@phdthesis{Andersen2005,
  author    = {Andersen, Audr{\´e}e},
  title     = {Surfactant dynamics at interfaces : a series of second harmonic generation experiments},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-6553},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  year      = {2005},
  abstract  = {Adsorption layers of soluble surfactants enable and govern a variety of phenomena in surface and colloidal sciences, such as foams. The ability of a surfactant solution to form wet foam lamellae is governed by the surface dilatational rheology. Only systems having a non-vanishing imaginary part in their surface dilatational modulus, E, are able to form wet foams. The aim of this thesis is to illuminate the dissipative processes that give rise to the imaginary part of the modulus. There are two controversial models discussed in the literature. The reorientation model assumes that the surfactants adsorb in two distinct states, differing in their orientation. This model is able to describe the frequency dependence of the modulus E. However, it assumes reorientation dynamics in the millisecond time regime. In order to assess this model, we designed a SHG pump-probe experiment that addresses the orientation dynamics. Results obtained reveal that the orientation dynamics occur in the picosecond time regime, being in strong contradiction with the two states model. The second model regards the interface as an interphase. The adsorption layer consists of a topmost monolayer and an adjacent sublayer. The dissipative process is due to the molecular exchange between both layers. The assessment of this model required the design of an experiment that discriminates between the surface compositional term and the sublayer contribution. Such an experiment has been successfully designed and results on elastic and viscoelastic surfactant provided evidence for the correctness of the model. Because of its inherent surface specificity, surface SHG is a powerful analytical tool that can be used to gain information on molecular dynamics and reorganization of soluble surfactants. They are central elements of both experiments. However, they impose several structural elements of the model system. During the course of this thesis, a proper model system has been identified and characterized. The combination of several linear and nonlinear optical techniques, allowed for a detailed picture of the interfacial architecture of these surfactants.},
  subject      = {Tensid},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{KochLaschewskyRingsdorfetal.1986,
  author    = {Koch, Horst and Laschewsky, Andr{\´e} and Ringsdorf, Helmut and Teng, Kang},
  title     = {Photodimerization and photopolymerization of amphiphilic cinnamic acid derivatives in oriented monolayers, vesicles and solution},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-17111},
  year      = {1986},
  abstract  = {Cinnamic acid moieties were incorporated into amphiphilic compounds containing one and two alkyl chains. These lipid-like compounds with photoreactive units undergo self-organization to form monolayers at the gas-water interface and bilayer structures (vesicles) in aqueous solutions. The photoreaction of the cinnamic acid moiety induced by 254 nm UV light was investigated in the crystalline state, in monolayers, in vesicles and in solution in organic solvents. The single-chain amphiphiles undergo dimerization to yield photoproducts with twice the molecular weight of the corresponding monomers in organized systems. The photoreaction of amphiphiles containing two cinnamic acid groups occurs via two mechanisms: The intramolecular dimerization produces bicycles, with retention of the molecular weight of the corresponding monomer. The intermolecular reaction leads to oligomeric and polymeric photoproducts. In contrast to the single-chain amphiphiles, photodimerization processes of lipoids containing two cinnamic acid moieties also occur in solution in organic solvents.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{AlbrechtCummingKreuderetal.1986,
  author    = {Albrecht, O. and Cumming, W. and Kreuder, W. and Laschewsky, Andr{\´e} and Ringsdorf, Helmut},
  title     = {Monolayers of rod-shaped and disc-shaped liquid crystalline compounds at the air-water interface},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-17124},
  year      = {1986},
  abstract  = {Calamitic (rod-shaped) and discotic (disc-shaped) thermotropic liquid crystalline (LC) compounds were spread at the air-water interface, and their ability to form monolayers was studied. The calamitic LCs investigated were found to form monolayers which behave analogously to conventional amphiphiles such as fatty acids. The spreading of the discotic LCs produced monolayers as well, but with a behaviour different from classical amphiphiles. The areas occupied per molecule are too small to allow the contact of all hydrophilic groups with the water surface and the packing of all hydrophobic chains. Various molecular arrangements of the discotics at the water surface to fit the spreading data are discussed.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{KortPeterKoopmanschap1983,
  author    = {Kort, C. A. D. de and Peter, Martin G. and Koopmanschap, A. B.},
  title     = {Binding and degradation of juvenile hormone III by haemolymph proteins of the Colorado potato beetle: a re-examination},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-16777},
  year      = {1983},
  abstract  = {The haemolymph of the adult Colorado potato beetle, Lepinotarsa decemlineata Say, contains a high molecular weight (MW > 200,000) JH-III specific binding protein. The Kd value of the protein for racemic JH-III is 1.3 ± 0.2 × 10-7 M. It has a lower affinity for racemic JH-I and it does not bind JH-III-diol or JH-III-acid. The binding protein does discriminate between the enantiomers of synthetic, racemic JH-III as was determined by stereochemical anaysis of the bound and the free JH-III. Incubation of racemic JH-III with crude haemolymph results in preferential formation of (10S)-JH-III-acid, the unnatural configuration. The JH-esterase present in L. decemlineata haemolymph is not enantioselective. It is concluded that the most important function of the binding protein is that of a specific carrier, protecting the natural hormone against degradation by esterases. The carrier does not protect JH-I as efficiently as the lower homologue.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Imranulhaq2008,
  author    = {Imran ul-haq, Muhammad},
  title     = {Synthesis of fluorinated polymers in supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO₂)},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-19868},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  year      = {2008},
  abstract  = {For the first time stabilizer-free vinylidene fluoride (VDF) polymerizations were carried out in homogeneous phase with supercritical CO₂. Polymerizations were carried out at 140°C, 1500 bar and were initiated with di-tert-butyl peroxide (DTBP). In-line FT-NIR (Fourier Transform- Near Infrared) spectroscopy showed that complete monomer conversion may be obtained. Molecular weights were determined via size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) and polymer end group analysis by 1H-NMR spectroscopy. The number average molecular weights were below 104 g∙mol-1 and polydispersities ranged from 3.1 to 5.7 depending on DTBP and VDF concentration. To allow for isothermal reactions high CO₂ contents ranging from 61 to 83 wt.\% were used. The high-temperature, high-pressure conditions were required for homogeneous phase polymerization. These conditions did not alter the amount of defects in VDF chaining. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicated that regular stack-type particles were obtained upon expansion of the homogeneous polymerization mixture. To reduce the required amount of initiator, further VDF polymerizations using chain transfer agents (CTAs) to control molecular weights were carried out in homogeneous phase with supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO₂) at 120 °C and 1500 bar. Using perfluorinated hexyl iodide as CTA, polymers of low polydispersity ranging from 1.5 to 1.2 at the highest iodide concentration of 0.25 mol·L-1 were obtained. Electrospray ionization- mass spectroscopy (ESI-MS) indicates the absence of initiator derived end groups, supporting livingness of the system. The "livingness" is based on the labile C-I bond. However, due to the weakness of the C-I bond perfluorinated hexyl iodide also contributes to initiation. To allow for kinetic analyses of VDF polymerizations the CTA should not contribute to initiation. Therefore, additional CTAs were applied: BrCCl3, C6F13Br and C6F13H. It was found that C6F13H does not contribute to initiation. At 120°C and 1500 bar kp/kt0.5~ 0.64 (L·mol-1·s-1)0.5 was derived. The chain transfer constant (CT) at 120°C has been determined to be 8·10-1, 9·10-2 and 2·10-4 for C6F13I, C6F13Br and C6F13H, respectively. These CT values are associated with the bond energy of the C-X bond. Moreover, the labile C-I bond allows for functionalization of the polymer to triazole end groups applying click reactions. After substitution of the iodide end group by an azide group 1,3 dipolar cycloadditions with alkynes yield polymers with 1,2,3 triazole end groups. Using symmetrical alkynes the reactions may be carried out in the absence of any catalyst. This end-functionalized poly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) has higher thermal stability as compared to the normal PVDF. PVDF samples from homogeneous phase polymerizations in supercritical CO₂ and subsequent expansion to ambient conditions were analyzed with respect to polymer end groups, crystallinity, type of polymorphs and morphology. Upon expansion the polymer was obtained as white powder. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that DTBP derived polymer end groups led to stack-type particles whereas sponge- or rose-type particles were obtained in case of CTA fragments as end groups. Fourier-Transform Infrared spectroscopy and wide angle X-ray diffraction indicated that the type of polymorph, α or β crystal phase was significantly affected by the type of end group. The content of β-phase material, which is responsible for piezoelectricity of PVDF, is the highest for polymer with DTBP-derived end groups. In addition, the crystallinity of the material, as determined via differential scanning calorimetry is affected by the end groups and polymer molecular weights. For example, crystallinity ranges from around 26 \% for DTBP-derived end groups to a maximum of 62 \% for end groups originating from perfluorinated hexyl iodide for polymers with Mn ~2200 g·mol-1. Expansion of the homogeneous polymerization mixture results in particle formation by a non-optimized RESS (Rapid Expansion from Supercritical Solution) process. Thus, it was tested how polymer end groups affect the particles size distribution obtained from RESS process under controlled conditions (T = 50°C and P = 200 bar). In all RESS experiments, small primary PVDF with diameters less than 100 nm without the use of liquid solvents, surfactants, or other additives were produced. A strong correlation between particle size and particle size distribution with polymer end groups and molecular weight of the original material was observed. The smallest particles were found for RESS of PVDF with Mn~ 4000 g·mol-1 and PFHI (C6F13I) - derived end groups.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{FrimmelKumke1998,
  author    = {Frimmel, Fritz Hartmann and Kumke, Michael Uwe},
  title     = {Optische Parameter zur Stoffcharakterisierung vom Trinkwasser bis zum Abwasser},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-13088},
  year      = {1998},
  abstract  = {Die Anwendung von optischen Parametern zur Stoffcharakterisierung wird diskutiert. Dabei ist der Schwerpunkt der Diskussion auf absorptions- und fluoreszenzspektroskopische Methoden gesetzt. Beide Methoden k{\"o}nnen schnell und zuverl{\"a}ssig - auch im on-line Betrieb - eingesetzt werden. Der Beitrag soll einen {\"U}berblick {\"u}ber die grundlegenden M{\"o}glichkeiten der Anwendung beider Methoden geben.},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{LoehmannsroebenBeckHildebrandtetal.2006,
  author    = {L{\"o}hmannsr{\"o}ben, Hans-Gerd and Beck, Michael and Hildebrandt, Niko and Schm{\"a}lzlin, Elmar and van Dongen, Joost T.},
  title     = {New challenges in biophotonics : laser-based fluoroimmuno analysis and in-vivo optical oxygen monitoring},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-10120},
  year      = {2006},
  abstract  = {Two examples of our biophotonic research utilizing nanoparticles are presented, namely laser-based fluoroimmuno analysis and in-vivo optical oxygen monitoring. Results of the work include significantly enhanced sensitivity of a homogeneous fluorescence immunoassay and markedly improved spatial resolution of oxygen gradients in root nodules of a legume species.},
  subject      = {Sauerstoff},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{NiederkruegerSalbBecketal.2006,
  author    = {Niederkr{\"u}ger, Matthias and Salb, Christian and Beck, Michael and Hildebrandt, Niko and L{\"o}hmannsr{\"o}ben, Hans-Gerd and Marowsky, Gerd},
  title     = {Improvement of a fluorescence immunoassay with a compact diode-pumped solid state laser at 315 nm},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-10150},
  year      = {2006},
  abstract  = {We demonstrate the improvement of fluorescence immunoassay (FIA) diagnostics in deploying a newly developed compact diode-pumped solid state (DPSS) laser with emission at 315 nm. The laser is based on the quasi-three-level transition in Nd:YAG at 946 nm. The pulsed operation is either realized by an active Q-switch using an electro-optical device or by introduction of a Cr<SUP>4+</SUP>:YAG saturable absorber as passive Q-switch element. By extra-cavity second harmonic generation in different nonlinear crystal media we obtained blue light at 473 nm. Subsequent mixing of the fundamental and the second harmonic in a β-barium-borate crystal provided pulsed emission at 315 nm with up to 20 μJ maximum pulse energy and 17 ns pulse duration. Substitution of a nitrogen laser in a FIA diagnostics system by the DPSS laser succeeded in considerable improvement of the detection limit. Despite significantly lower pulse energies (7 μJ DPSS laser versus 150 μJ nitrogen laser), in preliminary investigations the limit of detection was reduced by a factor of three for a typical FIA.},
  subject      = {Immunoassay},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{KaafaraniWexStrehmeletal.2002,
  author    = {Kaafarani, Bilal R. and Wex, Brigitte and Strehmel, Bernd and Neckers, Douglas C.},
  title     = {Structural concept for fluorinated Y-enynes with solvatochromic properties},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-13168},
  year      = {2002},
  abstract  = {An approach to the development of fluorescent probes to follow polymerizations in situ using fluorinated cross-conjugated enediynes (Y-enynes) is reported. Different substitution patterns in the Y-enynes result in distinct solvatochromic behavior. β,β-Bis(phenylethynyl)pentafluorostyrene 7, which bears no donor substituents and only fluorine at the styrene moiety, shows no solvatochromism. Donor substituted β,β-bis(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenylethynyl) pentafluorostyrene 8 and β,β-bis(4-butyl-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorophenylethynyl)-3,4,5-trimethoxystyrene 9 exhibit solvatochromism upon change of solvent polarity. Y-enyne 8 showed the largest solvatochromic shift (94 nm bathochromic shift) upon changing solvent from cyclohexane to acetonitrile. A smaller solvatochromic response (44 nm bathochromic shift) was observed for 9. Lippert-Mataga treatment of 8 and 9 yields slopes of -10,800 and -6,400 cm -1, respectively. This corresponds to a change in dipole moment of 9.6 and 6.9 D, respectively. The solvatochromic behavior in 8 and 9 supports the formation of an intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) state. The low fluorescence quantum yields are caused by competitive double bond rotation. The fluorescence decay time of 9 decreases in methyltetrahydrofuran from 2.1 ns at 77 K to 0.11 ns at 200 K. Efficient single bond rotation in 9 was frozen at -50 °C in a configuration in which the trimethoxyphenyl ring is perpendicular to the fluorinated rings. 7-9 are photostable compounds. The X-ray structure of 7 shows it is not planar and that its conjugation is distorted. Y-enyne 7 stacks in the solid state showing coulombic, actetylene-arene, and fluorine-π interactions.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{DoscheMicklerLoehmannsroebenetal.2007,
  author    = {Dosche, Carsten and Mickler, Wulfhard and L{\"o}hmannsr{\"o}ben, Hans-Gerd and Agenet, Nicolas and Vollhardt, K. Peter C.},
  title     = {Photoinduced electron transfer in [N]phenylenes},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-12463},
  year      = {2007},
  abstract  = {First studies of electron transfer in [N]phenylenes were performed in bimolecular quenching reactions of angular [3]- and triangular [4]phenylene with various electron acceptors. The relation between the quenching rate constants kq and the free energy change of the electron transfer (ΔG0CS ) could be described by the Rehm-Weller equation. From the experimental results, a reorganization energy λ of 0.7 eV was derived. Intramolecular electron transfer reactions were studied in an [N]phenylene bichomophore and a corresponding reference compound. Fluorescence lifetime and quantum yield of the bichromophor display a characteristic dependence on the solvent polarity, whereas the corresponding values of the reference compound remain constant. From the results, a nearly isoenergonic ΔG0CS can be determined. As the triplet quantum yield is nearly independent of the polarity, charge recombination leads to the population of the triplet state.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{ReichLoehmannsroebenSchael2003,
  author    = {Reich, Oliver and L{\"o}hmannsr{\"o}ben, Hans-Gerd and Schael, Frank},
  title     = {Optical sensing with photon density waves: investigation of model media},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-13147},
  year      = {2003},
  abstract  = {Investigations with frequency domain photon density waves allow elucidation of absorption and scattering properties of turbid media. The temporal and spatial propagation of intensity modulated light with frequencies up to more than 1 GHz can be described by the P1 approximation to the Boltzmann transport equation. In this study, we establish requirements for the appropriate choice of turbid model media and characterize mixtures of isosulfan blue as absorber and polystyrene beads as scatterer. For these model media, the independent determination of absorption and reduced scattering coefficients over large absorber and scatterer concentration ranges is demonstrated with a frequency domain photon density wave spectrometer employing intensity and phase measurements at various modulation frequencies.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{LoehmannsroebenKantorKumkeetal.2005,
  author    = {L{\"o}hmannsr{\"o}ben, Hans-Gerd and Kantor, Zoltan and Kumke, Michael Uwe and Schm{\"a}lzlin, Elmar and Reich, Oliver},
  title     = {OPQS - optische Prozess- und Qualit{\"a}ts-Sensorik},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-13205},
  year      = {2005},
  abstract  = {Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird an Hand dreier Beispiele der Einsatz von optischer Sensorik zur Produktcharakterisierung dargestellt, n{\"a}mlich Untersuchungen zum O2-Gehalt in Fruchts{\"a}ften, zur Isotopiesignatur von CO2 in Mineralw{\"a}ssern und zu Lichtstreueigenschaften eines Sonnenschutzmittels. Inhalt: Bestimmung von O2 mit Lumineszenzsonden Isotopenselektive Bestimmung von CO2 mit TDLAS Optische Charakterisierung stark streuender Materialien mit Photonendichtewellen},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Schulze2017,
  author    = {Schulze, Nicole},
  title     = {Neue Templatphasen zur anisotropen Goldnanopartikelherstellung durch den Einsatz strukturbildender Polymere},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-409515},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {VI, 117, xv},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war die Synthese und Charakterisierung von anisotropen Goldnanopartikeln in einer geeigneten Polyelektrolyt-modifizierten Templatphase. Der Mittelpunkt bildet dabei die Auswahl einer geeigneten Templatphase, zur Synthese von einheitlichen und reproduzierbaren anisotropen Goldnanopartikeln mit den daraus resultierenden besonderen Eigenschaften. Bei der Synthese der anisotropen Goldnanopartikeln lag der Fokus in der Verwendung von Vesikeln als Templatphase, wobei hier der Einfluss unterschiedlicher strukturbildender Polymere (stark alternierende Maleamid-Copolymere PalH, PalPh, PalPhCarb und PalPhBisCarb mit verschiedener Konformation) und Tenside (SDS, AOT - anionische Tenside) bei verschiedenen Synthese- und Abtrennungsbedingungen untersucht werden sollte. Im ersten Teil der Arbeit konnte gezeigt werden, dass PalPhBisCarb bei einem pH-Wert von 9 die Bedingungen eines R{\"o}hrenbildners f{\"u}r eine morphologische Transformation von einer vesikul{\"a}ren Phase in eine r{\"o}hrenf{\"o}rmige Netzwerkstruktur erf{\"u}llt und somit als Templatphase zur formgesteuerten Bildung von Nanopartikeln genutzt werden kann. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit wurde dargelegt, dass die Templatphase PalPhBisCarb (pH-Wert von 9, Konzentration von 0,01 wt.\%) mit AOT als Tensid und PL90G als Phospholipid (im Verh{\"a}ltnis 1:1) die effektivste Wahl einer Templatphase f{\"u}r die Bildung von anisotropen Strukturen in einem einstufigen Prozess darstellt. Bei einer konstanten Synthesetemperatur von 45 °C wurden die besten Ergebnisse bei einer Goldchloridkonzentration von 2 mM, einem Gold-Templat-Verh{\"a}ltnis von 3:1 und einer Synthesezeit von 30 Minuten erzielt. Ausbeute an anisotropen Strukturen lag bei 52 \% (Anteil an dreieckigen Nanopl{\"a}ttchen von 19 \%). Durch Erh{\"o}hung der Synthesetemperatur konnte die Ausbeute auf 56 \% (29 \%) erh{\"o}ht werden. Im dritten Teil konnte durch zeitabh{\"a}ngige Untersuchungen gezeigt werden, dass bei Vorhandensein von PalPhBisCarb die Bildung der energetisch nicht bevorzugten Pl{\"a}ttchen-Strukturen bei Raumtemperatur initiiert wird und bei 45 °C ein Optimum annimmt. Kintetische Untersuchungen haben gezeigt, dass die Bildung dreieckiger Nanopl{\"a}ttchen bei schrittweiser Zugabe der Goldchlorid-Pr{\"a}kursorl{\"o}sung zur PalPhBisCarb enthaltenden Templatphase durch die Dosierrate der vesikul{\"a}ren Templatphase gesteuert werden kann. In umgekehrter Weise findet bei Zugabe der Templatphase zur Goldchlorid-Pr{\"a}kursorl{\"o}sung bei 45 °C ein {\"a}hnlicher, kinetisch gesteuerter Prozess der Bildung von Nanodreiecken statt mit einer maximalen Ausbeute dreieckigen Nanopl{\"a}ttchen von 29 \%. Im letzten Kapitel erfolgten erste Versuche zur Abtrennung dreieckiger Nanopl{\"a}ttchen von den {\"u}brigen Geometrien der gemischten Nanopartikell{\"o}sung mittels tensidinduzierter Verarmungsf{\"a}llung. Bei Verwendung von AOT mit einer Konzentration von 0,015 M wurde eine Ausbeute an Nanopl{\"a}ttchen von 99 \%, wovon 72 \% dreieckiger Geometrien hatten, erreicht.},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Latnikova2012,
  author    = {Latnikova, Alexandra},
  title     = {Polymeric capsules for self-healing anticorrosion coatings},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-60432},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {The present work is devoted to establishing of a new generation of self-healing anti-corrosion coatings for protection of metals. The concept of self-healing anticorrosion coatings is based on the combination of the passive part, represented by the matrix of conventional coating, and the active part, represented by micron-sized capsules loaded with corrosion inhibitor. Polymers were chosen as the class of compounds most suitable for the capsule preparation. The morphology of capsules made of crosslinked polymers, however, was found to be dependent on the nature of the encapsulated liquid. Therefore, a systematic analysis of the morphology of capsules consisting of a crosslinked polymer and a solvent was performed. Three classes of polymers such as polyurethane, polyurea and polyamide were chosen. Capsules made of these polymers and eight solvents of different polarity were synthesized via interfacial polymerization. It was shown that the morphology of the resulting capsules is specific for every polymer-solvent pair. Formation of capsules with three general types of morphology, such as core-shell, compact and multicompartment, was demonstrated by means of Scanning Electron Microscopy. Compact morphology was assumed to be a result of the specific polymer-solvent interactions and be analogues to the process of swelling. In order to verify the hypothesis, pure polyurethane, polyurea and polyamide were synthesized; their swelling behavior in the solvents used as the encapsulated material was investigated. It was shown that the swelling behavior of the polymers in most cases correlates with the capsules morphology. Different morphologies (compact, core-shell and multicompartment) were therefore attributed to the specific polymer-solvent interactions and discussed in terms of "good" and "poor" solvent. Capsules with core-shell morphology are formed when the encapsulated liquid is a "poor" solvent for the chosen polymer while compact morphologies are formed when the solvent is "good". Multicompartment morphology is explained by the formation of infinite networks or gelation of crosslinked polymers. If gelation occurs after the phase separation in the system is achieved, core-shell morphology is present. If gelation of the polymer occurs far before crosslinking is accomplished, further condensation of the polymer due to the crosslinking may lead to the formation of porous or multicompartment morphologies. It was concluded that in general, the morphology of capsules consisting of certain polymer-solvent pairs can be predicted on the basis of polymer-solvent behavior. In some cases, the swelling behavior and morphology may not match. The reasons for that are discussed in detail in the thesis. The discussed approach is only capable of predicting capsule morphology for certain polymer-solvent pairs. In practice, the design of the capsules assumes the trial of a great number of polymer-solvent combinations; more complex systems consisting of three, four or even more components are often used. Evaluation of the swelling behavior of each component pair of such systems becomes unreasonable. Therefore, exploitation of the solubility parameter approach was found to be more useful. The latter allows consideration of the properties of each single component instead of the pair of components. In such a manner, the Hansen Solubility Parameter (HSP) approach was used for further analysis. Solubility spheres were constructed for polyurethane, polyurea and polyamide. For this a three-dimensional graph is plotted with dispersion, polar and hydrogen bonding components of solubility parameter, obtained from literature, as the orthogonal axes. The HSP of the solvents are used as the coordinates for the points on the HSP graph. Then a sphere with a certain radius is located on a graph, and the "good" solvents would be located inside the sphere, while the "poor" ones are located outside. Both the location of the sphere center and the sphere radius should be fitted according to the information on polymer swelling behavior in a number of solvents. According to the existing correlation between the capsule morphology and swelling behavior of polymers, the solvents located inside the solubility sphere of a polymer give capsules with compact morphologies. The solvents located outside the solubility sphere of the solvent give either core-shell or multicompartment capsules in combination with the chosen polymer. Once the solubility sphere of a polymer is found, the solubility/swelling behavior is approximated to all possible substances. HSP theory allows therefore prediction of polymer solubility/swelling behavior and consequently the capsule morphology for any given substance with known HSP parameters on the basis of limited data. The latter makes the theory so attractive for application in chemistry and technology, since the choice of the system components is usually performed on the basis of a large number of different parameters that should mutually match. Even slight change of the technology sometimes leads to the necessity to find the analogue of this or that solvent in a sense of solvency but carrying different chemistry. Usage of the HSP approach in this case is indispensable. In the second part of the work examples of the HSP application for the fabrication of capsules with on-demand-morphology are presented. Capsules with compact or core-shell morphology containing corrosion inhibitors were synthesized. Thus, alkoxysilanes possessing long hydrophobic tail, combining passivating and water-repelling properties, were encapsulated in polyurethane shell. The mechanism of action of the active material required core-shell morphology of the capsules. The new hybrid corrosion inhibitor, cerium diethylhexyl phosphate, was encapsulated in polyamide shells in order to facilitate the dispersion of the substance and improve its adhesion to the coating matrix. The encapsulation of commercially available antifouling agents in polyurethane shells was carried out in order to control its release behavior and colloidal stability. Capsules with compact morphology made of polyurea containing the liquid corrosion inhibitor 2-methyl benzothiazole were synthesized in order to improve the colloidal stability of the substance. Capsules with compact morphology allow slower release of the liquid encapsulated material compared to the core-shell ones. If the "in-situ" encapsulation is not possible due to the reaction of the oil-soluble monomer with the encapsulated material, a solution was proposed: loading of the capsules should be performed after monomer deactivation due to the accomplishment of the polymerization reaction. Capsules of desired morphologies should be preformed followed by the loading step. In this way, compact polyurea capsules containing the highly effective but chemically active corrosion inhibitors 8-hydroxyquinoline and benzotriazole were fabricated. All the resulting capsules were successfully introduced into model coatings. The efficiency of the resulting "smart" self-healing anticorrosion coatings on steel and aluminium alloy of the AA-2024 series was evaluated using characterization techniques such as Scanning Vibrating Electron Spectroscopy, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy and salt-spray chamber tests.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{PeterBoldtNiedersteinetal.1990,
  author    = {Peter, Martin G. and Boldt, Peter C. and Niederstein, Yvonne and Peter-Katalinić, Jasna},
  title     = {Synthesen von Galactose-Cluster-haltigen Steroid-Derivaten},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-16783},
  year      = {1990},
  abstract  = {The synthesis of galactose clusters that are linked to a steroid moiety by a peptide-like spacer unit is described. The galactose cluster is obtained by Koenigs-Knorr glycosylation of TRIS-Gly-Fmoc (2b) under Helferich conditions. Peptide and ester bonds are formed after activation of carboxylic acids as diphenylthiophene dioxide (TDO) esters. 6a is synthesized in a convergent way by coupling of (Ac4Gal)3-TRIS-Gly (3e) with cholesteryl TDO succinate (5b). Coupling of (Ac4Gal)3-TRIS-Gly hydrogen succinate (3f) with Gly-O-Chol (5d) by means of EEDQ yields 6d. Reaction of (Ac4Gal)3-TRIS-Gly-SUCC-O-TDO (3g) with 25-hydroxycholesterol leads in a linear sequence to the oxysterol derivative 6f. Selective cleavage of the acetyl groups from galactose units yields the known compound 6b and the new derivatives 6e and 6g.},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{PeterAndersenHartmannetal.1992,
  author    = {Peter, Martin G. and Andersen, Svend Olav and Hartmann, Rudolf and Miessner, Merle and Roepstorff, Peter},
  title     = {Catecholamine-protein conjugates : isolation of 4-phenylphenoxazin-2-ones from oxidative coupling of N-acetyldopamine with alipathic amino acids},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-17571},
  year      = {1992},
  abstract  = {4-Phenylphenoxazinones were isolated after biomimetic oxidation, using diphenoloxidases of insect cuticle, mushroom tyrosinase, or after autoxidation of N-acetyldopamine (Image ) in the presence of β-alanine, β-alanine methyl ester or N-acetyl-L-lysine. They are formed presumably by addition of 2-aminoalkyl-5-alkylphenols to the o-quinone of biphenyltetrol which, in turn, arises from oxidative coupling of. The structures of present the first examples for the assembly of reasonably stable intermediates in the rather complex process of chemical modifications of aliphatic amino acid residues by o-quinones.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Zhou2022,
  author    = {Zhou, Shuo},
  title     = {Biological evaluation and sulfation of polymer networks from glycerol glycidyl ether},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {96},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Cardiovascular diseases are the main cause of death worldwide, and their prevalence is expected to rise in the coming years. Polymer-based artificial replacements have been widely used for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Coagulation and thrombus formation on the interfaces between the materials and the human physiological environment are key issues leading to the failure of the medical device in clinical implantation. The surface properties of the materials have a strong influence on the protein adsorption and can direct the blood cell adhesion behavior on the interfaces. Furthermore, implant-associated infections will be induced by bacterial adhesion and subsequent biofilm formation at the implantation site. Thus, it is important to improve the hemocompatibility of an implant by altering the surface properties. One of the effective strategies is surface passivation to achieve protein/cell repelling ability to reduce the risk of thrombosis. This thesis consists of synthesis, functionalization, sterilization, and biological evaluation of bulk poly(glycerol glycidyl ether) (polyGGE), which is a highly crosslinked polyether-based polymer synthesized by cationic ring-opening polymerization. PolyGGE is hypothesized to be able to resist plasma protein adsorption and bacterial adhesion due to analogous chemical structure as polyethylene glycol and hyperbranched polyglycerol. Hydroxyl end groups of polyGGE provide possibilities to be functionalized with sulfates to mimic the anti-thrombogenic function of the endothelial glycocalyx. PolyGGE was synthesized by polymerization of the commercially available monomer glycerol glycidyl ether, which was characterized as a mixture of mono-, di- and tri-glycidyl ether. Cationic ring opening-polymerization of this monomer was carried out by ultraviolet (UV) initiation of the photo-initiator diphenyliodonium hexafluorophosphate. With the increased UV curing time, more epoxides in the side chains of the monomers participated in chemical crosslinking, resulting in an increase of Young's modulus, while the value of elongation at break of polyGGE first increased due to the propagation of the polymer chains then decreased with the increase of crosslinking density. Eventually, the chain propagation can be effectively terminated by potassium hydroxide aqueous solution. PolyGGE exhibited different tensile properties in hydrated conditions at body temperature compared to the values in the dry state at room temperature. Both Young's modulus and values of elongation at break were remarkably reduced when tested in water at 37 °C, which was above the glass transition temperature of polyGGE. At physiological conditions, entanglements of the ployGGE networks unfolded and the free volume of networks were replaced by water molecules as softener, which increased the mobility of the polymer chains, resulting in a lower Young's modulus. Protein adsorption analysis was performed on polyGGE films with 30 min UV curing using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. PolyGGE could effectively prevent the adsorption of human plasma fibrinogen, albumin, and fibronectin at the interface of human plasma and polyGGE films. The protein resistance of polyGGE was comparable to the negative controls: the hemocompatible polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), showing its potential as a coating material for cardiovascular implants. Moreover, antimicrobial tests of bacterial activity using isothermal microcalorimetry and the microscopic image of direct bacteria culturing demonstrated that polyGGE could directly interfere biofilm formation and growth of both Gram-negative and antibiotic-resistant Gram-positive bacteria, indicating the potential application of polyGGE for combating the risk of hospital-acquired infections and preventing drug-resistant superbug spreading. To investigate its cell compatibility, polyGGE films were extracted by different solvents (ethanol, chloroform, acetone) and cell culture medium. Indirect cytotoxicity tests showed extracted polyGGE films still had toxic effects on L929 fibroblast cells. High-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry revealed the occurrence of organochlorine-containing compounds released during the polymer-cell culture medium interaction. A constant level of those organochlorine-containing compounds was confirmed from GGE monomer by a specific peak of C-Cl stretching in infrared spectra of GGE. This is assumed to be the main reason causing the increased cell membrane permeability and decreased metabolic activity, leading to cell death. Attempts as changing solvents were made to remove toxic substances, however, the release of these small molecules seems to be sluggish. The densely crosslinked polyGGE networks can possibly contribute to the trapping of organochlorine-containing compounds. These results provide valuable information for exploring the potentially toxic substances, leaching from polyGGE networks, and propose a feasible strategy for minimizing the cytotoxicity via reducing their crosslinking density. Sulfamic acid/ N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) were selected as the reagents for the sulfation of polyGGE surfaces. Fourier transform attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FT-IR) was used to monitor the functionalization kinetics and the results confirmed the successful sulfate grafting on the surface of polyGGE with the covalent bond -C-O-S-. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to determine the element composition on the surface and the cross-section of the functionalized polyGGE and sulfation within 15 min guarantees the sulfation only takes place on the surface while not occurring in the bulk of the polymer. The concentration of grafted sulfates increased with the increasing reaction time. The hydrophilicity of the surface of polyGGE was highly increased due to the increase of negatively charged end groups. Three sterilization techniques including autoclaving, gamma irradiation, and ethylene oxide (EtO) sterilization were used for polyGGE sulfates. Results from ATR-FT-IR and Toluidine Blue O quantitative assay demonstrated the total loss of the sulfates after autoclave sterilization, which was also confirmed by the increased water contact angle. Little influence on the concentration of sulfates was found for gamma-irradiated and autoclaving sterilized polyGGE sulfates. To investigate the thermal influence on polyGGE sulfates, one strategy was to use poly(hydroxyethyl acrylate) sulfates (PHEAS) for modeling. The thermogravimetric analysis profile of PHEAS demonstrated that sulfates are not thermally stable independent of the substrate materials and decomposition of sulfates occurs at around 100 °C. Although gamma irradiation also showed little negative effect on the sulfate content, the color change in the polyGGE sulfates indicates chemical or physical change might occur in the polymer. EtO sterilization was validated as the most suitable sterilization technique to maintain the chemical structure of polyGGE sulfates. In conclusion, the conducted work proved that bulk polyGGE can be used as an antifouling coating material and shows its antimicrobial potential. Sulfates functionalization can be effectively realized using sulfamic acid/NMP. EtO sterilization is the most suitable sterilization technique for grafted sulfates. Besides, this thesis also offers a good strategy for the analysis of toxic leachable substances using suitable physicochemical characterization techniques. Future work will focus on minimizing/eliminating the release of toxic substances via reducing the crosslinking density. Another interesting aspect is to study whether grafted sulfates can meet the need for anti-thrombogenicity.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{MichalikOnichimowska2022,
  author    = {Michalik-Onichimowska, Aleksandra},
  title     = {Real-time monitoring of (photo)chemical reactions in micro flow reactors and levitated droplets by IR-MALDI ion mobility and mass spectrometry},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-55729},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-557298},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {v, 68},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Eine nachhaltigere chemische Industrie erfordert eine Minimierung der L{\"o}sungsmittel und Chemikalien. Daher werden Optimierung und Entwicklung chemischer Prozesse vor einer Produktion in großem Maßstab in kleinen Chargen durchgef{\"u}hrt. Der entscheidende Schritt bei diesem Ansatz ist die Skalierbarkeit von kleinen Reaktionssystemen auf große, kosteneffiziente Reaktoren. Die Vergr{\"o}ßerung des Volumens des Reaktionsmediums geht immer mit der Vergr{\"o}ßerung der Oberfl{\"a}che einher, die mit dem begrenzenden Gef{\"a}ß in Kontakt steht. Da das Volumen kubisch, w{\"a}hrend die Oberfl{\"a}che quadratisch mit zunehmendem Radius skaliert, nimmt ihr Verh{\"a}ltnis nicht linear zu. Viele an der Grenzfl{\"a}che zwischen Oberfl{\"a}che und Fl{\"u}ssigkeit auftretende Ph{\"a}nomene k{\"o}nnen die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeiten und Ausbeuten beeinflussen, was zu falschen Prognosen aufgrund der kleinskaligen Optimierung f{\"u}hrt. Die Anwendung von schwebenden Tropfen als beh{\"a}lterlose Reaktionsgef{\"a}ße bietet eine vielversprechende M{\"o}glichkeit, die oben genannten Probleme zu vermeiden. In der vorgestellten Arbeit wurde eine effiziente Kopplung von akustisch schwebenden Tropfen und IM Spektrometer f{\"u}r die Echtzeit{\"u}berwachung chemischer Reaktionen entwickelt, bei denen akustisch schwebende Tropfen als Reaktionsgef{\"a}ße fungieren. Das Design des Systems umfasst die ber{\"u}hrungslose Probenahme und Ionisierung, die durch Laserdesorption und -ionisation bei 2,94 µm realisiert wird. Der Umfang der Arbeit umfasst grundlegende Studien zum Verst{\"a}ndnis der Laserbestrahlung von Tropfen im akustischen Feld. Das Verst{\"a}ndnis dieses Ph{\"a}nomens ist entscheidend, um den Effekt der zeitlichen und r{\"a}umlichen Aufl{\"o}sung der erzeugten Ionenwolke zu verstehen, die die Aufl{\"o}sung des Systems beeinflusst. Der Aufbau umfasst eine akustische Falle, Laserbestrahlung und elektrostatische Linsen, die bei hoher Spannung unter Umgebungsdruck arbeiten. Ein effektiver Ionentransfer im Grenzfl{\"a}chenbereich zwischen dem schwebenden Tropfen und dem IMS muss daher elektrostatische und akustische Felder vollst{\"a}ndig ber{\"u}cksichtigen. F{\"u}r die Probenahme und Ionisation wurden zwei unterschiedliche Laserpulsl{\"a}ngen untersucht, n{\"a}mlich im ns- und µs-Bereich. Die Bestrahlung {\"u}ber µs-Laserpulse bietet gegen{\"u}ber ns-Pulse mehrere Vorteile: i) das Tropfenvolumen wird nicht stark beeinflusst, was es erm{\"o}glichet, nur ein kleines Volumen des Tropfens abzutasten; ii) die geringere Fluenz f{\"u}hrt zu weniger ausgepr{\"a}gten Schwingungen des im akustischen Feld eingeschlossenen Tropfens und der Tropfen wird nicht aus dem akustischen Feld r{\"u}ckgeschlagen, was zum Verlust der Probe f{\"u}hren w{\"u}rde; iii) die milde Laserbestrahlung f{\"u}hrt zu einer besseren r{\"a}umlichen und zeitlichen Begrenzung der Ionenwolken, was zu einer besseren Aufl{\"o}sung der detektierten Ionenpakete f{\"u}hrt. Schließlich erm{\"o}glicht dieses Wissen die Anwendung der Ionenoptik, die erforderlich ist, um den Ionenfluss zwischen dem im akustischen Feld suspendierten Tropfen und dem IM Spektrometer zu induzieren. Die Ionenoptik aus 2 elektrostatischen Linsen in der N{\"a}he des Tropfens erm{\"o}glicht es, die Ionenwolke effektiv zu fokussieren und direkt zum IM Spektrometer-Eingang zu f{\"u}hren. Diese neuartige Kopplung hat sich beim Nachweis einiger basischer Molek{\"u}le als erfolgreich erwiesen. Um die Anwendbarkeit des Systems zu belegen, wurde die Reaktion zwischen N-Boc Cysteine Methylester und Allylalkohol in einem Chargenreaktor durchgef{\"u}hrt und online {\"u}berwacht. F{\"u}r eine Kalibrierung wurde der Reaktionsfortschritt parallel mittels 1H-NMR verfolgt. Der beobachtete Reaktionsumsatz von mehr als 50\% innerhalb der ersten 20 Minuten demonstrierte die Eignung der Reaktion, um die Einsatzpotentiale des entwickelten Systems zu bewerten.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Boerner2009,
  author    = {B{\"o}rner, Hans Gerhard},
  title     = {Exploiting self-organization and functionality of peptides for polymer science},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-29066},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {Controlling interactions in synthetic polymers as precisely as in proteins would have a strong impact on polymer science. Advanced structural and functional control can lead to rational design of, integrated nano- and microstructures. To achieve this, properties of monomer sequence defined oligopeptides were exploited. Through their incorporation as monodisperse segments into synthetic polymers we learned in recent four years how to program the structure formation of polymers, to adjust and exploit interactions in such polymers, to control inorganic-organic interfaces in fiber composites and induce structure in Biomacromolecules like DNA for biomedical applications.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Popovic2011,
  author    = {Popovic, Jelena},
  title     = {Novel lithium iron phosphate materials for lithium-ion batteries},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-54591},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Conventional energy sources are diminishing and non-renewable, take million years to form and cause environmental degradation. In the 21st century, we have to aim at achieving sustainable, environmentally friendly and cheap energy supply by employing renewable energy technologies associated with portable energy storage devices. Lithium-ion batteries can repeatedly generate clean energy from stored materials and convert reversely electric into chemical energy. The performance of lithium-ion batteries depends intimately on the properties of their materials. Presently used battery electrodes are expensive to be produced; they offer limited energy storage possibility and are unsafe to be used in larger dimensions restraining the diversity of application, especially in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and electric vehicles (EVs). This thesis presents a major progress in the development of LiFePO4 as a cathode material for lithium-ion batteries. Using simple procedure, a completely novel morphology has been synthesized (mesocrystals of LiFePO4) and excellent electrochemical behavior was recorded (nanostructured LiFePO4). The newly developed reactions for synthesis of LiFePO4 are single-step processes and are taking place in an autoclave at significantly lower temperature (200 deg. C) compared to the conventional solid-state method (multi-step and up to 800 deg. C). The use of inexpensive environmentally benign precursors offers a green manufacturing approach for a large scale production. These newly developed experimental procedures can also be extended to other phospho-olivine materials, such as LiCoPO4 and LiMnPO4. The material with the best electrochemical behavior (nanostructured LiFePO4 with carbon coating) was able to delive a stable 94\% of the theoretically known capacity.},
  language  = {en}
}