@article{ChristensenKnezek2015,
  author    = {Christensen, Rhonda and Knezek, Gerald},
  title     = {The Technology Proficiency Self-Assessment Questionnaire (TPSA)},
  series = {KEYCIT 2014 - Key Competencies in Informatics and ICT},
  journal   = {KEYCIT 2014 - Key Competencies in Informatics and ICT},
  number    = {7},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  issn      = {1868-0844},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-82838},
  pages     = {311 -- 318},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {The Technology Proficiency Self-Assessment (TPSA) questionnaire has been used for 15 years in the USA and other nations as a self-efficacy measure for proficiencies fundamental to effective technology integration in the classroom learning environment. Internal consistency reliabilities for each of the five-item scales have typically ranged from .73 to .88 for preservice or inservice technology-using teachers. Due to changing technologies used in education, researchers sought to renovate partially obsolete items and extend self-efficacy assessment to new areas, such as social media and mobile learning. Analysis of 2014 data gathered on a new, 34 item version of the TPSA indicates that the four established areas of email, World Wide Web (WWW), integrated applications, and teaching with technology continue to form consistent scales with reliabilities ranging from .81 to .93, while the 14 new items gathered to represent emerging technologies and media separate into two scales, each with internal consistency reliabilities greater than .9. The renovated TPSA is deemed to be worthy of continued use in the teaching with technology context.},
  language  = {en}
}