachsenen erkl{\"a}rt werden k{\"o}nnen. Dabei stellt sich die Frage, ob die Defizite ein generelles verbales Arbeitsged{\"a}chtnis betreffen oder ob es ein eigenes Verarbeitungs-system f{\"u}r syntaktische Informationen gibt, dessen Kapazit{\"a}t mit dem Alter abnimmt. Es wurde versucht, die postulierte reduzierte Arbeitsged{\"a}chtniskapazit{\"a}t der {\"a}lteren Erwachsenen an jungen Erwachsenen zu simulieren, indem deren Arbeitsged{\"a}chtniska-pazit{\"a}t durch eine Zusatzaufgabe k{\"u}nstlich eingeschr{\"a}nkt wurde. Weiterhin wurden die Altersunterschiede bei syntaktisch komplexen zentraleingebetteten Relativs{\"a}tzen mit denen bei syntaktisch einfacheren koordinierten Haupts{\"a}tzen verglichen. Um die Studienteilnehmer mit den seltenen objektinitialen Strukturen zu konfrontieren und ihre Erfahrung mit solchen S{\"a}tzen zu ver{\"a}ndern, wurden schließlich sowohl junge als auch alte Erwachsene mit S{\"a}tzen mit Objekt-vor-Subjekt-Wortstellung trainiert.},
  subject      = {Gerontologie},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{HohensteinLaubrockKliegl2010,
  author    = {Hohenstein, Sven and Laubrock, Jochen and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Semantic preview benefit in eye movements during reading: a parafoveal past-priming study},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-57203},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Eye movements in reading are sensitive to foveal and parafoveal word features. Whereas the influence of orthographic or phonological parafoveal information on gaze control is undisputed, there has been no reliable evidence for early parafoveal extraction of semantic information in alphabetic script. Using a novel combination of the gaze-contingent fast-priming and boundary paradigms, we demonstrate semantic preview benefit when a semantically related parafoveal word was available during the initial 125 ms of a fixation on the pre-target word (Experiments 1 and 2). When the target location was made more salient, significant parafoveal semantic priming occurred only at 80 ms (Experiment 3). Finally, with short primes only (20, 40, 60 ms) effects were not significant but numerically in the expected direction for 40 and 60 ms (Experiment 4). In all experiments, fixation durations on the target word increased with prime durations under all conditions. The evidence for extraction of semantic information from the parafoveal word favors an explanation in terms of parallel word processing in reading.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Eilers2021,
  author    = {Eilers, Sarah},
  title     = {Children's processing of anaphora during reading comprehension},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-52714},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-527141},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {107},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Viele Kinder haben Schwierigkeiten, w{\"a}hrend des Lesens einen Textinhalt ad{\"a}quat zu erfassen. Lesen ist eine komplexe kognitive Aufgabe, die verschiedene Unteraufgaben umfasst, darunter zum Beispiel das Dekodieren von W{\"o}rtern und das Verkn{\"u}pfen mehrerer aufeinander folgender S{\"a}tze. Einen Teil dieser Verkn{\"u}pfungen machen referenzielle Ausdr{\"u}cke aus. Referenzen wie nominale Anaphern (Minky/die Katze) oder Pronomen (Minky/sie) signalisieren den Lesenden, wie die Protagonisten und Protagonistinnen in aufeinander folgenden S{\"a}tzen zusammenh{\"a}ngen. Die Lesenden verkn{\"u}pfen diese Information in einem mentalen Modell des Textes, nachdem sie die Referenz aufgel{\"o}st haben. Besonders Personalpronomen (er/sie) k{\"o}nnen ohne einen solchen Aufl{\"o}sungsprozess nicht verstanden werden. Sie m{\"u}ssen mit einem passenden Antezedenten in Verbindung gebracht werden, oder das mentale Modell bleibt unvollst{\"a}ndig. Gelungene Pronomenaufl{\"o}sung ist somit besonders bedeutsam f{\"u}r ein gutes Textverst{\"a}ndnis. Die vorliegende Dissertation besch{\"a}ftigt sich mit der Pronomenaufl{\"o}sung von Grundschulkindern im Alter von 8-9 Jahren und geht dabei der grunds{\"a}tzlichen Frage nach, ob Kinder in diesem Alter Pronomen in nat{\"u}rlichen Lesesituationen spontan aufl{\"o}sen. Zudem wurde am Beispiel der Geschlechtsinformation des Pronomens untersucht, welchen Einfluss die Informationsdichte um die Pronomenregion auf die Blickbewegungen von Kindern hat. Dabei ging es auch um den Einfluss von Leseentwicklung und Lesefertigkeiten auf die Blickbewegungen beim Lesen, sowie auf das Verstehen eines Pronomens. Die erste Studie untersuchte das Lesen kurzer Texte, die aus jeweils drei S{\"a}tzen bestanden. Der erste Satz f{\"u}hrte einen Protagonisten mit Namen ein (Mia), auf den sich der zweite oder dritte Satz bezog, entweder mit einer Wiederholung des Namens (Mia) oder einem Pronomen (sie). Die Studie ging der Frage nach, ob Kinder bei solchen salienten Antezedenten ein Pronomen (sie) als referenziellen Ausdruck dem wiederholten Namen (Mia) vorziehen. In der Literatur zum Lesen Erwachsener ist dieser Befund als repeated name penalty effect bekannt: Der Lesefluss von ge{\"u}bten Lesenden wird durch die Wiederholung einer Nominalphrase deutlich beeintr{\"a}chtigt. F{\"u}r Kinder dagegen wurde die Hypothese aufgestellt, dass deren Lesefluss durch die Wiederholung verbessert werden k{\"o}nnte, und zwar aufgrund der sich {\"u}berlappenden Wortform (Mia - Mia) die eine kognitiv aufw{\"a}ndige Aufl{\"o}sung des Pronomens (Mia - sie) {\"u}berfl{\"u}ssig macht. Die zweite Studie untersuchte die Verarbeitung von kongruenten und inkongruenten Geschlechtsinformation auf dem Pronomen. Die Kinder bekamen komplexe S{\"a}tze zu lesen, bei denen das Pronomen entweder passend zum Antezedenten gew{\"a}hlt war (Mia - sie) oder unpassend (Mia - er). Erg{\"a}nzend wurden Leseverstehen und Lesefl{\"u}ssigkeit erhoben und mit der F{\"a}higkeit der Kinder, spontan ein inkongruentes Pronomen w{\"a}hrend des Lesens zu erkennen, in Verbindung gebracht. Die dritte Studie untersuchte die Blickbewegungen auf dem Pronomen in Abh{\"a}ngigkeit von variierender Geschlechtsinformationen genauer. Sie verglich den Lesefluss und das Leseverstehen von Kindern in Pronomenregionen, in denen das Pronomen anhand von der Geschlechtsinformation eindeutig einem Protagonisten zugeordnet werden kann (Peter und Paula…, er…) mit Lesesituationen, in denen der weitere Satzkontext zur Aufl{\"o}sung herangezogen werden muss (Peter und Paul, … er…). Dabei wurden die Blickbewegungen auf der Pronomenregion mit dem Leseverstehen, insbesondere dem Verstehen des Pronomens, in Verbindung gebracht. Dieses Experiment wurde im Sinne einer Longitudinalstudie in Klasse 3 und Klasse 4 mit der gleichen Gruppe von 70 Kindern durchgef{\"u}hrt. Zusammengefasst belegen die Ergebnisse dieser Dissertation, dass Kinder im Alter zwischen 8 und 9 Jahren noch deutliche Schwierigkeiten mit dem Verstehen von Pronomen in Leseaufgaben haben. Die Antworten auf Verst{\"a}ndnisfragen zum Pronomen zeigen insbesondere, dass Kinder die Kontextinformation in S{\"a}tzen nur unzureichend f{\"u}r die Pronomenaufl{\"o}sung nutzen, und dass ihr Verst{\"a}ndnis eines Pronomens wesentlich davon abh{\"a}ngt, ob das Pronomen anhand der Geschlechtsinformation eindeutig einem Antezedenten zugewiesen werden kann. Dies zeigte sich bei Kindern im 3., aber auch noch im 4. Schuljahr. Die Ergebnisse der Analyse von Blickbewegungsdaten, welche den wesentlichen Beitrag der vorliegenden Dissertation zum Forschungsfeld darstellen, zeigen zun{\"a}chst, dass Kinder ein Pronomen erwarten, wenn der Antezent salient ist (Studie 1). Anders als angenommen gibt es keinen Beleg daf{\"u}r, dass der kindliche Lesefluss von einer Wiederholung des Antezedenten profitiert. Der Befund eines repeated name penalty effects bei Kindern dieser Altersgruppe belegt im Gegenteil eine Sensitivit{\"a}t f{\"u}r die Diskursregeln, nach denen Pronomen auf saliente Antezedenten referieren. Allerdings kann daraus nicht abgeleitet werden, dass die Online-Pronomenaufl{\"o}sung von Kindern mit denen von erwachsenen Lesenden vergleichbar ist. Die Ergebnisse der Analyse von Blickbewegungsdaten auf der Pronomenregion (Studien 2 und 3) belegen wichtige Unterschiede zwischen Kindern und Erwachsenen, sowie deutliche interindividuelle Unterschiede in Zusammenhang mit dem Leseverstehen und der Lesefl{\"u}ssigkeit der Kinder. Die Ergebnisse der Studie 2 belegen einen Zusammenhang zwischen der Lesefl{\"u}ssigkeit eines Kindes und der F{\"a}higkeit, eine Inkongruenz zwischen Pronomen und Antezedenten w{\"a}hrend des Lesens wahrzunehmen. W{\"a}hrend alle Kinder l{\"a}ngere gaze durations (erste Verweildauer) auf einem inkongruenten Pronomen hatten, zeigte sich nur bei Kindern mit hoher Lesefl{\"u}ssigkeit eine Tendenz zu regressiven Blickbewegungen aus der fraglichen Pronomenregion. Diese regressiven Blickbewegungen gelten als Signal f{\"u}r eine lokale Verarbeitungsschwierigkeit und werden als Versuch interpretiert, diese Schwierigkeit aufzul{\"o}sen. Eine hohe Lesefl{\"u}ssigkeit war also korreliert mit dem Erkennen der Inkongruenz. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus war das Blickbewegungsmuster der Kinder, die die Inkongruenz erkannten, vergleichbarer mit dem der erwachsenen Kontrollgruppe. Die Befunde werden so interpretiert, dass Kinder mit einer h{\"o}heren Lesefl{\"u}ssigkeit mehr kognitive Ressourcen f{\"u}r die {\"U}berwachung ihres eigenen Leseprozesses zur Verf{\"u}gung stehen, und sie diese freien Ressourcen zur Pronomenaufl{\"o}sung auch in schwierigen Satzkontexten nutzen k{\"o}nnen. Kinder unterscheiden sich stark in ihrem Leseverstehen, auch innerhalb einer Kohorte. Die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Dissertation belegen, dass vorwiegend Kinder mit gutem Leseverstehen in der Lage sind, Pronomen w{\"a}hrend des Lesens anhand derer Geschlechtsinformation aufzul{\"o}sen. Es l{\"a}sst sich zeigen, dass sich gute Lesende nachweislich mehr Zeit in einer Pronomenregion nehmen, wenn das Pronomen anhand der Geschlechtsinformation direkt aufgel{\"o}st werden kann. Darin unterscheiden sie sich von schlechteren Lesenden, auch wenn diese insgesamt eine l{\"a}ngere Lesedauer zeigen. Das Alter der Kinder war dabei weniger entscheidend als ihre individuelle Leistung im Leseverstehens- und Lesefl{\"u}ssigkeitstest. Zusammengefasst l{\"a}sst sich sagen, dass gute Lesende unter den Kindern in der Lage sind, Pronomen w{\"a}hrend des Lesens spontan aufzul{\"o}sen. Dabei ist das Leseverstehen ein entscheidender Faktor in beiden untersuchten Altersstufen. F{\"u}r einen Einfluss des Alters der Kinder gab es dagegen kein Indiz. Der Beitrag der vorliegenden Dissertation zum Forschungsfeld ist die Untersuchung und Darstellung der spezifischen Blickbewegungsmuster im Zusammenhang mit einer erfolgreichen Aufl{\"o}sung von Pronomen bei Kindern. Das Blickbewegungsverhalten in der Pronomenregion ist abh{\"a}ngig vom Leseverstehen und der Lesefl{\"u}ssigkeit der Kinder. Die vorliegenden Ergebnisse lassen vermuten, dass viele Kinder Pronomen w{\"a}hrend des Satzverstehens nicht spontan aufl{\"o}sen, was sich negativ auf ihr Leseverstehen auswirkt, und zwar vermutlich umso mehr in komplexeren Textzusammenh{\"a}ngen. Die vorliegende Arbeit verdeutlicht die kognitiven Anforderungen, die erfolgreiche Pronomenaufl{\"o}sung an Kinder stellt. Nicht zuletzt gibt sie wichtige Impulse f{\"u}r die Untersuchung von {\"u}bergeordneten Leseprozessen in nat{\"u}rlichen Leseumgebungen mittels Eyetracking auch bei j{\"u}ngeren Kindern.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HaendlerKlieglAdani2015,
  author    = {Haendler, Yair and Kliegl, Reinhold and Adani, Flavia},
  title     = {Discourse accessibility constraints in children´s processing of object relative clauses},
  series = {Frontiers in psychology},
  volume    = {6},
  journal   = {Frontiers in psychology},
  number    = {860},
  publisher = {Frontiers Research Foundation},
  address   = {Lausanne},
  issn      = {1664-1078},
  doi       = {10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00860},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {Children's poor performance on object relative clauses has been explained in terms of intervention locality. This approach predicts that object relatives with a full DP head and an embedded pronominal subject are easier than object relatives in which both the head noun and the embedded subject are full DPs. This prediction is shared by other accounts formulated to explain processing mechanisms. We conducted a visual-world study designed to test the off-line comprehension and on-line processing of object relatives in German-speaking 5-year-olds. Children were tested on three types of object relatives, all having a full DP head noun and differing with respect to the type of nominal phrase that appeared in the embedded subject position: another full DP, a 1st- or a 3rd-person pronoun. Grammatical skills and memory capacity were also assessed in order to see whether and how they affect children's performance. Most accurately processed were object relatives with 1st-person pronoun, independently of children's language and memory skills. Performance on object relatives with two full DPs was overall more accurate than on object relatives with 3rd-person pronoun. In the former condition, children with stronger grammatical skills accurately processed the structure and their memory abilities determined how fast they were; in the latter condition, children only processed accurately the structure if they were strong both in their grammatical skills and in their memory capacity. The results are discussed in the light of accounts that predict different pronoun effects like the ones we find, which depend on the referential properties of the pronouns. We then discuss which role language and memory abilities might have in processing object relatives with various embedded nominal phrases.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{FelisattiFischerKulkovaetal.2021,
  author    = {Felisatti, Arianna and Fischer, Martin H. and Kulkova, Elena and K{\"u}hne, Katharina and Michirev, Alexej},
  title     = {Separation/connection procedures},
  series = {Behavioral and brain sciences : an international journal of current research and theory with open peer commentary},
  volume    = {44},
  journal   = {Behavioral and brain sciences : an international journal of current research and theory with open peer commentary},
  publisher = {Cambridge Univ. Press},
  address   = {New York},
  issn      = {1469-1825},
  doi       = {10.1017/S0140525X20000461},
  pages     = {2},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Lee and Schwarz (L\&S) suggest that separation is the grounded procedure underlying cleansing effects in different psychological domains. Here, we interpret L\&S's account from a hierarchical view of cognition that considers the influence of physical properties and sensorimotor constraints on mental representations. This approach allows theoretical integration and generalization of L\&S's account to the domain of formal quantitative reasoning.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{KlannDeliusKauschkeGluecketal.2008,
  author    = {Klann-Delius, Gisela and Kauschke, Christina and Gl{\"u}ck, Christian W. and Schr{\"o}der, Astrid and Lorenz, Antje and Domahs, Frank and Grande, Marion and Domahs, Ulrike and Frankenberg, Jenny v. and Wahl, Michael and De Kok, D{\"o}rte and Stadie, Nicole and Machleb, Franziska and Manz, Katrin and Frank, Ulrike and Sperlich, Kathrin and Vauth, Friederike and Hampel, Pamela and M{\"a}der, Mark and Sticher, Heike and Bethmann, Anja and Fischenich, Andrea and Scheich, Henning and Brechmann, Andr{\´e} and Peschke, Claudia and Ziegler, Wolfram and Kappes, Juliane and Baumg{\"a}rtner, Annette and Sonntag, Kristin and Bartels, Luise and Heide, Judith and Meinunger, Andr{\´e} and Burchert, Frank and Bohn, Christiane and Kliegl, Reinhold and Gottal, Stephanie and Berendes, Karin and Grabherr, Britta and Schneeberg, Jennifer and Wittler, Marion and Ptok, Martin and Sallat, Stephan},
  title     = {Spektrum Patholinguistik = Schwerpunktthema: der Erwerb von Lexikon und Semantik: Meilensteine, St{\"o}rungen und Therapie ; Tagungsband zum 1. Herbsttreffen Patholinguistik, 24. November 2007},
  number    = {1},
  editor    = {Wahl, Michael and Michael, Judith and Hanne, Sandra},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  organization    = {Verband f{\"u}r Patholinguistik e. V. (vpl)},
  issn      = {1869-3822},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-1719},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-18688},
  year      = {2008},
  abstract  = {Der vorliegende Tagungsband enth{\"a}lt alle Beitr{\"a}ge des 1. Herbsttreffens Patholinguistik, das am 24.11.2007 an der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam stattgefunden hat. Sowohl die drei Hauptvortr{\"a}ge zum Thema „Der Erwerb von Lexikon und Semantik - Meilensteine, St{\"o}rungen und Therapie" als auch die Kurzvortr{\"a}ge promovierter Patholinguisten sind ausf{\"u}hrlich dokumentiert. Außerdem enth{\"a}lt der Tagungsband die Abstracts der pr{\"a}sentierten Poster.},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{ThielRomanoKurthsetal.2006,
  author    = {Thiel, Marco and Romano, Maria Carmen and Kurths, J{\"u}rgen and Rolfs, Martin and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Generating Surrogates from Recurrences},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-56906},
  year      = {2006},
  abstract  = {In this paper we present an approach to recover the dynamics from recurrences of a system and then generate (multivariate) twin surrogate (TS) trajectories. In contrast to other approaches, such as the linear-like surrogates, this technique produces surrogates which correspond to an independent copy of the underlying system, i. e. they induce a trajectory of the underlying system visiting the attractor in a different way. We show that these surrogates are well suited to test for complex synchronization, which makes it possible to systematically assess the reliability of synchronization analyses. We then apply the TS to study binocular fixational movements and find strong indications that the fixational movements of the left and right eye are phase synchronized. This result indicates that there might be one centre only in the brain that produces the fixational movements in both eyes or a close link between two centres.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{NicenboimVasishthGatteietal.2015,
  author    = {Nicenboim, Bruno and Vasishth, Shravan and Gattei, Carolina and Sigman, Mariano and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Working memory differences in long-distance dependency resolution},
  series = {Frontiers in psychology},
  volume    = {6},
  journal   = {Frontiers in psychology},
  number    = {312},
  publisher = {Frontiers Research Foundation},
  address   = {Lausanne},
  issn      = {1664-1078},
  doi       = {10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00312},
  pages     = {16},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {There is a wealth of evidence showing that increasing the distance between an argument and its head leads to more processing effort, namely, locality effects; these are usually associated with constraints in working memory (DLT: Gibson, 2000; activation-based model: Lewis and Vasishth, 2005). In SOV languages, however, the opposite effect has been found: antilocality (see discussion in Levy et al., 2013). Antilocality effects can be explained by the expectation-based approach as proposed by Levy (2008) or by the activation-based model of sentence processing as proposed by Lewis and Vasishth (2005). We report an eye-tracking and a self-paced reading study with sentences in Spanish together with measures of individual differences to examine the distinction between expectation- and memory-based accounts, and within memory-based accounts the further distinction between DLT and the activation-based model. The experiments show that (i) antilocality effects as predicted by the expectation account appear only for high-capacity readers; (ii) increasing dependency length by interposing material that modifies the head of the dependency (the verb) produces stronger facilitation than increasing dependency length with material that does not modify the head; this is in agreement with the activation-based model but not with the expectation account; and (iii) a possible outcome of memory load on low-capacity readers is the increase in regressive saccades (locality effects as predicted by memory-based accounts) or, surprisingly, a speedup in the self-paced reading task; the latter consistent with good-enough parsing (Ferreira et al., 2002). In sum, the study suggests that individual differences in working memory capacity play a role in dependency resolution, and that some of the aspects of dependency resolution can be best explained with the activation-based model together with a prediction component.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Wotschack2009,
  author    = {Wotschack, Christiane},
  title     = {Eye movements in reading strategies : how reading strategies modulate effects of distributed processing and oculomotor control},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  isbn      = {978-3-86956-021-2},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-36846},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {213},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {Throughout its empirical research history eye movement research has always been aware of the differences in reading behavior induced by individual differences and task demands. This work introduces a novel comprehensive concept of reading strategy, comprising individual differences in reading style and reading skill as well as reader goals. In a series of sentence reading experiments recording eye movements, the influence of reading strategies on reader- and word-level effects assuming distributed processing has been investigated. Results provide evidence for strategic, top-down influences on eye movement control that extend our understanding of eye guidance in reading.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Oehme2013,
  author    = {Oehme, Astrid},
  title     = {{\"A}sthetisches Verst{\"a}ndnis und {\"a}sthetische Wertsch{\"a}tzung von Automobildesign : eine Frage der Expertise},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  isbn      = {978-3-86956-210-0},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-62013},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {xxx, 357},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {Automobildesigner haben als Gestaltungsexperten die Aufgabe, die Identit{\"a}t und damit die Werte einer Marke in Formen zu {\"u}bersetzen, welche eine Vielzahl von Kunden ansprechen (Giannini \& Monti, 2003; Karjalainen, 2002). F{\"u}r diesen {\"U}bersetzungsprozess ist es zielf{\"u}hrend, {\"a}sthetische Kundenbed{\"u}rfnisse zu kennen, denn die Qualit{\"a}t einer Designl{\"o}sung h{\"a}ngt auch davon ab, inwieweit der Designer Kundenbe-d{\"u}rfnisse und damit das Designproblem richtig erfasst hat (Ulrich, 2006). Eine Grundlage hierf{\"u}r entsteht durch eine erfolgreiche Designer-Nutzer-Interaktion und den Aufbau eines gemeinsamen Kontextwissens (Lee, Popovich, Blackler \& Lee, 2009). Zwischen Designern und Kunden findet jedoch h{\"a}ufig kein direkter Austausch statt (Zeisel, 2006). Zudem belegen Befunde der Kunst- und Produkt{\"a}sthetikforschung, dass der Erwerb von gestalterischem Wissen und damit die Entwicklung {\"a}sthetischer Expertise mit Ver{\"a}nderungen der kognitiven Verarbeitung {\"a}sthetischer Objekte einhergeht, die sich in Wahrnehmung, Bewertung und Verhalten manifestieren. Damit ist auch zu erwarten, dass die Pr{\"a}ferenzurteile von Designern und Kunden bei der {\"a}sthetischen Bewertung von Design nicht immer konvergieren. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war daher die systematische Untersuchung dieser expertisebedingten Wahrnehmungs- und Bewertungsunterschiede zwischen designge-schulten und ungeschulten Personen bei der Betrachtung von Automobildesign. Damit sollten Perzeption, Verarbeitung und Bewertung von Automobildesign durch design-ungeschulte Personen transparenter gemacht und mit der Verarbeitung designgeschul-ter Personen verglichen werden, um einen Beitrag zur gemeinsamen Wissensbasis und damit einer erfolgreichen Designer-Nutzer-Interaktion zu leisten. Die theoretische Einbettung der Arbeit basierte auf dem Modell {\"a}sthetischer Erfahrung und {\"a}stheti-schen Urteilens von Leder, Belke, Oeberst und Augustin (2004), welches konkrete Annahmen zu Verarbeitungsunterschieden von {\"a}sthetischen Objekten zwischen Experten und Laien bietet, die bisher allerdings noch nicht umfassend gepr{\"u}ft wurden. Den ersten Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit bildete die Untersuchung von Unter-schieden zwischen Designern und designungeschulten Rezipienten bei der Beschrei-bung und Bewertung auf dem Markt vorhandenen Fahrzeugdesigns. Dabei sollte auch gepr{\"u}ft werden, ob eine lexikalische Verbindung zwischen Beschreibungsattributen von Fahrzeugrezipienten und den postulierten Markenwerten von Automobilmarken hergestellt werden kann. Diesem ersten Untersuchungsanliegen wurde in zwei Studien nachgegangen: Studie I diente der Erhebung von Beschreibungsattributen mittels Triadenvergleich in Anlehnung an Kelly (1955). Es wurde gepr{\"u}ft, ob designgeschulte Teilnehmer produkti-ver verbalisieren, dabei anteilig mehr symbolbezogene als formbezogene Attribute generieren und innerhalb ihrer Gruppe h{\"a}ufiger gleiche Attribute nutzen als designun-geschulte Teilnehmer. Hierf{\"u}r beschrieben 20 designgeschulte Probanden und 20 designungeschulte Probanden mit selbst gew{\"a}hlten Adjektiven die Unterschiede zwischen vier pr{\"a}sentierten Fahrzeugen. Die Gruppen nutzten dabei entgegen der Annahmen sehr {\"a}hnliche Attribute und unterschieden sich somit auch nicht in ihrer Verwendung symbolbezogener und formbezogener Attribute. Die generierten Attribute wurden mittels Prototypenansatz (Amelang \& Zielinski, 2002) den ermittelten und nachfolgend kategorisierten Markenwerten von 10 Automobilherstellern zugeordnet, so dass sechs Skalen zur Erfassung der {\"a}sthetischen Wirkung von Fahrzeugen entstanden. In Studie II wurde ein diese sechs Skalen umfassender Fragebogen an einer Stichprobe von 83 Designern und Designstudierenden sowie 98 Probanden ohne Designausbildung in einer Onlinebefragung hinsichtlich Skalenkonsistenz gepr{\"u}ft. Außerdem wurden erste Annahmen aus dem Modell von Leder et al. (2004) abgeleitet und durch einen Vergleich der beiden Teilnehmergruppen hinsichtlich der Bewertung der vier pr{\"a}sentierten Fahrzeugmodelle f{\"u}r die Skalen mit guter interner Konsistenz (Attraktivit{\"a}t, Dynamik, Fortschritt, Qualit{\"a}t), sowie eines {\"a}sthetischen Gesamturteils, der ben{\"o}tigten Bewertungszeit und der Automobilaffinit{\"a}t {\"u}berpr{\"u}ft. Hierbei vergaben Designstudierende und insbesondere ausgebildete Designer radikalere Bewertungen als Designlaien, ben{\"o}tigten mehr Zeit bei der Bewertung und waren automobilaffiner als die ungeschulten Befragungsteilnehmer. Den zweiten Schwerpunkt der Arbeit bildete eine konzeptionelle Zusammen-f{\"u}hrung der Annahmen des Modells von Leder et al. (2004) und der Postulate zur Wirkung von Objekteigenschaften auf {\"a}sthetische Urteile (Berlyne, 1971; Martindale, 1988; Silvia, 2005b). Konkret sollte gepr{\"u}ft werden, welchen Einfluss marktrelevante Objekteigenschaften, wie z.B. das Ausmaß an Innovativit{\"a}t, auf die durch Expertise moderierte Bewertung von Design haben. In den Studien III und IV wurden hierf{\"u}r systematisch bez{\"u}glich Innovativit{\"a}t und Balance gestufte Linienmodelle von Fahrzeu-gen pr{\"a}sentiert. In Studie III wurden die Modelle in einer Onlinebefragung durch 18 Designstudierende und 20 Studenten der Fahrzeugtechnik hinsichtlich Attraktivit{\"a}t, Innovativit{\"a}t und Balance bewertet. Im Einklang mit den Annahmen konnte gezeigt werden, dass sehr neuartiges Design von den designungeschulten Probanden als weniger attraktiv bewertet wird als von Betrachtern eines Designstudienganges. In Studie IV wurden neben den {\"A}sthetikbewertungen zus{\"a}tzlich das Blickverhal-ten und der affektiver Zustand der Versuchsteilnehmer in einem Messwiederholungs-design mit einer zwischengelagerten Phase elaborierter Designbewertung, in welcher der in Studie II gepr{\"u}fte Fragebogen eingesetzt wurde, erhoben. An der Laborstudie nahmen je 11 Designer, Ingenieure, und Geisteswissenschaftler teil. Wiederum wurde innovatives Design von den designungeschulten Gruppen als weniger attraktiv bewertet. Dieser Unterschied reduzierte sich jedoch nach wiederholter Bewertung der Modelle. Die Manifestation expertisebedingten Blickverhaltens konnte nicht beobach-tet werden, wie auch die durch eine angenommene bessere Bew{\"a}ltigung einherge-hende positivere Stimmung oder h{\"o}here Zufriedenheit in der Expertengruppe. Gemeinsam mit den Befunden aus den Studien II und III wurde deutlich, dass Designausbildung und, noch ausgepr{\"a}gter, Designexpertise neben einer h{\"o}heren Attraktivit{\"a}tsbewertung innovativen Designs auch zu einer differenzierteren Beurtei-lung von Innovativit{\"a}t f{\"u}hrt. Dies wurde mit der Erweiterung des mentalen Schemas f{\"u}r Fahrzeuge durch die Besch{\"a}ftigung mit vielf{\"a}ltigen Modellvarianten bereits w{\"a}hrend des Studiums interpretiert. Es wurden Hinweise auf eine stilbezogene, elaboriertere Verarbeitung von Fahrzeugdesign durch designgeschulte Betrachter beobachtet sowie eine mit Expertise einhergehende Autonomit{\"a}t {\"a}sthetischer Urteile als Ausdruck einer hohen {\"a}sthetischen Entwicklungsstufe (Parsons, 1987). Mit diesen bei unterschiedlichen Stichproben beobachteten, stabilen expertisebedingten Bewer-tungsunterschieden wurde eine begr{\"u}ndete Basis f{\"u}r die geforderte Sensibilisierung f{\"u}r {\"a}sthetische Kundenbed{\"u}rfnisse im Gestaltungsprozess geschaffen. Der in dieser Arbeit entwickelte Fragebogen kann hierbei f{\"u}r eine elaborierte Messung von Fahrzeugdesignpr{\"a}ferenzen, zum Vergleich der {\"a}sthetischen Wirkung mit den intendierten Markenwerten sowie f{\"u}r die Diskussion von Nutzereindr{\"u}cken eingesetzt werden. Die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Arbeiten tragen somit zur Erweiterung und Pr{\"a}zisierung des theoretischen Verst{\"a}ndnisses von {\"A}sthetikbewertungen bei und lassen sich gleichzeitig in die Praxis der Designausbildung und des Designprozesses {\"u}bertragen.},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{FanselowSchlesewskyCavaretal.1999,
  author    = {Fanselow, Gisbert and Schlesewsky, Matthias and Cavar, Damir and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Optimal parsing: syntactic parsing preferences and optimality theory},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-57164},
  year      = {1999},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{ValsecchiDimigenKliegletal.2009,
  author    = {Valsecchi, Matteo and Dimigen, Olaf and Kliegl, Reinhold and Sommer, Werner and Turatto, Massimo},
  title     = {Microsaccadic Inhibition and P300 Enhancement in a Visual Oddball Task},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-57170},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {It has recently been demonstrated that the presentation of a rare target in a visual oddball paradigm induces a prolonged inhibition of microsaccades. In the field of electrophysiology, the amplitude of the P300 component in event-related potentials (ERP) has been shown to be sensitive to the stimulus category (target vs. non target) of the eliciting stimulus, its overall probability, and the preceding stimulus sequence. In the present study we further specify the functional underpinnings of the prolonged microsaccadic inhibition in the visual oddball task, showing that the stimulus category, the frequency of a stimulus and the preceding stimulus sequence influence microsaccade rate. Furthermore, by co-recording ERPs and eye-movements, we were able to demonstrate that, despite being largely sensitive to the same experimental manipulation, the amplitude of P300 and the microsaccadic inhibition predict each other very weakly, and thus constitute two independent measures of the brain's response to rare targets in the visual oddball paradigm.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{KlieglRolfsLaubrocketal.2009,
  author    = {Kliegl, Reinhold and Rolfs, Martin and Laubrock, Jochen and Engbert, Ralf},
  title     = {Microsaccadic Modulation of Response Times in Spatial Attention Tasks},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-57098},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {Covert shifts of attention are usually reflected in RT differences between responses to valid and invalid cues in the Posner spatial attention task. Such inferences about covert shifts of attention do not control for microsaccades in the cue target interval. We analyzed the effects of microsaccade orientation on RTs in four conditions, crossing peripheral visual and auditory cues with peripheral visual and auditory discrimination targets. Reaction time was generally faster on trials without microsaccades in the cue-target interval. If microsaccades occurred, the target-location congruency of the last microsaccade in the cuetarget interval interacted in a complex way with cue validity. For valid visual cues, irrespective of whether the discrimination target was visual or auditory, target-congruent microsaccades delayed RT. For invalid cues, target-incongruent microsaccades facilitated RTs for visual target discrimination, but delayed RT for auditory target discrimination. No reliable effects on RT were associated with auditory cues or with the first microsaccade in the cue-target interval. We discuss theoretical implications on the relation about spatial attention and oculomotor processes.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{BostonHaleKliegletal.2008,
  author    = {Boston, Marisa Ferrara and Hale, John and Kliegl, Reinhold and Patil, Umesh and Vasishth, Shravan},
  title     = {Parsing costs as predictors of reading difficulty: An evaluation using the Potsdam Sentence Corpus},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-57139},
  year      = {2008},
  abstract  = {The surprisal of a word on a probabilistic grammar constitutes a promising complexity metric for human sentence comprehension difficulty. Using two different grammar types, surprisal is shown to have an effect on fixation durations and regression probabilities in a sample of German readers' eye movements, the Potsdam Sentence Corpus. A linear mixed-effects model was used to quantify the effect of surprisal while taking into account unigram and bigram frequency, word length, and empirically-derived word predictability; the so-called "early" and "late" measures of processing difficulty both showed an effect of surprisal. Surprisal is also shown to have a small but statistically non-significant effect on empirically-derived predictability itself. This work thus demonstrates the importance of including parsing costs as a predictor of comprehension difficulty in models of reading, and suggests that a simple identification of syntactic parsing costs with early measures and late measures with durations of post-syntactic events may be difficult to uphold.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{MingKlieglShuetal.2010,
  author    = {Ming, Yan and Kliegl, Reinhold and Shu, Hua and Pan, Jinger and Zhou, Xiaolin},
  title     = {Parafoveal Load of Word N+1 Modulates Preprocessing Effectivenessof Word N+2 in Chinese Reading},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-57103},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Preview benefits (PBs) from two words to the right of the fixated one (i.e., word N+2)and associated parafoveal-on-foveal effects are critical for proposals of distributed lexical processing during reading. This experiment examined parafoveal processing during reading of Chinese sentences, using a boundary manipulation of N+2-word preview with low- and high-frequency words N+1. The main findings were (a) an identity PB for word N+2 that was (b) primarily observed when word N+1 was of high frequency (i.e., an interaction between frequency of word N+1 and PB for word N+2), and (c) a parafoveal-on-foveal frequency effect of word N+1 for fixation durations on word N. We discuss implications for theories of serial attention shifts and parallel distributed processing of words during reading.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{KlieglRisseLaubrock2007,
  author    = {Kliegl, Reinhold and Risse, Sarah and Laubrock, Jochen},
  title     = {Preview Benefit and Parafoveal-on-Foveal Effects from Word N+2},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-57186},
  year      = {2007},
  abstract  = {Using the gaze-contingent boundary paradigm with the boundary placed after word n, we manipulated preview of word n+2 for fixations on word n. There was no preview benefit for first-pass reading on word n+2, replicating the results of Rayner, Juhasz, and Brown (2007), but there was a preview benefit on the three-letter word n+1, that is, after the boundary, but before word n+2. Additionally, both word n+1 and word n+2 exhibited parafoveal-on-foveal effects on word n. Thus, during a fixation on word n and given a short word n+1, some information is extracted from word n+2, supporting the hypothesis of distributed processing in the perceptual span.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{AngeleSlatteryYangetal.2008,
  author    = {Angele, Bernhard and Slattery, Timothy J. and Yang, Jinmian and Kliegl, Reinhold and Rayner, Keith},
  title     = {Parafoveal processing in reading: Manipulating n+1 and n+2 previews simultaneously},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-57128},
  year      = {2008},
  abstract  = {The boundary paradigm (Rayner, 1975) with a novel preview manipulation was used to examine the extent of parafoveal processing of words to the right of fixation. Words n+1 and n+2 had either correct or incorrect previews prior to fixation (prior to crossing the boundary location). In addition, the manipulation utilized either a high or low frequency word in word n+1 location on the assumption that it would be more likely that n+2 preview effects could be obtained when word n+1 was high frequency. The primary findings were that there was no evidence for a preview benefit for word n+2 and no evidence for parafoveal-on-foveal effects when word n+1 is at least four letters long. We discuss implications for models of eye-movement control in reading.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{EngbertNuthmannRichteretal.2005,
  author    = {Engbert, Ralf and Nuthmann, Antje and Richter, Eike M. and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {SWIFT: A Dynamical Model of Saccade Generation during Reading},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-57145},
  year      = {2005},
  abstract  = {Mathematical models have become an important tool for understanding the control of eye movements during reading. Main goals of the development of the SWIFT model (Engbert, Longtin, \& Kliegl, 2002)were to investigate the possibility of spatially distributed processing and to implement a general mechanism for all types of eye movements we observe in reading experiments. Here, we present an advanced version of SWIFT which integrates properties of the oculomotor system and effects of word recognition to explain many of the experimental phenomena faced in reading research. We propose new procedures for the estimation of model parameters and for the test of the model's performance. A mathematical analysis of the dynamics of the SWIFT model is presented. Finally, within this framework, we present an analysis of the transition from parallel to serial processing.},
  language  = {en}
}
@book{BaayenKresseKirschneretal.2012,
  author    = {Baayen, Rolf Harald and Kresse, Lara and Kirschner, Stefan and Dipper, Stefanie and Belke, Eva and Keuleers, Emmanuel and Brysbaert, Marc and New, Boris and Heister, Julian and Kliegl, Reinhold and Zinsmeister, Heike and Smolka, Eva and Briesemeister, Benny B. and Hofmann, Markus J. and Kuchinke, Lars and Jacobs, Arthur M.},
  title     = {Lexical resources in psycholinguistic research},
  editor    = {W{\"u}rzner, Kay-Michael and Pohl, Edmund},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  isbn      = {978-3-86956-178-3},
  issn      = {2190-4545},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-59100},
  publisher      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {i, 66},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Experimental and quantitative research in the field of human language processing and production strongly depends on the quality of the underlying language material: beside its size, representativeness, variety and balance have been discussed as important factors which influence design, analysis and interpretation of experiments and their results. This volume brings together creators and users of both general purpose and specialized lexical resources which are used in psychology, psycholinguistics, neurolinguistics and cognitive research. It aims to be a forum to report experiences and results, review problems and discuss perspectives of any linguistic data used in the field.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{BostonHaleVasishthetal.2011,
  author    = {Boston, Marisa Ferrara and Hale, John T. and Vasishth, Shravan and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Parallel processing and sentence comprehension difficulty},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-57159},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Eye fixation durations during normal reading correlate with processing difficulty but the specific cognitive mechanisms reflected in these measures are not well understood. This study finds support in German readers' eyefixations for two distinct difficulty metrics: surprisal, which reflects the change in probabilities across syntactic analyses as new words are integrated, and retrieval, which quantifies comprehension difficulty in terms of working memory constraints. We examine the predictions of both metrics using a family of dependency parsers indexed by an upper limit on the number of candidate syntactic analyses they retain at successive words. Surprisal models all fixation measures and regression probability. By contrast, retrieval does not model any measure in serial processing. As more candidate analyses are considered in parallel at each word, retrieval can account for the same measures as surprisal. This pattern suggests an important role for ranked parallelism in theories of sentence comprehension.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{KlieglNuthmannEngbert2006,
  author    = {Kliegl, Reinhold and Nuthmann, Antje and Engbert, Ralf},
  title     = {Tracking the Mind During Reading: The Influence of Past, Present, and Future Words on Fixation Durations},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-57225},
  year      = {2006},
  abstract  = {Reading requires the orchestration of visual, attentional, language-related, and oculomotor processing constraints. This study replicates previous effects of frequency, predictability, and length of fixated words on fixation durations in natural reading and demonstrates new effects of these variables related to previous and next words. Results are based on fixation durations recorded from 222 persons, each reading 144 sentences. Such evidence for distributed processing of words across fixation durations challenges psycholinguistic immediacy-of-processing and eye-mind assumptions. Most of the time the mind processes several words in parallel at different perceptual and cognitive levels. Eye movements can help to unravel these processes.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{DambacherKliegl2007,
  author    = {Dambacher, Michael and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Synchronizing timelines: Relations between fixation durations and N400 amplitudes during sentence reading},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-57212},
  year      = {2007},
  abstract  = {We examined relations between eye movements (single-fixation durations) and RSVP-based event-related potentials (ERPs; N400's) recorded during reading the same sentences in two independent experiments. Longer fixation durations correlated with larger N400 amplitudes. Word frequency and predictability of the fixated word as well as the predictability of the upcoming word accounted for this covariance in a path-analytic model. Moreover, larger N400 amplitudes entailed longer fixation durations on the next word, a relation accounted for by word frequency. This pattern offers a neurophysiological correlate for the lag-word frequency effect on fixation durations: Word processing is reliably expressed not only in fixation durations on currently fixated words, but also in those on subsequently fixated words.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HeisterKliegl2012,
  author    = {Heister, Julian and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Comparing word frequencies from different German text corpora},
  series = {Potsdam cognitive science series},
  journal   = {Potsdam cognitive science series},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  issn      = {2190-4545},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-62346},
  pages     = {27 -- 44},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Inhalt: Introduction Developments in creating corpora dlexDB, subtitles, and tabloid newspapers Rating corpus emotionality Current study Method Materials Corpora Results Type-token ratio Validity: Effects of task difficulty Emotionality of a corpus Validity: Effects of emotionality Discussion Outlook References},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{Kliegl2008,
  author    = {Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Publication Statistics Show Collaboration, Not Competition},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-57198},
  year      = {2008},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{NicenboimVasishthGatteietal.2015,
  author    = {Nicenboim, Bruno and Vasishth, Shravan and Gattei, Carolina and Sigman, Mariano and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Working memory differences in long-distance dependency resolution},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-75694},
  pages     = {16},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {There is a wealth of evidence showing that increasing the distance between an argument and its head leads to more processing effort, namely, locality effects; these are usually associated with constraints in working memory (DLT: Gibson, 2000; activation-based model: Lewis and Vasishth, 2005). In SOV languages, however, the opposite effect has been found: antilocality (see discussion in Levy et al., 2013). Antilocality effects can be explained by the expectation-based approach as proposed by Levy (2008) or by the activation-based model of sentence processing as proposed by Lewis and Vasishth (2005). We report an eye-tracking and a self-paced reading study with sentences in Spanish together with measures of individual differences to examine the distinction between expectation- and memory-based accounts, and within memory-based accounts the further distinction between DLT and the activation-based model. The experiments show that (i) antilocality effects as predicted by the expectation account appear only for high-capacity readers; (ii) increasing dependency length by interposing material that modifies the head of the dependency (the verb) produces stronger facilitation than increasing dependency length with material that does not modify the head; this is in agreement with the activation-based model but not with the expectation account; and (iii) a possible outcome of memory load on low-capacity readers is the increase in regressive saccades (locality effects as predicted by memory-based accounts) or, surprisingly, a speedup in the self-paced reading task; the latter consistent with good-enough parsing (Ferreira et al., 2002). In sum, the study suggests that individual differences in working memory capacity play a role in dependency resolution, and that some of the aspects of dependency resolution can be best explained with the activation-based model together with a prediction component.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{HaendlerKlieglAdani2015,
  author    = {Haendler, Yair and Kliegl, Reinhold and Adani, Flavia},
  title     = {Discourse accessibility constraints in children´s processing of object relative clauses},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-78694},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {Children's poor performance on object relative clauses has been explained in terms of intervention locality. This approach predicts that object relatives with a full DP head and an embedded pronominal subject are easier than object relatives in which both the head noun and the embedded subject are full DPs. This prediction is shared by other accounts formulated to explain processing mechanisms. We conducted a visual-world study designed to test the off-line comprehension and on-line processing of object relatives in German-speaking 5-year-olds. Children were tested on three types of object relatives, all having a full DP head noun and differing with respect to the type of nominal phrase that appeared in the embedded subject position: another full DP, a 1st- or a 3rd-person pronoun. Grammatical skills and memory capacity were also assessed in order to see whether and how they affect children's performance. Most accurately processed were object relatives with 1st-person pronoun, independently of children's language and memory skills. Performance on object relatives with two full DPs was overall more accurate than on object relatives with 3rd-person pronoun. In the former condition, children with stronger grammatical skills accurately processed the structure and their memory abilities determined how fast they were; in the latter condition, children only processed accurately the structure if they were strong both in their grammatical skills and in their memory capacity. The results are discussed in the light of accounts that predict different pronoun effects like the ones we find, which depend on the referential properties of the pronouns. We then discuss which role language and memory abilities might have in processing object relatives with various embedded nominal phrases.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HyoenaeHeikkilaeVainioetal.2021,
  author    = {Hy{\"o}n{\"a}, Jukka and Heikkil{\"a}, Timo T. and Vainio, Seppo and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Parafoveal access to word stem during reading},
  series = {Cognition : international journal of cognitive science},
  volume    = {208},
  journal   = {Cognition : international journal of cognitive science},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0010-0277},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.cognition.2020.104547},
  pages     = {13},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Previous studies (Hyona, Yan, \& Vainio, 2018; Yan et al., 2014) have demonstrated that in morphologically rich languages a word's morphological status is processed parafoveally to be used in modulating saccadic programming in reading. In the present parafoveal preview study conducted in Finnish, we examined the exact nature of this effect by comparing reading of morphologically complex words (a stem + two suffixes) to that of monomorphemic words. In the preview-change condition, the final 3-4 letters were replaced with other letters making the target word a pseudoword; for suffixed words, the word stem remained intact but the suffix information was unavailable; for monomorphemic words, only part of the stem was parafoveally available. Three alternative predictions were put forth. According to the first alternative, the morphological effect in initial fixation location is due to parafoveally perceiving the suffix as a highly frequent letter cluster and then adjusting the saccade program to land closer to the word beginning for suffixed than monomorphemic words. The second alternative, the processing difficulty hypothesis, assumes a morphological complexity effect: suffixed words are more complex than monomorphemic words. Therefore, the attentional window is narrower and the saccade is shorter. The third alternative posits that the effect reflects parafoveal access to the word's stem. The results for the initial fixation location and fixation durations were consistent with the parafoveal stem-access view.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{PhilipowskiZeman2022,
  author    = {Philipowski, Katharina and Zeman, Sonja},
  title     = {Wann und wo ist n{\^u}?},
  series = {Beitr{\"a}ge zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Literatur : (PBB)},
  volume    = {144},
  journal   = {Beitr{\"a}ge zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Literatur : (PBB)},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {De Gruyter},
  address   = {Berlin},
  issn      = {0005-8076},
  doi       = {10.1515/bgsl-2022-0004},
  pages     = {92 -- 120},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {What are the narrative functions of the present tense in medieval narrations? In order to address this question, the paper brings together linguistic observations on tense semantics and a literary analysis of >Wilhalm von Wenden< by Ulrich von Etzenbach. It shows that the present tense can refer to three different kinds of >now<, i. e. the >discourse now<, the >story now<, and the >recipient's now<. In all three contexts, the present tense is not used as a narrative tense but rather indicates a speaker's voice commenting on the events. This leads to the hypothesis that the development of the >narrative present< (as common in modern novels) is based on two requirements: The decoupling between the >discourse now< and the diegetic world as well as the decoupling between the author and the fictional instance of the narrator.},
  language  = {de}
}