@book{KrauseGiese2012,
  author    = {Krause, Christian and Giese, Holger},
  title     = {Quantitative modeling and analysis of service-oriented real-time systems using interval probabilistic timed automata},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlah Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  isbn      = {978-3-86956-171-4},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-57845},
  publisher      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {45},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {One of the key challenges in service-oriented systems engineering is the prediction and assurance of non-functional properties, such as the reliability and the availability of composite interorganizational services. Such systems are often characterized by a variety of inherent uncertainties, which must be addressed in the modeling and the analysis approach. The different relevant types of uncertainties can be categorized into (1) epistemic uncertainties due to incomplete knowledge and (2) randomization as explicitly used in protocols or as a result of physical processes. In this report, we study a probabilistic timed model which allows us to quantitatively reason about nonfunctional properties for a restricted class of service-oriented real-time systems using formal methods. To properly motivate the choice for the used approach, we devise a requirements catalogue for the modeling and the analysis of probabilistic real-time systems with uncertainties and provide evidence that the uncertainties of type (1) and (2) in the targeted systems have a major impact on the used models and require distinguished analysis approaches. The formal model we use in this report are Interval Probabilistic Timed Automata (IPTA). Based on the outlined requirements, we give evidence that this model provides both enough expressiveness for a realistic and modular specifiation of the targeted class of systems, and suitable formal methods for analyzing properties, such as safety and reliability properties in a quantitative manner. As technical means for the quantitative analysis, we build on probabilistic model checking, specifically on probabilistic time-bounded reachability analysis and computation of expected reachability rewards and costs. To carry out the quantitative analysis using probabilistic model checking, we developed an extension of the Prism tool for modeling and analyzing IPTA. Our extension of Prism introduces a means for modeling probabilistic uncertainty in the form of probability intervals, as required for IPTA. For analyzing IPTA, our Prism extension moreover adds support for probabilistic reachability checking and computation of expected rewards and costs. We discuss the performance of our extended version of Prism and compare the interval-based IPTA approach to models with fixed probabilities.},
  language  = {en}
}
@book{GieseHildebrandtNeumannetal.2012,
  author    = {Giese, Holger and Hildebrandt, Stephan and Neumann, Stefan and W{\"a}tzoldt, Sebastian},
  title     = {Industrial case study on the integration of SysML and AUTOSAR with triple graph grammars},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  isbn      = {978-3-86956-191-2},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-60184},
  publisher      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {vi, 51},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {During the overall development of complex engineering systems different modeling notations are employed. For example, in the domain of automotive systems system engineering models are employed quite early to capture the requirements and basic structuring of the entire system, while software engineering models are used later on to describe the concrete software architecture. Each model helps in addressing the specific design issue with appropriate notations and at a suitable level of abstraction. However, when we step forward from system design to the software design, the engineers have to ensure that all decisions captured in the system design model are correctly transferred to the software engineering model. Even worse, when changes occur later on in either model, today the consistency has to be reestablished in a cumbersome manual step. In this report, we present in an extended version of [Holger Giese, Stefan Neumann, and Stephan Hildebrandt. Model Synchronization at Work: Keeping SysML and AUTOSAR Models Consistent. In Gregor Engels, Claus Lewerentz, Wilhelm Sch{\"a}fer, Andy Sch{\"u}rr, and B. Westfechtel, editors, Graph Transformations and Model Driven Enginering - Essays Dedicated to Manfred Nagl on the Occasion of his 65th Birthday, volume 5765 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 555-579. Springer Berlin / Heidelberg, 2010.] how model synchronization and consistency rules can be applied to automate this task and ensure that the different models are kept consistent. We also introduce a general approach for model synchronization. Besides synchronization, the approach consists of tool adapters as well as consistency rules covering the overlap between the synchronized parts of a model and the rest. We present the model synchronization algorithm based on triple graph grammars in detail and further exemplify the general approach by means of a model synchronization solution between system engineering models in SysML and software engineering models in AUTOSAR which has been developed for an industrial partner. In the appendix as extension to [19] the meta-models and all TGG rules for the SysML to AUTOSAR model synchronization are documented.},
  language  = {en}
}
@book{HauptMarrHirschfeld2011,
  author    = {Haupt, Michael and Marr, Stefan and Hirschfeld, Robert},
  title     = {CSOM/PL : a virtual machine product line},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  isbn      = {978-3-86956-134-9},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-52332},
  publisher      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {26},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {CSOM/PL is a software product line (SPL) derived from applying multi-dimensional separation of concerns (MDSOC) techniques to the domain of high-level language virtual machine (VM) implementations. For CSOM/PL, we modularised CSOM, a Smalltalk VM implemented in C, using VMADL (virtual machine architecture description language). Several features of the original CSOM were encapsulated in VMADL modules and composed in various combinations. In an evaluation of our approach, we show that applying MDSOC and SPL principles to a domain as complex as that of VMs is not only feasible but beneficial, as it improves understandability, maintainability, and configurability of VM implementations without harming performance.},
  language  = {en}
}
@book{MeyerPufahlFahlandetal.2013,
  author    = {Meyer, Andreas and Pufahl, Luise and Fahland, Dirk and Weske, Mathias},
  title     = {Modeling and enacting complex data dependencies in business processes},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  isbn      = {978-3-86956-245-2},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-65103},
  publisher      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {40},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {Enacting business processes in process engines requires the coverage of control flow, resource assignments, and process data. While the first two aspects are well supported in current process engines, data dependencies need to be added and maintained manually by a process engineer. Thus, this task is error-prone and time-consuming. In this report, we address the problem of modeling processes with complex data dependencies, e.g., m:n relationships, and their automatic enactment from process models. First, we extend BPMN data objects with few annotations to allow data dependency handling as well as data instance differentiation. Second, we introduce a pattern-based approach to derive SQL queries from process models utilizing the above mentioned extensions. Therewith, we allow automatic enactment of data-aware BPMN process models. We implemented our approach for the Activiti process engine to show applicability.},
  language  = {en}
}
@book{HebigGieseBatoulisetal.2015,
  author    = {Hebig, Regina and Giese, Holger and Batoulis, Kimon and Langer, Philipp and Zamani Farahani, Armin and Yao, Gary and Wolowyk, Mychajlo},
  title     = {Development of AUTOSAR standard documents at Carmeq GmbH},
  number    = {92},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  isbn      = {978-3-86956-317-6},
  issn      = {1613-5652},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-71535},
  publisher      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {52},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {This report documents the captured MDE history of Carmeq GmbH, in context of the project Evolution of MDE Settings in Practice. The goal of the project is the elicitation of MDE approaches and their evolution.},
  language  = {en}
}
@book{CalmezHesseSiegmundetal.2013,
  author    = {Calmez, Conrad and Hesse, Hubert and Siegmund, Benjamin and Stamm, Sebastian and Thomschke, Astrid and Hirschfeld, Robert and Ingalls, Dan and Lincke, Jens},
  title     = {Explorative authoring of Active Web content in a mobile environment},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  isbn      = {978-3-86956-232-2},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-64054},
  publisher      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {132},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {Developing rich Web applications can be a complex job - especially when it comes to mobile device support. Web-based environments such as Lively Webwerkstatt can help developers implement such applications by making the development process more direct and interactive. Further the process of developing software is collaborative which creates the need that the development environment offers collaboration facilities. This report describes extensions of the webbased development environment Lively Webwerkstatt such that it can be used in a mobile environment. The extensions are collaboration mechanisms, user interface adaptations but as well event processing and performance measuring on mobile devices.},
  language  = {en}
}
@book{WistWollowski2007,
  author    = {Wist, Dominic and Wollowski, Ralf},
  title     = {STG decomposition : avoiding irreducible CSC conflicts by internal communication},
  isbn      = {978-3-940793-02-7},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-32968},
  publisher      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  year      = {2007},
  abstract  = {Inhalt: 1 Introduction 2 Basic Definitions 3 Achieving SI Implementability by Internal Communication 4 Towards a Structural Method 5 Examples 6 Conclusions and Future Work},
  language  = {en}
}
@book{OPUS4-3141,
  title     = {Java language conversion assistant : an analysis},
  editor    = {Richter, Stefan and Henze, Stefan and B{\"u}ttner, Eiko and Bach, Steffen and Polze, Andreas},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  isbn      = {978-3-937786-10-0},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-33151},
  publisher      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {166},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {This document is an analysis of the 'Java Language Conversion Assistant'. Itr will also cover a language analysis of the Java Programming Language as well as a survey of related work concerning Java and C\# interoperability on the one hand and language conversion in general on the other. Part I deals with language analysis. Part II covers the JLCA tool and tests used to analyse the tool. Additionally, it gives an overview of the above mentioned related work. Part III presents a complete project that has been translated using the JLCA.},
  language  = {en}
}
@book{OPUS4-3143,
  title     = {Conceptual architecture patterns : FMC-based representations},
  editor    = {Gr{\"o}ne, Bernhard and Keller, Frank},
  isbn      = {978-3-935024-98-3},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-33173},
  publisher      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {This document presents the results of the seminar "Coneptual Arachitecture Patterns" of the winter term 2002 in the Hasso-Plattner-Institute. It is a compilation of the student's elaborations dealing with some conceptual architecture patterns which can be found in literature. One important focus laid on the runtime structures and the presentation of the patterns. 1. Introduction 1.1. The Seminar 1.2. Literature 2 Pipes and Filters (Andr{\´e} Langhorst and Martin Steinle) 3 Broker (Konrad H{\"u}bner and Einar L{\"u}ck) 4 Microkernel (Eiko B{\"u}ttner and Stefan Richter) 5 Component Configurator (Stefan R{\"o}ck and Alexander Gierak) 6 Interceptor (Marc F{\"o}rster and Peter Aschenbrenner) 7 Reactor (Nikolai Cieslak and Dennis Eder) 8 Half-Sync/Half-Async (Robert Mitschke and Harald Schubert) 9 Leader/Followers (Dennis Klemann and Steffen Schmidt)},
  language  = {en}
}
@book{KuropkaMeyer2005,
  author    = {Kuropka, Dominik and Meyer, Harald},
  title     = {Survey on Service Composition},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  isbn      = {3-937786-78-3},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-33787},
  publisher      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {35},
  year      = {2005},
  abstract  = {It is predicted that Service-oriented Architectures (SOA) will have a high impact on future electronic business and markets. Services will provide an self-contained and standardised interface towards business and are considered as the future platform for business-to-business and business-toconsumer trades. Founded by the complexity of real world business scenarios a huge need for an easy, flexible and automated creation and enactment of service compositions is observed. This survey explores the relationship of service composition with workflow management—a technology/ concept already in use in many business environments. The similarities between the both and the key differences between them are elaborated. Furthermore methods for composition of services ranging from manual, semi- to full-automated composition are sketched. This survey concludes that current tools for service composition are in an immature state and that there is still much research to do before service composition can be used easily and conveniently in real world scenarios. However, since automated service composition is a key enabler for the full potential of Service-oriented Architectures, further research on this field is imperative. This survey closes with a formal sample scenario presented in appendix A to give the reader an impression on how full-automated service composition works.},
  language  = {en}
}
@book{GroeneKnoepfelKugeletal.2004,
  author    = {Gr{\"o}ne, Bernhard and Kn{\"o}pfel, Andreas and Kugel, Rudolf and Schmidt, Oliver},
  title     = {The Apache Modeling Project},
  isbn      = {978-3-937786-14-8},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-33147},
  publisher      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {This document presents an introduction to the Apache HTTP Server, covering both an overview and implementation details. It presents results of the Apache Modelling Project done by research assistants and students of the Hasso-Plattner-Institute in 2001, 2002 and 2003. The Apache HTTP Server was used to introduce students to the application of the modeling technique FMC, a method that supports transporting knowledge about complex systems in the domain of information processing (software and hardware as well). After an introduction to HTTP servers in general, we will focus on protocols and web technology. Then we will discuss Apache, its operational environment and its extension capabilities— the module API. Finally we will guide the reader through parts of the Apache source code and explain the most important pieces.},
  language  = {en}
}
@book{GellerHirschfeldBracha2010,
  author    = {Geller, Felix and Hirschfeld, Robert and Bracha, Gilad},
  title     = {Pattern Matching for an object-oriented and dynamically typed programming language},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  isbn      = {978-3-86956-065-6},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-43035},
  publisher      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {81},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Pattern matching is a well-established concept in the functional programming community. It provides the means for concisely identifying and destructuring values of interest. This enables a clean separation of data structures and respective functionality, as well as dispatching functionality based on more than a single value. Unfortunately, expressive pattern matching facilities are seldomly incorporated in present object-oriented programming languages. We present a seamless integration of pattern matching facilities in an object-oriented and dynamically typed programming language: Newspeak. We describe language extensions to improve the practicability and integrate our additions with the existing programming environment for Newspeak. This report is based on the first author's master's thesis.},
  language  = {en}
}
@book{DoellnerKirschNienhaus2005,
  author    = {D{\"o}llner, J{\"u}rgen Roland Friedrich and Kirsch, Florian and Nienhaus, Marc},
  title     = {Visualizing Design and Spatial Assembly of Interactive CSG},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  isbn      = {978-3-937786-56-2},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-33771},
  publisher      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {8},
  year      = {2005},
  abstract  = {For interactive construction of CSG models understanding the layout of a model is essential for its efficient manipulation. To understand position and orientation of aggregated components of a CSG model, we need to realize its visible and occluded parts as a whole. Hence, transparency and enhanced outlines are key techniques to assist comprehension. We present a novel real-time rendering technique for visualizing design and spatial assembly of CSG models. As enabling technology we combine an image-space CSG rendering algorithm with blueprint rendering. Blueprint rendering applies depth peeling for extracting layers of ordered depth from polygonal models and then composes them in sorted order facilitating a clear insight of the models. We develop a solution for implementing depth peeling for CSG models considering their depth complexity. Capturing surface colors of each layer and later combining the results allows for generating order-independent transparency as one major rendering technique for CSG models. We further define visually important edges for CSG models and integrate an image-space edgeenhancement technique for detecting them in each layer. In this way, we extract visually important edges that are directly and not directly visible to outline a model's layout. Combining edges with transparency rendering, finally, generates edge-enhanced depictions of image-based CSG models and allows us to realize their complex, spatial assembly.},
  language  = {en}
}
@book{LangeBoehmNaumann2010,
  author    = {Lange, Dustin and B{\"o}hm, Christoph and Naumann, Felix},
  title     = {Extracting structured information from Wikipedia articles to populate infoboxes},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  isbn      = {978-3-86956-081-6},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-45714},
  publisher      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {27},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Roughly every third Wikipedia article contains an infobox - a table that displays important facts about the subject in attribute-value form. The schema of an infobox, i.e., the attributes that can be expressed for a concept, is defined by an infobox template. Often, authors do not specify all template attributes, resulting in incomplete infoboxes. With iPopulator, we introduce a system that automatically populates infoboxes of Wikipedia articles by extracting attribute values from the article's text. In contrast to prior work, iPopulator detects and exploits the structure of attribute values for independently extracting value parts. We have tested iPopulator on the entire set of infobox templates and provide a detailed analysis of its effectiveness. For instance, we achieve an average extraction precision of 91\% for 1,727 distinct infobox template attributes.},
  language  = {en}
}
@book{WistSchaeferVogleretal.2010,
  author    = {Wist, Dominic and Schaefer, Mark and Vogler, Walter and Wollowski, Ralf},
  title     = {STG decomposition : internal communication for SI implementability},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  isbn      = {978-3-86956-037-3},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-40786},
  publisher      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {36},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {STG decomposition is a promising approach to tackle the complexity problems arising in logic synthesis of speed independent circuits, a robust asynchronous (i.e. clockless) circuit type. Unfortunately, STG decomposition can result in components that in isolation have irreducible CSC conflicts. Generalising earlier work, it is shown how to resolve such conflicts by introducing internal communication between the components via structural techniques only.},
  language  = {en}
}
@book{OPUS4-3946,
  title     = {Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Aspects, Components, and Patterns for Infrastructure Software (ACP4IS '10)},
  editor    = {Adams, Bram and Haupt, Michael and Lohmann, Daniel},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  isbn      = {978-3-86956-043-4},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-41221},
  publisher      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {47},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Aspect-oriented programming, component models, and design patterns are modern and actively evolving techniques for improving the modularization of complex software. In particular, these techniques hold great promise for the development of "systems infrastructure" software, e.g., application servers, middleware, virtual machines, compilers, operating systems, and other software that provides general services for higher-level applications. The developers of infrastructure software are faced with increasing demands from application programmers needing higher-level support for application development. Meeting these demands requires careful use of software modularization techniques, since infrastructural concerns are notoriously hard to modularize. Aspects, components, and patterns provide very different means to deal with infrastructure software, but despite their differences, they have much in common. For instance, component models try to free the developer from the need to deal directly with services like security or transactions. These are primary examples of crosscutting concerns, and modularizing such concerns are the main target of aspect-oriented languages. Similarly, design patterns like Visitor and Interceptor facilitate the clean modularization of otherwise tangled concerns. Building on the ACP4IS meetings at AOSD 2002-2009, this workshop aims to provide a highly interactive forum for researchers and developers to discuss the application of and relationships between aspects, components, and patterns within modern infrastructure software. The goal is to put aspects, components, and patterns into a common reference frame and to build connections between the software engineering and systems communities.},
  language  = {en}
}
@book{BauckmannLeserNaumann2010,
  author    = {Bauckmann, Jana and Leser, Ulf and Naumann, Felix},
  title     = {Efficient and exact computation of inclusion dependencies for data integration},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  isbn      = {978-3-86956-048-9},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-41396},
  publisher      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {36},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Data obtained from foreign data sources often come with only superficial structural information, such as relation names and attribute names. Other types of metadata that are important for effective integration and meaningful querying of such data sets are missing. In particular, relationships among attributes, such as foreign keys, are crucial metadata for understanding the structure of an unknown database. The discovery of such relationships is difficult, because in principle for each pair of attributes in the database each pair of data values must be compared. A precondition for a foreign key is an inclusion dependency (IND) between the key and the foreign key attributes. We present with Spider an algorithm that efficiently finds all INDs in a given relational database. It leverages the sorting facilities of DBMS but performs the actual comparisons outside of the database to save computation. Spider analyzes very large databases up to an order of magnitude faster than previous approaches. We also evaluate in detail the effectiveness of several heuristics to reduce the number of necessary comparisons. Furthermore, we generalize Spider to find composite INDs covering multiple attributes, and partial INDs, which are true INDs for all but a certain number of values. This last type is particularly relevant when integrating dirty data as is often the case in the life sciences domain - our driving motivation.},
  language  = {en}
}
@book{Luebbe2011,
  author    = {L{\"u}bbe, Alexander},
  title     = {The effect of tangible media on individuals in business process modeling : a controlled experiment = Der Einfluss greifbarer Medien auf einzelne Personen bei der Gesch{\"a}ftsprozessmodellierung : ein kontrolliertes Experiment},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  isbn      = {978-3-86956-108-0},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-49001},
  publisher      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {42},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {In current practice, business processes modeling is done by trained method experts. Domain experts are interviewed to elicit their process information but not involved in modeling. We created a haptic toolkit for process modeling that can be used in process elicitation sessions with domain experts. We hypothesize that this leads to more effective process elicitation. This paper brakes down "effective elicitation" to 14 operationalized hypotheses. They are assessed in a controlled experiment using questionnaires, process model feedback tests and video analysis. The experiment compares our approach to structured interviews in a repeated measurement design. We executed the experiment with 17 student clerks from a trade school. They represent potential users of the tool. Six out of fourteen hypotheses showed significant difference due to the method applied. Subjects reported more fun and more insights into process modeling with tangible media. Video analysis showed significantly more reviews and corrections applied during process elicitation. Moreover, people take more time to talk and think about their processes. We conclude that tangible media creates a different working mode for people in process elicitation with fun, new insights and instant feedback on preliminary results.},
  language  = {en}
}
@book{OPUS4-4677,
  title     = {Selected Papers of the International Workshop on Smalltalk Technologies (IWST'10) : Barcelona, Spain, September 14, 2010},
  editor    = {Haupt, Michael and Hirschfeld, Robert},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  isbn      = {978-3-86956-106-6},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-48553},
  publisher      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {34},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {The goal of the IWST workshop series is to create and foster a forum around advancements of or experience in Smalltalk. The workshop welcomes contributions to all aspects, theoretical as well as practical, of Smalltalk-related topics.},
  language  = {en}
}
@book{ScherbaumMzhavanadzeArometal.2020,
  author    = {Scherbaum, Frank and Mzhavanadze, Nana and Arom, Simha and Rosenzweig, Sebastian and M{\"u}ller, Meinard},
  title     = {Tonal Organization of the Erkomaishvili Dataset: Pitches, Scales, Melodies and Harmonies},
  series = {Computational Analysis Of Traditional Georgian Vocal Music},
  journal   = {Computational Analysis Of Traditional Georgian Vocal Music},
  number    = {1},
  editor    = {Scherbaum, Frank},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  issn      = {2702-2641},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-47614},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-476141},
  publisher      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {64},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {In this study we examine the tonal organization of a series of recordings of liturgical chants, sung in 1966 by the Georgian master singer Artem Erkomaishvili. This dataset is the oldest corpus of Georgian chants from which the time synchronous F0-trajectories for all three voices have been reliably determined (M{\"u}ller et al. 2017). It is therefore of outstanding importance for the understanding of the tuning principles of traditional Georgian vocal music. The aim of the present study is to use various computational methods to analyze what these recordings can contribute to the ongoing scientific dispute about traditional Georgian tuning systems. Starting point for the present analysis is the re-release of the original audio data together with estimated fundamental frequency (F0) trajectories for each of the three voices, beat annotations, and digital scores (Rosenzweig et al. 2020). We present synoptic models for the pitch and the harmonic interval distributions, which are the first of such models for which the complete Erkomaishvili dataset was used. We show that these distributions can be very compactly be expressed as Gaussian mixture models, anchored on discrete sets of pitch or interval values for the pitch and interval distributions, respectively. As part of our study we demonstrate that these pitch values, which we refer to as scale pitches, and which are determined as the mean values of the Gaussian mixture elements, define the scale degrees of the melodic sound scales which build the skeleton of Artem Erkomaishvili's intonation. The observation of consistent pitch bending of notes in melodic phrases, which appear in identical form in a group of chants, as well as the observation of harmonically driven intonation adjustments, which are clearly documented for all pure harmonic intervals, demonstrate that Artem Erkomaishvili intentionally deviates from the scale pitch skeleton quite freely. As a central result of our study, we proof that this melodic freedom is always constrained by the attracting influence of the scale pitches. Deviations of the F0-values of individual note events from the scale pitches at one instance of time are compensated for in the subsequent melodic steps. This suggests a deviation-compensation mechanism at the core of Artem Erkomaishvili's melody generation, which clearly honors the scales but still allows for a large degree of melodic flexibility. This model, which summarizes all partial aspects of our analysis, is consistent with the melodic scale models derived from the observed pitch distributions, as well as with the melodic and harmonic interval distributions. In addition to the tangible results of our work, we believe that our work has general implications for the determination of tuning models from audio data, in particular for non-tempered music.},
  language  = {en}
}