@phdthesis{Rader2005,
  author    = {Rader, Oliver},
  title     = {Electron quantization and localization in metal films and nanostructures},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-0001912},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  year      = {2005},
  abstract  = {Es ist seit einigen Jahren bekannt, dass Elektronen unter bestimmten Bedingungen in d{\"u}nne Filme eingeschlossen werden k{\"o}nnen, selbst wenn diese Filme aus Metall bestehen und auf Metall-Substrat aufgebracht werden. In Photoelektronenspektren zeigen diese Filme charakteristische diskrete Energieniveaus, und es hat sich herausgestellt, dass sie zu großen, technisch nutzbaren Effekten f{\"u}hren k{\"o}nnen, wie der oszillatorischen magnetischen Kopplung in modernen Festplatten-Lesek{\"o}pfen. In dieser Arbeit wird untersucht, inwieweit die der Quantisierung in zweidimensionalen Filmen zu Grunde liegenden Konzepte auf niedrigere Dimensionalit{\"a}t {\"u}bertragbar sind. Das bedeutet, dass schrittweise von zweidimensionalen Filmen auf eindimensionale Nanostrukturen {\"u}bergegangen wird. Diese Nanostrukturen sind zum einen die Terrassen auf atomar gestuften Oberfl{\"a}chen, aber auch Atomketten, die auf diese Terrassen aufgebracht werden, bis hin zu einer vollst{\"a}ndigen Bedeckung mit atomar d{\"u}nnen Nanostreifen. Daneben werden Selbstorganisationseffekte ausgenutzt, um zu perfekt eindimensionalen Atomanordnungen auf Oberfl{\"a}chen zu gelangen. Die winkelaufgel{\"o}ste Photoemission ist als Untersuchungsmethode deshalb so geeignet, weil sie das Verhalten der Elektronen in diesen Nanostrukturen in Abh{\"a}ngigkeit von der Raumrichtung zeigt, und unterscheidet sich darin beispielsweise von der Rastertunnelmikroskopie. Damit ist es m{\"o}glich, deutliche und manchmal {\"u}berraschend große Effekte der eindimensionalen Quantisierung bei verschiedenen exemplarischen Systemen zum Teil erstmals nachzuweisen. Die f{\"u}r zweidimensionale Filme wesentliche Rolle von Bandl{\"u}cken im Substrat wird f{\"u}r Nanostrukturen best{\"a}tigt. Hinzu kommt jedoch eine bei zweidimensionalen Filmen nicht vorhandene Ambivalenz zwischen r{\"a}umlicher Einschr{\"a}nkung der Elektronen in den Nanostrukturen und dem Effekt eines {\"U}bergitters aus Nanostrukturen sowie zwischen Effekten des Elektronenverhaltens in der Probe und solchen des Messprozesses. Letztere sind sehr groß und k{\"o}nnen die Photoemissionsspektren dominieren. Abschließend wird der Effekt der verminderten Dimensionalit{\"a}t speziell f{\"u}r die d-Elektronen von Mangan untersucht, die zus{\"a}tzlich starken Wechselwirkungseffekten unterliegen. Auch hierbei treten {\"u}berraschende Ergebnisse zu Tage.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{PhuongHosseiniSandbergetal.2020,
  author    = {Phuong, Le Quang and Hosseini, Seyed Mehrdad and Sandberg, Oskar J. and Zou, Yingping and Woo, Han Young and Neher, Dieter and Shoaee, Safa},
  title     = {Quantifying quasi-fermi level splitting and open-circuit voltage losses in highly efficient nonfullerene organic solar cells},
  series = {Solar RRL},
  volume    = {5},
  journal   = {Solar RRL},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Wiley-VCH},
  address   = {Weinheim},
  issn      = {2367-198X},
  doi       = {10.1002/solr.202000649},
  pages     = {6},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of state-of-the-art organic solar cells is still limited by significant open-circuit voltage (V-OC) losses, partly due to the excitonic nature of organic materials and partly due to ill-designed architectures. Thus, quantifying different contributions of the V-OC losses is of importance to enable further improvements in the performance of organic solar cells. Herein, the spectroscopic and semiconductor device physics approaches are combined to identify and quantify losses from surface recombination and bulk recombination. Several state-of-the-art systems that demonstrate different V-OC losses in their performance are presented. By evaluating the quasi-Fermi level splitting (QFLS) and the V-OC as a function of the excitation fluence in nonfullerene-based PM6:Y6, PM6:Y11, and fullerene-based PPDT2FBT:PCBM devices with different architectures, the voltage losses due to different recombination processes occurring in the active layers, the transport layers, and at the interfaces are assessed. It is found that surface recombination at interfaces in the studied solar cells is negligible, and thus, suppressing the non-radiative recombination in the active layers is the key factor to enhance the PCE of these devices. This study provides a universal tool to explain and further improve the performance of recently demonstrated high-open-circuit-voltage organic solar cells.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Henkel2004,
  author    = {Henkel, Carsten},
  title     = {Coherence theory of atomic de Broglie waves and electromagnetic near fields},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-0001272},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {Die Arbeit untersucht theoretisch die Wechselwirkung neutraler Teilchen (Atome, Molek{\"u}le) mit Oberfl{\"a}chen, soweit sie durch das elektromagnetische Feld vermittelt wird. Spektrale Energiedichten und Koh{\"a}renzfunktionen werden hergeleitet und liefern eine umfassende Charakterisierung des Felds auf der sub-Wellenl{\"a}ngen-Skala. Die Ergebnisse finden auf zwei Teilgebieten Anwendung: in der integrierten Atomoptik, wo ultrakalte Atome an thermische Oberfl{\"a}chen koppeln, und in der Nahfeldoptik, wo eine Aufl{\"o}sung unterhalb der Beugungsbegrenzung mit einzelnen Molek{\"u}len als Sonden und Detektoren erzielt werden kann.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Feldmann2018,
  author    = {Feldmann, David},
  title     = {Light-driven diffusioosmosis},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-417184},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {viii, 150},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {The emergence of microfluidics created the need for precise and remote control of micron-sized objects. I demonstrate how light-sensitive motion can be induced at the micrometer scale by a simple addition of a photosensitive surfactant, which makes it possible to trigger hydrophobicity with light. With point-like laser irradiation, radial inward and outward hydrodynamic surface flows are remotely switched on and off. In this way, ensembles of microparticles can be moved toward or away from the irradiation center. Particle motion is analyzed according to varying parameters, such as surfactant and salt concentration, illumination condition, surface hydrophobicity, and surface structure. The physical origin of this process is the so-called light-driven diffusioosmosis (LDDO), a phenomenon that was discovered in the framework of this thesis and is described experimentally and theoretically in this work. To give a brief explanation, a focused light irradiation induces a local photoisomerization that creates a concentration gradient at the solid-liquid interface. To compensate for the change in osmotic pressure near the surface, a hydrodynamic flow along the surface is generated. Surface-surfactant interaction largely governs LDDO. It is shown that surfactant adsorption depends on the isomerization state of the surfactant. Photoisomerization, therefore, triggers a surfactant attachment or detachment from the surface. This change is considered to be one of the reasons for the formation of LDDO flow. These flows are introduced not only by a focused laser source but also by global irradiation. Porous particles show reversible repulsive and attractive interactions when dispersed in the solution of photosensitive surfactant. Repulsion and attraction is controlled by the irradiation wavelength. Illumination with red light leads to formation of aggregates, while illumination with blue light leads to the formation of a well-separated grid with equal interparticle distances, between 2µm and 80µm, depending on the particle surface density. These long-range interactions are considered to be a result of an increase or decrease of surfactant concentration around each particle, depending on the irradiation wavelength. Surfactant molecules adsorb inside the pores of the particles. A light-induced photoisomerization changes adsorption to the pores and drives surfactant molecules to the outside. The concentration gradients generate symmetric flows around each single particle resulting in local LDDO. With a break of the symmetry (i.e., by closing one side of the particle with a metal cap), one can achieve active self-propelled particle motion.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{PochIstiqomahQuiricoetal.2020,
  author    = {Poch, Olivier and Istiqomah, Istiqomah and Quirico, Eric and Beck, Pierre and Schmitt, Bernard and Theul{\´e}, Patrice and Faure, Alexandre and Hily-Blant, Pierre and Bonal, Lydie and Kappel, David},
  title     = {Ammonium salts are a reservoir of nitrogen on a cometary nucleus and possibly on some asteroids},
  series = {Science},
  volume    = {367},
  journal   = {Science},
  number    = {6483},
  publisher = {AAAS, American Association for the Advancement of Science},
  address   = {Washington, DC},
  issn      = {1095-9203},
  doi       = {10.1126/science.aaw7462},
  pages     = {1 -- 8},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {The measured nitrogen-to-carbon ratio in comets is lower than for the Sun, a discrepancy which could be alleviated if there is an unknown reservoir of nitrogen in comets. The nucleus of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko exhibits an unidentified broad spectral reflectance feature around 3.2 micrometers, which is ubiquitous across its surface. On the basis of laboratory experiments, we attribute this absorption band to ammonium salts mixed with dust on the surface. The depth of the band indicates that semivolatile ammonium salts are a substantial reservoir of nitrogen in the comet, potentially dominating over refractory organic matter and more volatile species. Similar absorption features appear in the spectra of some asteroids, implying a compositional link between asteroids, comets, and the parent interstellar cloud.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{PochIstiqomahQuiricoetal.2020,
  author    = {Poch, Olivier and Istiqomah, Istiqomah and Quirico, Eric and Beck, Pierre and Schmitt, Bernard and Theul{\´e}, Patrice and Faure, Alexandre and Hily-Blant, Pierre and Bonal, Lydie and Kappel, David},
  title     = {Ammonium salts are a reservoir of nitrogen on a cometary nucleus and possibly on some asteroids},
  series = {Zweitver{\"o}ffentlichungen der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  journal   = {Zweitver{\"o}ffentlichungen der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  number    = {6483},
  issn      = {1866-8372},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-51375},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-513751},
  pages     = {10},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {The measured nitrogen-to-carbon ratio in comets is lower than for the Sun, a discrepancy which could be alleviated if there is an unknown reservoir of nitrogen in comets. The nucleus of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko exhibits an unidentified broad spectral reflectance feature around 3.2 micrometers, which is ubiquitous across its surface. On the basis of laboratory experiments, we attribute this absorption band to ammonium salts mixed with dust on the surface. The depth of the band indicates that semivolatile ammonium salts are a substantial reservoir of nitrogen in the comet, potentially dominating over refractory organic matter and more volatile species. Similar absorption features appear in the spectra of some asteroids, implying a compositional link between asteroids, comets, and the parent interstellar cloud.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{PhuongHosseiniSandbergetal.2020,
  author    = {Phuong, Le Quang and Hosseini, Seyed Mehrdad and Sandberg, Oskar J. and Zou, Yingping and Woo, Han Young and Neher, Dieter and Shoaee, Safa},
  title     = {Quantifying quasi-fermi level splitting and open-circuit voltage losses in highly efficient nonfullerene organic solar cells},
  series = {Zweitver{\"o}ffentlichungen der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  journal   = {Zweitver{\"o}ffentlichungen der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  number    = {1},
  issn      = {1866-8372},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-57001},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-570018},
  pages     = {8},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of state-of-the-art organic solar cells is still limited by significant open-circuit voltage (V-OC) losses, partly due to the excitonic nature of organic materials and partly due to ill-designed architectures. Thus, quantifying different contributions of the V-OC losses is of importance to enable further improvements in the performance of organic solar cells. Herein, the spectroscopic and semiconductor device physics approaches are combined to identify and quantify losses from surface recombination and bulk recombination. Several state-of-the-art systems that demonstrate different V-OC losses in their performance are presented. By evaluating the quasi-Fermi level splitting (QFLS) and the V-OC as a function of the excitation fluence in nonfullerene-based PM6:Y6, PM6:Y11, and fullerene-based PPDT2FBT:PCBM devices with different architectures, the voltage losses due to different recombination processes occurring in the active layers, the transport layers, and at the interfaces are assessed. It is found that surface recombination at interfaces in the studied solar cells is negligible, and thus, suppressing the non-radiative recombination in the active layers is the key factor to enhance the PCE of these devices. This study provides a universal tool to explain and further improve the performance of recently demonstrated high-open-circuit-voltage organic solar cells.},
  language  = {en}
}