@article{KuhlmannLaffinWayenberg2018,
  author    = {Kuhlmann, Sabine and Laffin, Martin and Wayenberg, Ellen},
  title     = {Subnational Government in the Research Spotlight},
  series = {Public Administration in Europe : The Contribution of EGPA},
  journal   = {Public Administration in Europe : The Contribution of EGPA},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {Cham},
  isbn      = {978-3-319-92855-5},
  doi       = {10.1007/978-3-319-92856-2_15},
  pages     = {147 -- 165},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Kuhlmann, Laffin and Wayenberg point out three main strands of subnational changes that have significantly dominated the research field and focus of Permanent Study Group 5. Elaborating upon the Study Group's contributions, the chapter overviews relevant research questions, approaches and findings that have been touched upon concerning local and regional government systems, subnational reforms and their evaluation in a multi-level governance setting. The chapter concludes with zooming in on austerity as a main driver of future developments upon and amongst all levels of government.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KerstingKuhlmann2018,
  author    = {Kersting, Norbert and Kuhlmann, Sabine},
  title     = {Sub-municipal Units in Germany},
  series = {Sub-municipal Units in Germany: Municipal and Metropolitan Districts},
  journal   = {Sub-municipal Units in Germany: Municipal and Metropolitan Districts},
  publisher = {Palgrave},
  address   = {Basingstoke},
  isbn      = {978-3-319-64725-8},
  doi       = {10.1007/978-3-319-64725-8_5},
  pages     = {93 -- 118},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Sub-municipal units (SMUs) in Germany differ in German L{\"a}nder. In Berlin, Hamburg and M{\"u}nchen Metropole Districts fulfill a number of quasi-municipal self-government rights and functions. They have their own budget and strong councils, as well as mayors. In all other L{\"a}nder, most sub-municipal councils were subordinated under the municipal council and directly elected mayor heading the administration. SMUs were introduced as a kind of compensation with different territorial reforms in the 1970s. Although directly elected, sub-municipal councilors are weak, and their advisory role competes with other newly established advisory boards. Here the focus remains on traffic and town planning. Some sub-municipal councils fulfill smaller administrative functions and become more relevant and important in recent decentralization strategies of neighborhood development.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KuhlmannBogumil2018,
  author    = {Kuhlmann, Sabine and Bogumil, J{\"o}rg},
  title     = {Performance measurement and benchmarking as "reflexive institutions" for local governments},
  series = {International journal of public sector management},
  volume    = {31},
  journal   = {International journal of public sector management},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {Emerald Group Publishing Limited},
  address   = {Bingley},
  issn      = {0951-3558},
  doi       = {10.1108/IJPSM-01-2017-0004},
  pages     = {543 -- 562},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Purpose The purpose of this paper is to discuss different approaches of performance measurement and benchmarking as reflexive institutions for local governments in England, Germany and Sweden from a comparative perspective. Design/methodology/approach These three countries have been selected because they represent typical (most different) cases of European local government systems and reforms. The existing theories on institutional reflexivity point to the potential contribution of benchmarking to public sector innovation and organizational learning. Based on survey findings, in-depth case studies, interviews and document analyses in these three countries, the paper addresses the major research question as to what extent and why benchmarking regimes vary across countries. It derives hypotheses about the impacts of benchmarking on institutional learning and innovation. Findings The outcomes suggest that the combination of three key features of benchmarking, namely - obligation, sanctions and benchmarking authority - in conjunction with country-specific administrative context conditions and local actor constellations - influences the impact of benchmarking as a reflexive institution. Originality/value It is shown in the paper that compulsory benchmarking on its own does not lead to reflexivity and learning, but that there is a need for autonomy and leeway for local actors to cope with benchmarking results. These findings are relevant because policy makers must decide upon the specific governance mix of benchmarking exercises taking their national and local contexts into account if they want them to promote institutional learning and innovation.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{BouckaertKuhlmann2018,
  author    = {Bouckaert, Geert and Kuhlmann, Sabine},
  title     = {Foreword},
  series = {Sub-Municipal Governance in Europe: Decentralization Beyond the Municipal Tier},
  journal   = {Sub-Municipal Governance in Europe: Decentralization Beyond the Municipal Tier},
  publisher = {Palgrave},
  address   = {Basingstoke},
  isbn      = {978-3-319-64725-8},
  pages     = {V -- VI},
  year      = {2018},
  language  = {en}
}