@article{Heinzel2022, author = {Heinzel, Mirko Noa}, title = {International bureaucrats and organizational performance}, series = {International Studies Quarterly}, volume = {66}, journal = {International Studies Quarterly}, number = {2}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, address = {Oxford}, issn = {0020-8833}, doi = {10.1093/isq/sqac013}, pages = {13}, year = {2022}, abstract = {International organizations (IOs) try to incorporate policy-specific best practices and country-specific knowledge to increase well-informed decision-making. However, the relative contribution of the two kinds of knowledge to organizational performance is insufficiently understood. The article addresses this gap by focusing on the role of staff in World Bank performance. It posits that country-specific knowledge, sectoral knowledge, and their combination positively contribute to World Bank projects. The argument is tested drawing on a novel database on the tenure, nationality, and educational background of World Bank Task Team Leaders. Three findings stand out. First, country-specific knowledge seems to matter on average, while sectoral knowledge does not. Second, there is some evidence that staff that combine both kinds of knowledge are empowered to make more positive contributions to performance. Third, the diversity and relevance of experience, not length of tenure, are associated with more success. The findings contribute to discussions on international bureaucracies by highlighting how differences between the knowledge of individual staff shape their decision-making and performance. IOs could better tap into the existing resources in their bureaucracies to enhance their performance by rotating staff less frequently between duty stations.}, language = {en} } @techreport{MargaryanSaniterSchumannetal.2022, type = {Working Paper}, author = {Margaryan, Shushanik and Saniter, Nils and Schumann, Mathias and Siedler, Thomas}, title = {Do internships pay off?}, series = {Journal of human resources}, volume = {57}, journal = {Journal of human resources}, number = {4}, publisher = {University of Wisconsin Press}, address = {Madison}, issn = {0022-166X}, doi = {10.3368/jhr.57.4.0418-9460R2}, pages = {1242 -- 1275}, year = {2022}, abstract = {We study the causal effect of student internship experience in firms on earnings later in life. We use mandatory firm internships at German universities as an instrument for doing a firm internship while attending university. Employing longitudinal data from graduate surveys, we find positive and significant earnings returns of about 6 percent in both ordinary least squares (OLS) and instrumental variables (IV) regressions. The positive returns are particularly pronounced for individuals and areas of study that are characterized by a weak labor market orientation. The empirical findings show that graduates who completed a firm internship face a lower risk of unemployment during the first year of their careers, suggesting a smoother transition to the labor market.}, language = {en} } @article{AbramovaWagnerOltetal.2022, author = {Abramova, Olga and Wagner, Amina and Olt, Christian M. and Buxmann, Peter}, title = {One for all, all for one}, series = {International Journal of Information Management}, volume = {64}, journal = {International Journal of Information Management}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Kidlington}, issn = {0268-4012}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2022.102473}, pages = {1 -- 16}, year = {2022}, abstract = {We propose a conceptual model of acceptance of contact tracing apps based on the privacy calculus perspective. Moving beyond the duality of personal benefits and privacy risks, we theorize that users hold social considerations (i.e., social benefits and risks) that underlie their acceptance decisions. To test our propositions, we chose the context of COVID-19 contact tracing apps and conducted a qualitative pre-study and longitudinal quantitative main study with 589 participants from Germany and Switzerland. Our findings confirm the prominence of individual privacy calculus in explaining intention to use and actual behavior. While privacy risks are a significant determinant of intention to use, social risks (operationalized as fear of mass surveillance) have a notably stronger impact. Our mediation analysis suggests that social risks represent the underlying mechanism behind the observed negative link between individual privacy risks and contact tracing apps' acceptance. Furthermore, we find a substantial intention-behavior gap.}, language = {en} } @article{Stoppel2021, author = {Stoppel, Relika}, title = {Alcohol availability and alcohol-attributable mortality}, series = {CESifo economic studies : CESifo, a joint initiative of the University of Munich's Center for Economic Studies and the Ifo Institute}, volume = {67}, journal = {CESifo economic studies : CESifo, a joint initiative of the University of Munich's Center for Economic Studies and the Ifo Institute}, number = {4}, publisher = {Oxford Univ. Press}, address = {Oxford}, issn = {1610-241X}, doi = {10.1093/cesifo/ifab008}, pages = {463 -- 487}, year = {2021}, abstract = {It is commonly known that irresponsible alcohol use can have adverse effects. For some people, it results in health problems, for others in productivity loss, and some experience the worst possible outcome of alcohol misuse - death. This paper estimates the effect of reduced alcohol sales hours on alcohol-attributable mortality (AAM) in Estonia. Using novel mortality data from 1997 to 2015, this paper analyzes the effect of alcohol sales policies at both the county level and the country level. By applying the difference-in-differences method and the ARIMA model, this paper finds that the alcohol sales policy reduced AAM to between 1.710 and 2.401 deaths per 100,000 per month, which equals a reduction of 31\% to 40\% in AAM deaths. These findings suggest that individuals who are the most at risk of dying from alcohol-attributable causes of death benefit remarkably from reduced alcohol availability.}, language = {en} } @article{HinzGuzmanMueller2021, author = {Hinz, Carsten and Guzm{\´a}n, Ren{\´a}n A. Oliva and M{\"u}ller, Heike}, title = {Zur F{\"o}rderung des wissenschaftlichen Nachwuchses in der haushaltsbezogenen Bildung}, series = {Haushalt in Bildung und Forschung}, volume = {10}, journal = {Haushalt in Bildung und Forschung}, number = {1}, publisher = {Budrich}, address = {Opladen}, doi = {10.3224/hibifo.v10i1.01}, pages = {3 -- 23}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Wissenschaftlicher Nachwuchs ist bedeutsam f{\"u}r den Erhalt und Ausbau jeder Disziplin. Aktuell gibt es nur wenige empirische Erkenntnisse zur Situation in der haushaltsbezogenen Bildung. Im Beitrag werden ausgew{\"a}hlte Aspekte zur Situation der Nachwuchsf{\"o}rderung skizziert und Ankn{\"u}pfungspunkte f{\"u}r die haushaltsbezogene Bildung vor dem Hintergrund erster Erfahrungen aus der 2019 gegr{\"u}ndeten Nachwuchsgruppe HaBiFo-NEO diskutiert.}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Hefen2021, author = {Hefen, Veronika}, title = {Karrierewege in der Wirtschaftspr{\"u}fung unter besonderer Ber{\"u}cksichtigung der relativen Repr{\"a}sentation von Frauen}, doi = {10.25932/publishup-52983}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-529831}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, pages = {XIX, 411}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Ausgangspunkt der Dissertation ist die Fragestellung, warum es relativ wenige weibliche Wirtschaftspr{\"u}fer/innen in Deutschland gibt. Laut Mitgliederstatistik der Wirtschaftspr{\"u}ferkammer vom 1. Januar 2020 liegt der Frauenanteil im Berufs-stand bei rund 17 \%. Einschl{\"a}gige Literatur zeigt, dass auf Ebene der Berufseinstei-ger/innen im Segment der zehn gr{\"o}ßten Wirtschaftspr{\"u}fungsgesellschaften das Ge-schlechterverh{\"a}ltnis recht ausgewogen ist. Jedoch liegt der Frauenanteil auf der Hierarchieebene „Manager", f{\"u}r die {\"u}blicherweise ein bestandenes Berufsexamen Voraussetzung ist, bereits deutlich niedriger und sinkt mit jeder weiteren Hierar-chiestufe. Die Zielstellung der Dissertation wurde somit dahingehend spezifiziert, diejenigen Faktoren zu analysieren, die dazu beitragen k{\"o}nnen, dass die relative Repr{\"a}sentation von Frauen im Segment der zehn gr{\"o}ßten Wirtschaftspr{\"u}fungsge-sellschaften Deutschlands ab der Manager-Ebene (d. h. {\"u}blicherweise ab der Schwelle der examinierten Wirtschaftspr{\"u}fer/innen) sinkt. Der Fokus der Analyse liegt daher auf Ebene der erfahrenen Pr{\"u}fungsassistenten und Pr{\"u}fungsassistentin-nen (Senior), um diese Schwelle unmittelbar vor der Manager-Ebene detailliert zu beleuchten. Neben der Auswertung von Erkenntnissen aus der internationalen Pr{\"u}fungsfor-schung wurde eine empirische Studie unter den Senior von sechs der zehn gr{\"o}ßten Wirtschaftspr{\"u}fungsgesellschaften in Deutschland durchgef{\"u}hrt. Die empirischen Ergebnisse wurden mittels deskriptiver Datenanalyse ausgewertet und dahinge-hend analysiert, f{\"u}r welche der zuvor definierten Aspekte signifikante geschlechts-spezifische Unterschiede zu beobachten sind. F{\"u}r ausgew{\"a}hlte Aspekte wurde zu-dem analysiert, ob es Unterschiede zwischen weiblichen/m{\"a}nnlichen Senior mit Kind/ern und ohne Kind/er gibt. Insgesamt wurden f{\"u}r zahlreiche Aspekte ge-schlechtsspezifische Unterschiede und Unterschiede zwischen Senior mit Kind/ern und ohne Kind/er gefunden. Es zeigt sich außerdem, dass neben der beruflichen Situation auch die individuellen Eigenschaften und das private Umfeld von Bedeu-tung sind. Im Rahmen der beruflichen Situation spielen sowohl die Wahrnehmung der aktuellen beruflichen Situation eine Rolle als auch u. a. die Erwartungen der Senior an die m{\"o}gliche k{\"u}nftige Manager-Position, an das Wirtschaftspr{\"u}fungsexa-men und an weitere berufliche Perspektiven.}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Graeber2021, author = {Graeber, Daniel}, title = {Four essays on the socio-economic causes and consequences of individual health as well as public health crises}, doi = {10.25932/publishup-51517}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-515175}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, pages = {XIV, 249}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Inequalities in health are a prevalent feature of societies. And as societies, we condemn inequalities that are rooted in immutable circumstances such as gender, race, and parental background. Consequently, policy makers are interested in measuring and understanding the causes of health inequalities rooted in circumstances. However, identifying causal estimates of these relationships is very ambitious for reasons such as the presence of confounders or measurement error in the data. This thesis contributes to this ambitious endeavour by addressing these challenges in four chapters. In the first Chapter, I use 25 years of rich health information to describe three features of intergenerational health mobility in Germany. First, we describe the joint permanent health distribution of the parents and their children. A ten percentile increase in parental permanent health is associated with a 2.3 percentile increase in their child's health. Second, a percentile point increase in permanent health ranks is associated with a 0.8\% to 1.4\% increase in permanent income for, both, children, and parents, respectively. Non-linearities in the association between permanent health and income create incentives to escape the bottom of the permanent health distribution. Third, upward mobility in permanent health varies with parental socio-economic status. In the second Chapter, we estimate the effect of maternal schooling on children's mental health in adulthood. Using the Socio-Economic Panel and the mental health measure based on the SF-12 questionnaire, we exploit a compulsory schooling law reform to identify the causal effect of maternal schooling on children's mental health. While the theoretical considerations are not clear, we do not find that the mother's schooling has an effect on the mental health of the children. However, we find a positive effect on children's physical health operating mainly through physical functioning. In addition, albeit with the absence of a reduced-form effect on mental health, we find evidence that the number of friends moderates the relationship between maternal schooling and their children's mental health. In the third Chapter, against a background of increasing violence against non-natives, we estimate the effect of hate crime on refugees' mental health in Germany. For this purpose, we combine two datasets: administrative records on xenophobic crime against refugee shelters by the Federal Criminal Office and the IAB-BAMF-SOEP Survey of Refugees. We apply a regression discontinuity design in time to estimate the effect of interest. Our results indicate that hate crime has a substantial negative effect on several mental health indicators, including the Mental Component Summary score and the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 score. The effects are stronger for refugees with closer geographic proximity to the focal hate crime and refugees with low country-specific human capital. While the estimated effect is only transitory, we argue that negative mental health shocks during the critical period after arrival have important long-term consequences. In the last Chapter of this thesis, we investigate how the economic consequences of the pandemic and the government-mandated measures to contain its spread affect the self-employed - particularly women- in Germany. For our analysis, we use representative, real-time survey data in which respondents were asked about their situation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our findings indicate that among the self-employed, who generally face a higher likelihood of income losses due to COVID-19 than employees, women are 35\% more likely to experience income losses than their male counterparts. We do not find a comparable gender gap among employees. Our results further suggest that the gender gap among the self-employed is largely explained by the fact that women disproportionately work in industries that are more severely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Our analysis of potential mechanisms reveals that women are significantly more likely to be impacted by government-imposed restrictions, e.g., the regulation of opening hours. We conclude that future policy measures intending to mitigate the consequences of such shocks should account for this considerable variation in economic hardship.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Sikkens2021, author = {Sikkens, Reinier}, title = {An analysis of cultural entrepreneurship}, doi = {10.25932/publishup-50187}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-501879}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, pages = {325}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Media artists have been struggling for financial survival ever since media art came into being. The non-material value of the artwork, a provocative attitude towards the traditional arts world and originally anti-capitalist mindset of the movement makes it particularly difficult to provide a constructive solution. However, a cultural entrepreneurial approach can be used to build a framework in order to find a balance between culture and business while ensuring that the cultural mission remains the top priority.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Dai2021, author = {Dai, Kuang}, title = {Gr{\"u}ndungen durch Akademikerinnen und Akademiker mit Migrationshintergrund}, doi = {10.25932/publishup-51121}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-511216}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, pages = {XIII, 366}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit Gr{\"u}ndungen durch Akademikerinnen und Akademiker mit Migrationshintergrund. Dabei wurden vor allem der Bezug dieser Gr{\"u}ndungen zu der Umwelt - dem Gr{\"u}nder{\"o}kosystem -, in der sie stattfinden, sowie ihre gegenseitigen Wechselwirkungen untersucht. Der Forschungsgegenstand ist die Schnittstelle aus den Bereichen Gr{\"u}ndungen, Migrantentum und Hochqualifikation. Der Fokus auf die sehr spezifische Zielgruppe Gr{\"u}ndungen durch Akademikerinnen und Akademiker mit Migrationshintergrund f{\"u}llt eine wichtige L{\"u}cke in der bisherigen Forschung. Methodisch gesehen bedient sich diese Arbeit eines theoretischen Bezugsrahmens. Dieser besteht aus der neoinstitutionalistischen Organisationstheorie (Meyer \& Rowan 1977), dem Ressourcenabh{\"a}ngigkeitsansatz (Pfeffer \& Salancik 1978) sowie dem sechs-dimensionalen Modell des Gr{\"u}nder{\"o}kosystems (Isenberg 2011). Gr{\"u}ndungen durch Akademikerinnen und Akademiker mit Migrationshintergrund m{\"u}ssen ihre interne Ausgestaltung an die Anforderung der institutionellen Umwelt anpassen, um die notwendige Legitimit{\"a}t zu sichern. Dadurch k{\"o}nnen bei unterschiedlichen Gr{\"u}ndungen isomorphe Organisationsstrukturen entstehen. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus k{\"o}nnen akademische Gr{\"u}ndende mit Migrationshintergrund durch interorganisatorische Aktivit{\"a}ten den Zugang zu nicht-substituierbaren Ressourcen f{\"u}r die Unternehmensgr{\"u}ndung bzw. Gesch{\"a}ftsentwicklung erm{\"o}glichen bzw. erleichtern. Daher ist die Kombination beider Theorien und des Erkl{\"a}rungsansatzes ein effektives und passendes Analysetool f{\"u}r die vorliegende Forschungsarbeit und schafft sowohl auf Mikro- als auch auf Makroebene f{\"u}r die Leserinnen und Leser ein vollst{\"a}ndiges Gesamtbild. Die vorliegende Arbeit beinhaltet nicht nur Daten aus Sekund{\"a}rquellen und bereits vorhandenen quantitativen Studien im deskriptiven Teil, sondern auch direkte Informationen durch eigene qualitative Untersuchung im empirischen Teil. Daf{\"u}r wurden insgesamt 23 semistrukturierte Experteninterviews durchgef{\"u}hrt. Durch die Inhaltsanalyse nach Mayring (2014) wurden mehrere Kategorien herausgefiltert; dazu z{\"a}hlen bspw. umweltbezogene Einflussfaktoren auf Legitimit{\"a}t sowie nicht-substituierbare Ressourcen f{\"u}r Gr{\"u}ndungen durch Akademikerinnen und Akademiker. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus wurden durch die Empirie einige Hypothesen f{\"u}r weitere quantitative Forschungen in der Zukunft aufgestellt und konkrete Handlungsempfehlungen f{\"u}r die Praxis gegeben.}, language = {de} } @article{AbuJarourAjjanFedorowiczetal.2021, author = {AbuJarour, Safa'a and Ajjan, Haya and Fedorowicz, Jane and K{\"o}ster, Antonia}, title = {ICT support for refugees and undocumented immigrants}, series = {Communications of the Association for Information Systems : CAIS}, volume = {48}, journal = {Communications of the Association for Information Systems : CAIS}, publisher = {Association for Information Systems}, address = {New York, NY}, issn = {1529-3181}, doi = {10.17705/1CAIS.04840}, pages = {456 -- 475}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Immigrant integration has become a primary political concern for leaders in Germany and the United States. The information systems (IS) community has begun to research how information and communications technologies can assist immigrants and refugees, such as by examining how countries can facilitate social-inclusion processes. Migrants face the challenge of joining closed communities that cannot integrate or fear doing so. We conducted a panel discussion at the 2019 Americas Conference on Information Systems (AMCIS) in Cancun, Mexico, to introduce multiple viewpoints on immigration. In particular, the panel discussed how technology can both support and prevent immigrants from succeeding in their quest. We conducted the panel to stimulate a thoughtful and dynamic discussion on best practices and recommendations to enhance the discipline's impact on alleviating the challenges that occur for immigrants in their host countries. In this panel report, we introduce the topic of using ICT to help immigrants integrate and identify differences between North/Central America and Europe. We also discuss how immigrants (particularly refugees) use ICT to connect with others, feel that they belong, and maintain their identity. We also uncover the dark and bright sides of how governments use ICT to deter illegal immigration. Finally, we present recommendations for researchers and practitioners on how to best use ICT to assist with immigration.}, language = {en} }