@techreport{BacheletKalkuhlKoch2022,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Bachelet, Marion and Kalkuhl, Matthias and Koch, Nicolas},
  title     = {What if working from home will stick?},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {41},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-53238},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-532384},
  pages     = {28},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {The COVID-19 pandemic created the largest experiment in working from home. We study how persistent telework may change energy and transport consumption and costs in Germany to assess the distributional and environmental implications when working from home will stick. Based on data from the German Microcensus and available classifications of working-from-home feasibility for different occupations, we calculate the change in energy consumption and travel to work when 15\% of employees work full time from home. Our findings suggest that telework translates into an annual increase in heating energy expenditure of 110 euros per worker and a decrease in transport expenditure of 840 euros per worker. All income groups would gain from telework but high-income workers gain twice as much as low-income workers. The value of time saving is between 1.3 and 6 times greater than the savings from reduced travel costs and almost 9 times higher for high-income workers than low-income workers. The direct effects on CO₂ emissions due to reduced car commuting amount to 4.5 millions tons of CO₂, representing around 3 percent of carbon emissions in the transport sector.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{BorckSchrauth2022,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Borck, Rainald and Schrauth, Philipp},
  title     = {Urban pollution},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {60},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-57204},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-572049},
  pages     = {48},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {We use worldwide satellite data to analyse how population size and density affect urban pollution. We find that density significantly increases pollution exposure. Looking only at urban areas, we find that population size affects exposure more than density. Moreover, the effect is driven mostly by population commuting to core cities rather than the core city population itself. We analyse heterogeneity by geography and income levels. By and large, the influence of population on pollution is greatest in Asia and middle-income countries. A counterfactual simulation shows that PM2.5 exposure would fall by up to 36\% and NO2 exposure up to 53\% if within countries population size were equalized across all cities.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{Drechsler2005,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Drechsler, Denis},
  title     = {Unemployment in Germany and the Eurosclerosis debate},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-9036},
  year      = {2005},
  abstract  = {Many European countries have experienced a significant increase of unemployment in recent years. This paper reviews several theoretical models that try to explain this phenomenon. Predominantly, these models claim a link between the poor performance of European labor markets and the high level of market regulation. Commonly referred to as the Eurosclerosis debate, prominent approaches consider insider-outsider relationships, search-models, and the influence of hiring and firing costs on equilibrium employment. The paper presents empirical evidence of each model and studies the relevance of the identified rigidities as a determinant of high unemployment in Europe. Furthermore, a case study analyzes the unemployment problem in Germany and critically discusses new reform efforts. In particular this section analyzes whether the recently enacted Hartz reforms can induce higher employment.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{AmorosoHerrmannKritikos2023,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Amoroso, Sara and Herrmann, Benedikt and Kritikos, Alexander},
  title     = {The Role of Regulation and Regional Government Quality for High Growth Firms},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {71},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-61277},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-612771},
  pages     = {32},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {High growth firms (HGFs) are important for job creation and considered to be precursors of economic growth. We investigate how formal institutions, like product- and labor-market regulations, as well as the quality of regional governments that implement these regulations, affect HGF development across European regions. Using data from Eurostat, OECD, WEF, and Gothenburg University, we show that both regulatory stringency and the quality of the regional government influence the regional shares of HGFs. More importantly, we find that the effect of labor- and product-market regulations ultimately depends on the quality of regional governments: in regions with high quality of government, the share of HGFs is neither affected by the level of product market regulation, nor by more or less flexibility in hiring and firing practices. Our findings contribute to the debate on the effects of regulations by showing that regulations are not, per se, "good, bad, and ugly", rather their impact depends on the efficiency of regional governments. Our paper offers important building blocks to develop tailored policy measures that may influence the development of HGFs in a region.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{KritikosSchierschStiel2021,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Kritikos, Alexander and Schiersch, Alexander and Stiel, Caroline},
  title     = {The productivity puzzle in business services},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {37},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-51453},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-514536},
  pages     = {37},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {In Germany, the productivity of professional services, a sector dominated by micro and small firms, declined by 40 percent between 1995 and 2014. This productivity decline also holds true for professional services in other European countries. Using a German firm-level dataset of 700,000 observations between 2003 and 2017, we analyze this largely uncovered phenomenon among professional services, the 4th largest sector in the EU15 business economy, which provide important intermediate services for the rest of the economy. We show that changes in the value chain explain about half of the decline and the increase in part-time employment is a further minor part of the decline. In contrast to expectations, the entry of micro and small firms, despite their lower productivity levels, is not responsible for the decline. We also cannot confirm the conjecture that weakening competition allows unproductive firms to remain in the market.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{MarcusSiedlerZiebarth2021,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Marcus, Jan and Siedler, Thomas and Ziebarth, Nicolas R.},
  title     = {The Long-Run Effects of Sports Club Vouchers for Primary School Children},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {34},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-50897},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-508978},
  pages     = {72},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Starting in 2009, the German state of Saxony distributed sports club membership vouchers among all 33,000 third graders in the state. The policy's objective was to encourage them to develop a long-term habit of exercising. In 2018, we carried out a large register-based survey among several cohorts in Saxony and two neighboring states. Our difference-in-differences estimations show that, even after a decade, awareness of the voucher program was significantly higher in the treatment group. We also find that youth received and redeemed the vouchers. However, we do not find significant short- or long-term effects on sports club membership, physical activity, overweightness, or motor skills.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{CaliendoKuennMahlstedt2022,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Caliendo, Marco and K{\"u}nn, Steffen and Mahlstedt, Robert},
  title     = {The Intended and Unintended Effects of Promoting Labor Market Mobility},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-53522},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-535229},
  pages     = {49},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Subsidizing the geographical mobility of unemployed workers may improve welfare by relaxing their financial constraints and allowing them to find jobs in more prosperous regions. We exploit regional variation in the promotion of mobility programs along administrative borders of German employment agency districts to investigate the causal effect of offering such financial incentives on the job search behavior and labor market integration of unemployed workers. We show that promoting mobility - as intended - causes job seekers to increase their search radius, apply for and accept distant jobs. At the same time, local job search is reduced with adverse consequences for reemployment and earnings. These unintended negative effects are provoked by spatial search frictions. Overall, the unconditional provision of mobility programs harms the welfare of unemployed job seekers.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{CaliendoKritikosStier2022,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Caliendo, Marco and Kritikos, Alexander and Stier, Claudia},
  title     = {The Influence of Start-up Motivation on Entrepreneurial Performance},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {59},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-57115},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-571152},
  pages     = {43},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Predicting entrepreneurial development based on individual and business-related characteristics is a key objective of entrepreneurship research. In this context, we investigate whether the motives of becoming an entrepreneur influence the subsequent entrepreneurial development. In our analysis, we examine a broad range of business outcomes including survival and income, as well as job creation, expansion and innovation activities for up to 40 months after business formation. Using self-determination theory as conceptual background, we aggregate the start-up motives into a continuous motivational index. We show - based on a unique dataset of German start-ups from unemployment and non-unemployment - that the later business performance is better, the higher they score on this index. Effects are particularly strong for growth oriented outcomes like innovation and expansion activities. In a next step, we examine three underlying motivational categories that we term opportunity, career ambition, and necessity. We show that individuals driven by opportunity motives perform better in terms of innovation and business expansion activities, while career ambition is positively associated with survival, income, and the probability of hiring employees. All effects are robust to the inclusion of a large battery of covariates that are proven to be important determinants of entrepreneurial performance.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{AmannRzepka2021,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Amann, Erwin and Rzepka, Sylvi},
  title     = {The Effect of Goal-Setting Prompts in a Blended Learning Environment},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {25},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-49347},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-493476},
  pages     = {22, vi},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {We investigate how inviting students to set task-based goals affects usage of an online learning platform and course performance. We design and implement a randomized field experiment in a large mandatory economics course with blended learning elements. The low-cost treatment induces students to use the online learning system more often, more intensively, and to begin earlier with exam preparation. Treated students perform better in the course than the control group: they are 18.8\% (0.20 SD) more likely to pass the exam and earn 6.7\% (0.19 SD) more points on the exam. There is no evidence that treated students spend significantly more time, rather they tend to shift to more productive learning methods. The heterogeneity analysis suggests that higher treatment effects are associated with higher levels of behavioral bias but also with poor early course behavior.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{Becker2004,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Becker, Ralf E.},
  title     = {Revisiting public investment},
  issn      = {0948-7549},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-9025},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {The consumption equivalence method is the theoretical basis of public cost-benefit analysis. Consumption equivalence public capital prices are explicitly introduces in order to sufficiently care for the opportunity cost of public expenditure. This can solve the dispute about the social rate of discount within public cost-benefit analysis witch was generated on a criterion looking similar to the capital value formula, known as Lind's approach. The social rate of discount is liberated from opportunity costs considerations and the discounting away of the effects for future welfare vanishes. The corresponding question whether one should accept a positive value of the pure rate of social time preference is an old issue. Its current state between the prescriptive and descriptive view can also be interpreted as a consequence of the oversimplification of standard cost- benefit analysis. But apart from an economic self-process the pure rate of social time preference is also defined as a business-as-usual value of social distance discounting. Hence, a political choice has to be made about this rate which is free in principal.},
  language  = {en}
}