@article{BrandeBoeseMuelleretal.1999,
  author    = {Brande, Arthur and B{\"o}se, M. and M{\"u}ller, M. and Wolters, Steffen},
  title     = {The Bliesendorf soil and aerolian sand transport in the Potsdam area},
  year      = {1999},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MuellerBaurHirschmuelleretal.2006,
  author    = {M{\"u}ller, Steffen and Baur, Heiner and Hirschmueller, Anja and Mayer, Frank},
  title     = {Validit{\"a}t des COP-Verlaufes zur Quantifizierung der funktionalen Gangentwicklung bei Kindern},
  year      = {2006},
  abstract  = {Functional gait development in children is discussed controversially. Differentiated information about the roll- over process of the foot, represented by the "Center of Pressure" (COP), are still missing. The purpose of the study was the validation of the COP-path to quantify the functional gait development of children. Plantar pressure distribution was measured barefoot with an individual speed on a walkway (tartan) - in 255 children aged between 2 and 15 years. The medial and lateral area enclosed between the COP-path and the bisection of plantar angle (A(med), A(lat), Sigma: A(ml)) was calculated from plantar pressure data. Furthermore, the duration of the COP-path in the heel (COPtimeF), midfoot (COPtimeM) and forefoot (COPtimeV) was analysed. The load distribution under the medial and lateral forefoot was also calculated. The variation coefficient (VC) was calculated as a measure of interindividual variability. The medio-lateral divergency of the COP (Aml) initially decreases with advancing age (-20.2\%), followed by a continuous increase (+27.2\%). No changes in VC (A(med), A(lat), and A(ml)) appeared during age-related development. COPtimeM remains constant in all children over time. In contrast to COPtimeM, Cop(time)F decreases from youngest to oldest children (-31.0\%), and COPtimeV increases (+41.7\%). After initial descent up to 8 years of age, VC (COPtimeF, COPtimeM, COPtimeV) remains constant. The mediolateral load under the forefoot did not change. The COP-Path is able to characterise the functional gait development of children. VC values indicate high individual variability of gait pattern. In this context, age-based standard values should be critically discussed},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{BaurMuellerHirschmuelleretal.2006,
  author    = {Baur, Heiner and M{\"u}ller, Steffen and Hirschm{\"u}ller, Anja and Huber, Georg and Mayer, Frank},
  title     = {Reactivity, stability, and strength performance capacity in motor sports},
  series = {British journal of sports medicine : the journal of sport and exercise medicine},
  volume    = {40},
  journal   = {British journal of sports medicine : the journal of sport and exercise medicine},
  publisher = {BMJ Publ. Group},
  address   = {London},
  issn      = {0306-3674},
  doi       = {10.1136/bjsm.2006.025783},
  pages     = {906 -- 910},
  year      = {2006},
  abstract  = {Background: Racing drivers require multifaceted cognitive and physical abilities in a multitasking situation. A knowledge of their physical capacities may help to improve fitness and performance. Objective: To compare reaction time, stability performance capacity, and strength performance capacity of elite racing drivers with those of age-matched, physically active controls. Methods: Eight elite racing drivers and 10 physically active controls matched for age and weight were tested in a reaction and determination test requiring upper and lower extremity responses to visual and audio cues. Further tests comprised evaluation of one-leg postural stability on a two-dimensional moveable platform, measures of maximum strength performance capacity of the extensors of the leg on a leg press, and a test of force capacity of the arms in a sitting position at a steering wheel. An additional arm endurance test consisted of isometric work at the steering wheel at + 30 degrees and -30 degrees where an eccentric threshold load of 30 N.m was applied. Subjects had to hold the end positions above this threshold until exhaustion. Univariate one way analysis of variance (alpha = 0.05) including a Bonferroni adjustment was used to detect group differences between the drivers and controls. Results: The reaction time of the racing drivers was significantly faster than the controls ( p = 0.004). The following motor reaction time and reaction times in the multiple determination test did not differ between the groups. No significant differences (p> 0.05) were found for postural stability, leg extensor strength, or arm strength and endurance. Conclusions: Racing drivers have faster reaction times than age-matched physically active controls. Further development of motor sport-specific test protocols is suggested. According to the requirements of motor racing, strength and sensorimotor performance capacity can potentially be improved.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Mueller2008,
  author    = {M{\"u}ller, Steffen},
  title     = {Die belastungsspezifische neuromuskul{\"a}re Antwort bei Athleten mit Tendinopathie der Achilles- oder Patellarsehne : Analysen der funktionalen und therapeutischen Effekte eines sensomotorischen Trainings},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  isbn      = {978-3-940793-18-8},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-16454},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {II, 137},
  year      = {2008},
  abstract  = {Tendinopathien der Achilles- oder Patellarsehne sind h{\"a}ufig in Sportarten mit zahlreichen repetitiven Belastungen im Dehnungs-Verk{\"u}rzungs-Zyklus der unteren Extremit{\"a}t zu finden. Sowohl eine m{\"o}glicherweise alterierte belastungsspezifische neuromuskul{\"a}re Antwort (NMA), als auch funktional begr{\"u}ndete Therapiemaßnahmen mit m{\"o}glichen positiven Effekten sind aktuell ungekl{\"a}rt. Ziel der Arbeit war deshalb die Untersuchung der belastungsspezifischen neuromuskul{\"a}ren Antwort bei Athleten mit Tendinopathie der Achilles- oder Patellarsehne im Vergleich zu beschwerdefreien Athleten. Zus{\"a}tzlich sollten m{\"o}gliche funktionale und therapeutische Effekte eines sensomotorischen Trainings im randomisierten, kontrollierten und prospektiven Studiendesign {\"u}berpr{\"u}ft werden. 51 Sportler mit unilateraler Tendinopathie (Achilles-/Patellarsehne n = 35/16) und 33 gesunde Sportler wurden zur Beurteilung der belastungsspezifischen neuromuskul{\"a}ren Antwort eingeschlossen. Zur Kl{\"a}rung der Effekte eines sensomotorischen Trainings im L{\"a}ngsschnitt konnten 26 Sportler mit Tendinopathie randomisiert zu einer Kontrollgruppe (n = 14) und einer Therapiegruppe mit sensomotorischem Training (n = 12) zugeordnet werden. Nach einer ersten biomechanischen Messung M1 (Belastungssituationen: Lauf-, Stabilisations-, Kraftbelastung) und der Erhebung der subjektiven Schmerzsymptomatik folgte eine 8-w{\"o}chige Therapiephase mit einer abschließenden Re-Test-Messung M2 identisch zu M1. Das sensomotorische Training war auf die gesamte untere Extremit{\"a}t ausgerichtet und wurde nach Einweisung regelm{\"a}ßig kontrolliert. Die Erfassung der NMA erfolgte {\"u}ber die Quantifizierung der muskul{\"a}ren Aktivit{\"a}t (EMG). Zus{\"a}tzlich wurde die Kinetik (z.B. Maximalkraft) belastungsspezifisch erfasst. Eine reduzierte NMA konnte f{\"u}r die Sportler mit Tendinopathie {\"u}ber ver{\"a}nderte EMG-Zeit- und Amplitudenmessgr{\"o}ßen, eine reduzierte aktive Stabilisationsf{\"a}higkeit und Maximalkraft (p < 0,05) nachgewiesen werden. In Abh{\"a}ngigkeit der Lokalisation (Achilles-/Patellarsehen) bzw. der Seite (Beschwerdeseite/gesunde Seite) ergaben sich keine relevanten Differenzen. Das sensomotorische Training zeigte eine Optimierung der NMA (z.B. erh{\"o}hte Maximalkraft) bei Tendinopathie der Achilles- oder Patellarsehne. Die {\"U}berpr{\"u}fung der Beschwerdesymptomatik wies in allen Schmerz-Scores nach der Therapie reduzierte Werte und damit einen positiven therapeutischen Effekt gegen{\"u}ber der Kontrollgruppe auf. Zusammenfassend kann eine systematisch reduzierte NMA bei Lauf-, Stabilisations- und Kraftbelastung der Sportler mit Tendinopathie nachgewiesen werden. Das sensomotorische Training ist funktional und therapeutisch als effiziente Therapiemaßnahme zu erachten.},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{BaurHirschmuellerJahnetal.2008,
  author    = {Baur, Heiner and Hirschm{\"u}ller, Anja and Jahn, Michael and M{\"u}ller, Steffen and Mayer, Frank},
  title     = {Therapeutic efficiency and biomechanical effects of sport insoles in female runners},
  series = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  journal   = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  number    = {624},
  issn      = {1866-8364},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-43552},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-435525},
  pages     = {4},
  year      = {2008},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BaurHirschmuellerCasseletal.2010,
  author    = {Baur, Heiner and Hirschm{\"u}ller, Anja and Cassel, Michael and M{\"u}ller, Steffen and Mayer, Frank},
  title     = {Gender-specific neuromuscular activity of the M. peroneus longus in healthy runners : a descriptive laboratory study},
  issn      = {0268-0033},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2010.06.009},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Background: Gender-specific neuromuscular activity for the ankle (e.g., peroneal muscle) is currently not known. This knowledge may contribute to the understanding of overuse injury mechanisms. The purpose was therefore to analyse the neuromuscular activity of the peroneal muscle in healthy runners. Methods: Fifty-three male and 54 female competitive runners were tested on a treadmill at 3.33 m s(-1). Neuromuscular activity of the M. peroneus longus was measured by electromyography and analysed in the time domain (onset of activation, time of maximum of activation, total time of activation) in \% of stride time in relation to touchdown (= 1.0). Additionally, mean amplitudes for the gait cycle phases preactivation, weight acceptance and push-off were calculated and normalised to the mean activity of the entire gait cycle. Findings: Onset of activation (mean; female: 0.86/male: 0.90, p<0.0001) and time of maximum of activation (female: 1.13/male: 1.16, p<0.0001) occurred earlier in female compared to male and the total time of activation was longer in women (female: 0.42/male: 0.39, p=0.0036). In preactivation, women showed higher amplitudes (+ 21\%) compared to men (female: 1.16/male: 0.92, p<0.0001). Activity during weight acceptance (female: 2.26/male: 2.41, p = 0.0039) and push-off (female: 0.93/male: 1.07, p = 0.0027) were higher in men. Interpretation: Activation strategies of the peroneal muscle appear to be gender-specific. Higher preactivation amplitudes in females indicate a different neuromuscular control in anticipation of touchdown ("pre-programmed activity"). These data may help interpret epidemiologically reported differences between genders in overuse injury frequency and localisation.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KlausKleinebeckerHoelzeletal.2011,
  author    = {Klaus, Valentin H. and Kleinebecker, Till and Hoelzel, Norbert and Bluethgen, Nico and Boch, Steffen and M{\"u}ller, J{\"o}rg and Socher, Stephanie A. and Prati, Daniel and Fischer, Markus},
  title     = {Nutrient concentrations and fibre contents of plant community biomass reflect species richness patterns along a broad range of land-use intensities among agricultural grasslands},
  series = {Perspectives in plant ecology, evolution and systematics},
  volume    = {13},
  journal   = {Perspectives in plant ecology, evolution and systematics},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Jena},
  issn      = {1433-8319},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.ppees.2011.07.001},
  pages     = {287 -- 295},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Understanding changes in biodiversity in agricultural landscapes in relation to land-use type and intensity is a major issue in current ecological research. In this context nutrient enrichment has been identified as a key mechanism inducing species loss in Central European grassland ecosystems. At the same time, insights into the linkage between agricultural land use and plant nutrient status are largely missing. So far, studies on the relationship between chemical composition of plant community biomass and biodiversity have mainly been restricted to wetlands and all these studies neglected the effects of land use. Therefore, we analyzed aboveground biomass of 145 grassland plots covering a gradient of land-use intensities in three regions across Germany. In particular, we explored relationships between vascular plant species richness and nutrient concentrations as well as fibre contents (neutral and acid detergent fibre and lignin) in the aboveground community biomass. We found the concentrations of several nutrients in the biomass to be closely linked to plant species richness and land use. Whereas phosphorus concentrations increased with land-use intensity and decreased with plant species richness, nitrogen and potassium concentrations showed less clear patterns. Fibre fractions were negatively related to nutrient concentrations in biomass, but hardly to land-use measures and species richness. Only high lignin contents were positively associated with species richness of grasslands. The N:P ratio was strongly positively related to species richness and even more so to the number of endangered plant species, indicating a higher persistence of endangered species under P (co-)limited conditions. Therefore, we stress the importance of low P supply for species-rich grasslands and suggest the N:P ratio in community biomass to be a useful proxy of the conservation value of agriculturally used grasslands.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BirkhoferDiekoetterBochetal.2011,
  author    = {Birkhofer, Klaus and Diekoetter, Tim and Boch, Steffen and Fischer, Markus and M{\"u}ller, J{\"o}rg and Socher, Stephanie and Wolters, Volkmar},
  title     = {Soil fauna feeding activity in temperate grassland soils increases with legume and grass species richness},
  series = {Soil biology \& biochemistry},
  volume    = {43},
  journal   = {Soil biology \& biochemistry},
  number    = {10},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Oxford},
  issn      = {0038-0717},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.soilbio.2011.07.008},
  pages     = {2200 -- 2207},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Edaphic fauna contributes to important ecosystem functions in grassland soils such as decomposition and nutrient mineralization. Since this functional role is likely to be altered by global change and associated shifts in plant communities, a thorough understanding of large scale drivers on below-ground processes independent of regional differences in soil type or climate is essential. We investigated the relationship between abiotic (soil properties, management practices) and biotic (plant functional group composition, vegetation characteristics, soil fauna abundance) predictors and feeding activity of soil fauna after accounting for sample year and study region. Our study was carried out over a period of two consecutive years in 92 agricultural grasslands in three regions of Germany, spanning a latitudinal gradient of more than 500 km. A structural equation model suggests that feeding activity of soil fauna as measured by the bait-lamina test was positively related to legume and grass species richness in both years. Most probably, a diverse vegetation promotes feeding activity of soil fauna via alterations of both microclimate and resource availability. Feeding activity of soil fauna also increased with earthworm biomass via a pathway over Collembola abundance. The effect of earthworms on the feeding activity in soil may be attributed to their important role as ecosystem engineers. As no additional effects of agricultural management such as fertilization, livestock density or number of cuts on bait consumption were observed, our results suggest that the positive effect of legume and grass species richness on the feeding activity in soil fauna is a general one that will not be overruled by regional differences in management or environmental conditions. We thus suggest that agri-environment schemes aiming at the protection of belowground activity and associated ecosystem functions in temperate grasslands may generally focus on maintaining plant diversity, especially with regard to the potential effects of climate change on future vegetation structure.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HeinzeBochFischeretal.2011,
  author    = {Heinze, Eric and Boch, Steffen and Fischer, Markus and Hessenm{\"o}ller, Dominik and Klenk, Bernd and M{\"u}ller, J{\"o}rg and Prati, Daniel and Schulze, Ernst-Detlef and Seele, Carolin and Socher, Stephanie and Halle, Stefan},
  title     = {Habitat use of large ungulates in northeastern Germany in relation to forest management},
  series = {Forest ecology and management},
  volume    = {261},
  journal   = {Forest ecology and management},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0378-1127},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.foreco.2010.10.022},
  pages     = {288 -- 296},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Estimating large herbivore density has been a major area of research in recent decades. Previous studies monitoring ungulate density, however, focused mostly on determining animal abundance, and did not interpret animal distribution in relation to habitat parameters. We surveyed large ungulates in the Biodiversity Exploratory Schorfheide-Chorin using faecal pellet group counts. This allowed us to explore the link between relative ungulate abundance, habitat use, and browsing damage on trees in a region with several types of forest, including unharvested and age-class beech forests, as well as age-class pine forests. Our results demonstrate that roe deer and fallow deer relative abundance is negatively correlated with large tree cover, and positively correlated with the cover of small shrubs (Rubus spec., Vaccinium spec.), and winter food supply. Habitat use of roe deer and fallow deer, as estimated by counting faecal pellet groups, revealed a preference for mature pine forests, and avoidance of deciduous forests. This differential habitat use is explained by different distributions of high quality food resources during winter. The response of deer to understory cover differed between roe deer and fallow deer at high cover percentages. The amount of browsing damage we observed on coniferous trees was not consistent with the relative deer abundance. Browsing damage was consistently higher on most deciduous trees, except for beech saplings which sustained less damage when roe deer density was low. Because roe deer is a highly selective feeder, it was reported to affect tree diversity by feeding only on trees with high nutritional value. Consequently, we propose that managing the number of all deer species by hunting is necessary to allow successful forest regeneration. Such an adjustment to deer numbers would need to account for both current tree diversity and alternative food resources. Our findings may be applicable to other forest landscapes in northeastern Germany including mature pine stands and differently harvested deciduous forests.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{MayerScharhagRosenbergerCarlsohnetal.2011,
  author    = {Mayer, Frank and Scharhag-Rosenberger, Friederike and Carlsohn, Anja and Cassel, Michael and M{\"u}ller, Steffen and Scharhag, J{\"u}rgen},
  title     = {The intensity and effects of strength training in the elderly},
  series = {Deutsches {\"A}rzteblatt international : a weekly online journal of clinical medicine and public health},
  volume    = {108},
  journal   = {Deutsches {\"A}rzteblatt international : a weekly online journal of clinical medicine and public health},
  number    = {21},
  publisher = {Dt. {\"A}rzte-Verl.},
  address   = {Cologne},
  issn      = {1866-0452},
  doi       = {10.3238/arztebl.2011.0359},
  pages     = {359 -- U30},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Background: The elderly need strength training more and more as they grow older to stay mobile for their everyday activities. The goal of training is to reduce the loss of muscle mass and the resulting loss of motor function. The dose-response relationship of training intensity to training effect has not yet been fully elucidated. Methods: PubMed was selectively searched for articles that appeared in the past 5 years about the effects and dose-response relationship of strength training in the elderly. Results: Strength training in the elderly (> 60 years) increases muscle strength by increasing muscle mass, and by improving the recruitment of motor units, and increasing their firing rate. Muscle mass can be increased through training at an intensity corresponding to 60\% to 85\% of the individual maximum voluntary strength. Improving the rate of force development requires training at a higher intensity (above 85\%), in the elderly just as in younger persons. It is now recommended that healthy old people should train 3 or 4 times weekly for the best results; persons with poor performance at the outset can achieve improvement even with less frequent training. Side effects are rare. Conclusion: Progressive strength training in the elderly is efficient, even with higher intensities, to reduce sarcopenia, and to retain motor function.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BaurMuellerHirschmuelleretal.2011,
  author    = {Baur, Heiner and M{\"u}ller, Steffen and Hirschm{\"u}ller, Anja and Cassel, Michael and Weber, Josefine and Mayer, Frank},
  title     = {Comparison in lower leg neuromuscular activity between runners with unilateral mid-portion Achilles tendinopathy and healthy individuals},
  series = {Journal of electromyography and kinesiology},
  volume    = {21},
  journal   = {Journal of electromyography and kinesiology},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Oxford},
  issn      = {1050-6411},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.jelekin.2010.11.010},
  pages     = {499 -- 505},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Neuromuscular control in functional situations and possible impairments due to Achilles tendinopathy are not well understood. Thirty controls (CO) and 30 runners with Achilles tendinopathy (AT) were tested on a treadmill at 3.33 m s(-1) (12 km h(-1)). Neuromuscular activity of the lower leg (tibialis anterior, peroneal, and gastrocnemius muscle) was measured by surface electromyography. Mean amplitude values (MAV) for the gait cycle phases preactivation, weight acceptance and push-off were calculated and normalised to the mean activity of the entire gait cycle. MAVs of the tibialis anterior did not differ between CO and AT in any gait cycle phase. The activation of the peroneal muscle was lower in AT in weight acceptance (p = 0.006), whereas no difference between CO and AT was found in preactivation (p = 0.71) and push-off (p = 0.83). Also, MAVs of the gastrocnemius muscle did not differ between AT and CO in preactivity (p = 0.71) but were reduced in AT during weight acceptance (p = 0.001) and push-off (p = 0.04). Achilles tendinopathy does not seem to alter pre-programmed neural control but might induce mechanical deficits of the lower extremity during weight bearing (joint stability). This should be addressed in the therapy process of AT.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HirschmuellerKonstantinidisBauretal.2011,
  author    = {Hirschm{\"u}ller, Anja and Konstantinidis, Lukas and Baur, Heiner and M{\"u}ller, Steffen and Mehlhorn, Alexander and Kontermann, Julia and Grosse, Ulrich and S{\"u}dkamp, Norbert P. and Helwig, Peter},
  title     = {Do changes in dynamic plantar pressure distribution, strength capacity and postural control after intra-articular calcaneal fracture correlate with clinical and radiological outcome?},
  series = {Injury : international journal of the care of the injured},
  volume    = {42},
  journal   = {Injury : international journal of the care of the injured},
  number    = {10},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Oxford},
  issn      = {0020-1383},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.injury.2010.09.040},
  pages     = {1135 -- 1143},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Fractures of the calcaneus are often associated with serious permanent disability, a considerable reduction in quality of life, and high socio-economic cost. Although some studies have already reported changes in plantar pressure distribution after calcaneal fracture, no investigation has yet focused on the patient's strength and postural control. Method: 60 patients with unilateral, operatively treated, intra-articular calcaneal fractures were clinically and biomechanically evaluated >1 year postoperatively (physical examination, SF-36, AOFAS score, lower leg isokinetic strength, postural control and gait analysis including plantar pressure distribution). Results were correlated to clinical outcome and preoperative radiological findings (Bohler angle, Zwipp and Sanders Score). Results: Clinical examination revealed a statistically significant reduction in range of motion at the tibiotalar and the subtalar joint on the affected side. Additionally, there was a statistically significant reduction of plantar flexor peak torque of the injured compared to the uninjured limb (p < 0.001) as well as a reduction in postural control that was also more pronounced on the initially injured side (standing duration 4.2 +/- 2.9 s vs. 7.6 +/- 2.1 s, p < 0.05). Plantar pressure measurements revealed a statistically significant pressure reduction at the hindfoot (p = 0.0007) and a pressure increase at the midfoot (p = 0.0001) and beneath the lateral forefoot (p = 0.037) of the injured foot. There was only a weak correlation between radiological classifications and clinical outcome but a moderate correlation between strength differences and the clinical questionnaires (CC 0.27-0.4) as well as between standing duration and the clinical questionnaires. Although thigh circumference was also reduced on the injured side, there was no important relationship between changes in lower leg circumference and strength suggesting that measurement of leg circumference may not be a valid assessment of maximum strength deficits. Self-selected walking speed was the parameter that showed the best correlation with clinical outcome (AOFAS score). Conclusion: Calcaneal fractures are associated with a significant reduction in ankle joint ROM, plantar flexion strength and postural control. These impairments seem to be highly relevant to the patients. Restoration of muscular strength and proprioception should therefore be aggressively addressed in the rehabilitation process after these fractures.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BaurHirschmuellerMuelleretal.2011,
  author    = {Baur, Heiner and Hirschm{\"u}ller, Anja and M{\"u}ller, Steffen and Mayer, Frank},
  title     = {Neuromuscular activity of the peroneal muscle after foot orthoses therapy in runners},
  series = {Medicine and science in sports and exercise : official journal of the American College of Sports Medicine},
  volume    = {43},
  journal   = {Medicine and science in sports and exercise : official journal of the American College of Sports Medicine},
  number    = {8},
  publisher = {Lippincott Williams \& Wilkins},
  address   = {Philadelphia},
  issn      = {0195-9131},
  doi       = {10.1249/MSS.0b013e31820c64ae},
  pages     = {1500 -- 1506},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {BAUR, H., A. HIRSCHMULLER, S. MULLER, and F. MAYER. Neuromuscular Activity of the Peroneal Muscle after Foot Orthoses Therapy in Runners. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 43, No. 8, pp. 1500-1506, 2011. Purpose: Foot orthoses are a standard option to treat overuse injury. Biomechanical data providing mechanisms of foot orthoses' effectiveness are sparse. Stability of the ankle joint complex might be a key factor. The purpose was therefore to analyze neuromuscular activity of the musculus peroneus longus in runners with overuse injury symptoms treated with foot orthoses. Methods: A total of 99 male and female runners with overuse injury symptoms randomized in a control group (CO) and an orthoses group (OR) were analyzed on a treadmill at 3.3 m.s(-1) before and after an 8-wk foot orthoses intervention. Muscular activity of the musculus peroneus longus was measured and quantified in the time domain (initial onset of activation (T-ini), time of maximal activity (T-max), total time of activation (T-tot)) and amplitude domain (amplitude in preactivation (A(pre)), weight acceptance (A(wa)), push-off (A(po))). Results: Peroneal activity in the time domain did not differ initially between CO and OR, and no effect was observed after therapy (T-ini: CO = -0.88 +/- 0.09, OR = -0.88 +/- 0.08 / T-max: CO = 0.14 +/- 0.06, OR = 0.15 +/- 0.06 / T-tot: CO = 0.40 +/- 0.09, OR = 0.41 +/- 0.09; P > 0.05). In preactivation (Apre), muscle activity was higher in OR after intervention (CO = 0.97 +/- 0.32, 95\% confidence interval = 0.90-1.05; OR = 1.18 +/- 0.43, 95\% confidence interval = 1.08-1.28; P = 0.003). There was no group or intervention effect during stance (A(wa): CO = 2.33 +/- 0.66, OR = 2.33 +/- 0.74 / A(po): CO = 0.80 +/- 0.41, OR = 0.88 +/- 0.40; P > 0.05). Conclusions: Enhanced muscle activation of the musculus peroneus longus in preactivation suggests an altered preprogrammed activity, which might lead to better ankle stability providing a possible mode of action for foot orthoses therapy.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MuellerMayerBauretal.2011,
  author    = {M{\"u}ller, Steffen and Mayer, Patrizia and Baur, Heiner and Mayer, Frank},
  title     = {Higher velocities in isokinetic dynamometry a pilot study of new test mode with active compensation of inertia},
  series = {Isokinetics and exercise science : official journal of the European Isokinetic Society},
  volume    = {19},
  journal   = {Isokinetics and exercise science : official journal of the European Isokinetic Society},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {IOS Press},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0959-3020},
  doi       = {10.3233/IES-2011-0398},
  pages     = {63 -- 70},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Isokinetic dynamometry is a standard technique for strength testing and training. Nevertheless reliability and validity is limited due to inertia effects, especially for high velocities. Therefore in a first methodological approach the purpose was to evaluate a new isokinetic measurement mode including inertia compensation compared to a classic isokinetic measurement mode for single and multijoint movements at different velocities. Isokinetic maximum strength measurements were carried out in 26 healthy active subjects. Tests were performed using classic isokinetic and new isokinetic mode in random order. Maximum torque/force, maximum movement velocity and time for acceleration were calculated. For inter-instrument agreement Bland and Altman analysis, systematic and random error was quantified. Differences between both methods were assessed (ANOVA alpha = 0.05). Bland and Altman analysis showed the highest agreement between the two modes for strength and velocity measurements (bias: < +/- 1.1\%; LOA: < 14.2\%) in knee flexion/extension at slow isokinetic velocity (60 degrees/s). Least agreement (range: bias: -67.6\% +/- 119.0\%; LOA: 53.4\% 69.3\%) was observed for shoulder/arm test at high isokinetic velocity (360 degrees/s). The Isokin(new) mode showed higher maximum movement velocities (p < 0.05). For low isokinetic velocities the new mode agrees with the classic mode. Especially at high isokinetic velocities the new isokinetic mode shows relevant benefits coupled with a possible trade-off with the force/torque measurement. In conclusion, this study offers for the first time a comparison between the 'classical' and inertia-compensated isokinetic dynamometers indicating the advantages and disadvantages associated with each individual approach, particularly as they relate to medium or high velocities in testing and training.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HirschmuellerBaurMuelleretal.2011,
  author    = {Hirschm{\"u}ller, Anja and Baur, Heiner and M{\"u}ller, Steffen and Helwig, Peter and Dickhuth, Hans-Hermann and Mayer, Frank},
  title     = {Clinical effectiveness of customised sport shoe orthoses for overuse injuries in runners a randomised controlled study},
  series = {British journal of sports medicine : the journal of sport and exercise medicine},
  volume    = {45},
  journal   = {British journal of sports medicine : the journal of sport and exercise medicine},
  number    = {12},
  publisher = {BMJ Publ. Group},
  address   = {London},
  issn      = {0306-3674},
  doi       = {10.1136/bjsm.2008.055830},
  pages     = {959 -- 965},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Background and objectives Treatment of chronic running-related overuse injuries by orthopaedic shoe orthoses is very common but not evidence-based to date. Hypothesis Polyurethane foam orthoses adapted to a participant's barefoot plantar pressure distribution are an effective treatment option for chronic overuse injuries in runners. Design Prospective, randomised, controlled clinical trial. Intervention 51 patients with running injuries were treated with custom-made, semirigid running shoe orthoses for 8 weeks. 48 served as a randomised control group that continued regular training activity without any treatment. Main outcome measures Evaluation was made by the validated pain questionnaire Subjective Pain Experience Scale, the pain disability index and a comfort index in the orthoses group (ICI). Results There were statistically significant differences between the orthoses and control groups at 8 weeks for the pain disability index (mean difference 3.2; 95\% CI 0.9 to 5.5) and the Subjective Pain Experience Scale (6.6; 2.6 to 10.6). The patients with orthoses reported a rising wearing comfort (pre-treatment ICI 69/100; post-treatment ICI 83/100) that was most pronounced in the first 4 weeks (ICI 80.4/100). Conclusion Customised polyurethane running shoe orthoses are an effective conservative therapy strategy for chronic running injuries with high comfort and acceptance of injured runners.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KlausKleinebeckerBochetal.2012,
  author    = {Klaus, Valentin H. and Kleinebecker, Till and Boch, Steffen and M{\"u}ller, J{\"o}rg and Socher, Stephanie A. and Prati, Daniel and Fischer, Markus and Hoelzel, Norbert},
  title     = {NIRS meets Ellenberg's indicator values prediction of moisture and nitrogen values of agricultural grassland vegetation by means of near-infrared spectral characteristics},
  series = {Ecological indicators : integrating monitoring, assessment and management},
  volume    = {14},
  journal   = {Ecological indicators : integrating monitoring, assessment and management},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {1470-160X},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.ecolind.2011.07.016},
  pages     = {82 -- 86},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Ellenberg indicator values are widely used ecological tools to elucidate relationships between vegetation and environment in ecological research and environmental planning. However, they are mainly deduced from expert knowledge on plant species and are thus subject of ongoing discussion. We researched if Ellenberg indicator values can be directly extracted from the vegetation biomass itself. Mean Ellenberg "moisture" (mF) and "nitrogen" (mN) values of 141 grassland plots were related to nutrient concentrations, fibre fractions and spectral information of the aboveground biomass. We developed calibration models for the prediction of mF and mN using spectral characteristics of biomass samples with near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS). Prediction goodness was evaluated with internal cross-validations and with an external validation data set. NIRS could accurately predict Ellenberg mN, and with less accuracy Ellenberg mF. Predictions were not more precise for cover-weighted Ellenberg values compared with un-weighted values. Both Ellenberg mN and mF showed significant and strong correlations with some of the nutrient and fibre concentrations in the biomass. Against expectations, Ellenberg mN was more closely related to phosphorus than to nitrogen concentrations, suggesting that this value rather indicates productivity than solely nitrogen. To our knowledge we showed for the first time that mean Ellenberg indicator values could be directly predicted from the aboveground biomass, which underlines the usefulness of the NIRS technology for ecological studies, especially in grasslands ecosystems.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SocherPratiBochetal.2012,
  author    = {Socher, Stephanie A. and Prati, Daniel and Boch, Steffen and M{\"u}ller, J{\"o}rg and Klaus, Valentin H. and H{\"o}lzel, Norbert and Fischer, Markus},
  title     = {Direct and productivity-mediated indirect effects of fertilization, mowing and grazing on grassland species richness},
  series = {The journal of ecology},
  volume    = {100},
  journal   = {The journal of ecology},
  number    = {6},
  publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},
  address   = {Hoboken},
  issn      = {0022-0477},
  doi       = {10.1111/j.1365-2745.2012.02020.x},
  pages     = {1391 -- 1399},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Recent declines in biodiversity have given new urgency to questions about the relationship between land-use change, biodiversity and ecosystem processes. Despite the existence of a large body of research on the effects of land use on species richness, it is unclear whether the effects of land use on species richness are principally direct or indirect, mediated by concomitant changes in ecosystem processes. Therefore, we compared the direct effects of land use (fertilization, mowing and grazing) on species richness with indirect ones (mediated via grassland productivity) for grasslands in central Europe. We measured the richness and above-ground biomass in 150 grassland plots in 3 regions of Germany (the so-called Biodiversity Exploratories). We used univariate and structural equation models to examine direct and indirect land-use effects. The direct effects of mowing (-0.37, effect size) and grazing (0.04) intensity on species richness were stronger compared with the indirect effects of mowing (-0.04) and grazing (-0.01). However, the strong negative effect of fertilization (-0.23) on species richness was mainly indirect, mediated by increased productivity compared with the weak direct negative effect (-0.07). Differences between regions in land-use effects showed five times weaker negative effects of mowing (-0.13) in the region with organic soils (Schorfheide-Chorin), strong overall negative effects of grazing (-0.29) for the region with organic soils opposed to a similar strong positive effect (0.30) in the Hainich-Dun region, whereas the Schwabische Alb region displayed a five times weaker positive effect (0.06) only. Further, fertilization effects on species richness were positive (0.03) for the region with organic soils compared to up to 25 times stronger negative effects in the other two regions. Synthesis. Our results clearly show the importance of studying both direct and indirect effects of land-use intensity. They demonstrate the indirect nature, via productivity, of the negative effect of fertilization intensity on plant species richness in the real-world context of management-induced gradients of intensity of fertilization, mowing and grazing. Finally, they highlight that careful consideration of regional environments is necessary before attempting to generalize land-use effects on species diversity.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BluethgenDormannPratietal.2012,
  author    = {Bl{\"u}thgen, Nico and Dormann, Carsten F. and Prati, Daniel and Klaus, Valentin H. and Kleinebecker, Till and Hoelzel, Norbert and Alt, Fabian and Boch, Steffen and Gockel, Sonja and Hemp, Andreas and M{\"u}ller, J{\"o}rg and Nieschulze, Jens and Renner, Swen C. and Sch{\"o}ning, Ingo and Schumacher, Uta and Socher, Stephanie A. and Wells, Konstans and Birkhofer, Klaus and Buscot, Francois and Oelmann, Yvonne and Rothenw{\"o}hrer, Christoph and Scherber, Christoph and Tscharntke, Teja and Weiner, Christiane N. and Fischer, Markus and Kalko, Elisabeth K. V. and Linsenmair, Karl Eduard and Schulze, Ernst-Detlef and Weisser, Wolfgang W.},
  title     = {A quantitative index of land-use intensity in grasslands integrating mowing, grazing and fertilization},
  series = {Basic and applied ecology : Journal of the Gesellschaft f{\"u}r {\"O}kologie},
  volume    = {13},
  journal   = {Basic and applied ecology : Journal of the Gesellschaft f{\"u}r {\"O}kologie},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Jena},
  issn      = {1439-1791},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.baae.2012.04.001},
  pages     = {207 -- 220},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Land use is increasingly recognized as a major driver of biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in many current research projects. In grasslands, land use is often classified by categorical descriptors such as pastures versus meadows or fertilized versus unfertilized sites. However, to account for the quantitative variation of multiple land-use types in heterogeneous landscapes, a quantitative, continuous index of land-use intensity (LUI) is desirable. Here we define such a compound, additive LUI index for managed grasslands including meadows and pastures. The LUI index summarizes the standardized intensity of three components of land use, namely fertilization, mowing, and livestock grazing at each site. We examined the performance of the LUI index to predict selected response variables on up to 150 grassland sites in the Biodiversity Exploratories in three regions in Germany(Alb, Hainich, Schorlheide). We tested the average Ellenberg nitrogen indicator values of the plant community, nitrogen and phosphorus concentration in the aboveground plant biomass, plant-available phosphorus concentration in the top soil, and soil C/N ratio, and the first principle component of these five response variables. The LUI index significantly predicted the principal component of all five response variables, as well as some of the individual responses. Moreover, vascular plant diversity decreased significantly with LUI in two regions (Alb and Hainich). Inter-annual changes in management practice were pronounced from 2006 to 2008, particularly due to variation in grazing intensity. This rendered the selection of the appropriate reference year(s) an important decision for analyses of land-use effects, whereas details in the standardization of the index were of minor importance. We also tested several alternative calculations of a LUI index, but all are strongly linearly correlated to the proposed index. The proposed LUI index reduces the complexity of agricultural practices to a single dimension and may serve as a baseline to test how different groups of organisms and processes respond to land use. In combination with more detailed analyses, this index may help to unravel whether and how land-use intensities, associated disturbance levels or other local or regional influences drive ecological processes.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{FabianKunzKonnegenetal.2012,
  author    = {Fabian, Benjamin and Kunz, Steffen and Konnegen, Marcel and M{\"u}ller, Sebastian and G{\"u}nther, Oliver},
  title     = {Access control for semantic data federations in industrial product-lifecycle management},
  series = {Computers in industry : an international, application oriented research journal},
  volume    = {63},
  journal   = {Computers in industry : an international, application oriented research journal},
  number    = {9},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0166-3615},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.compind.2012.08.015},
  pages     = {930 -- 940},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Information integration across company borders becomes increasingly important for the success of product lifecycle management in industry and complex supply chains. Semantic technologies are about to play a crucial role in this integrative process. However, cross-company data exchange requires mechanisms to enable fine-grained access control definition and enforcement, preventing unauthorized leakage of confidential data across company borders. Currently available semantic repositories are not sufficiently equipped to satisfy this important requirement. This paper presents an infrastructure for controlled sharing of semantic data between cooperating business partners. First, we motivate the need for access control in semantic data federations by a case study in the industrial service sector. Furthermore, we present an architecture for controlling access to semantic repositories that is based on our newly developed SemForce security service. Finally, we show the practical feasibility of this architecture by an implementation and several performance experiments.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{TuerkeAndreasGossneretal.2012,
  author    = {T{\"u}rke, Manfred and Andreas, Kerstin and Gossner, Martin M. and Kowalski, Esther and Lange, Markus and Boch, Steffen and Socher, Stephanie A. and M{\"u}ller, J{\"o}rg and Prati, Daniel and Fischer, Markus and Meyh{\"o}fer, Rainer and Weisser, Wolfgang W.},
  title     = {Are gastropods, rather than ants, important dispersers of seeds of myrmecochorous forest herbs?},
  series = {The American naturalist : a bi-monthly journal devoted to the advancement and correlation of the biological sciences},
  volume    = {179},
  journal   = {The American naturalist : a bi-monthly journal devoted to the advancement and correlation of the biological sciences},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Univ. of Chicago Press},
  address   = {Chicago},
  issn      = {0003-0147},
  doi       = {10.1086/663195},
  pages     = {124 -- 131},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Seed dispersal by ants (myrmecochory) is widespread, and seed adaptations to myrmecochory are common, especially in the form of fatty appendices (elaiosomes). In a recent study, slugs were identified as seed dispersers of myrmecochores in a central European beech forest. Here we used 105 beech forest sites to test whether myrmecochore presence and abundance is related to ant or gastropod abundance and whether experimentally exposed seeds are removed by gastropods. Myrmecochorous plant cover was positively related to gastropod abundance but was negatively related to ant abundance. Gastropods were responsible for most seed removal and elaiosome damage, whereas insects (and rodents) played minor roles. These gastropod effects on seeds were independent of region or forest management. We suggest that terrestrial gastropods can generally act as seed dispersers of myrmecochorous plants and even substitute myrmecochory, especially where ants are absent or uncommon.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MuellerStollMuelleretal.2012,
  author    = {M{\"u}ller, Steffen and Stoll, Josefine and M{\"u}ller, Juliane and Mayer, Frank},
  title     = {Validity of isokinetic trunk measurements with respect to healthy adults, athletes and low back pain patients},
  series = {Isokinetics and exercise science : official journal of the European Isokinetic Society},
  volume    = {20},
  journal   = {Isokinetics and exercise science : official journal of the European Isokinetic Society},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {IOS Press},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0959-3020},
  doi       = {10.3233/IES-2012-00482},
  pages     = {255 -- 266},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Background: Isokinetic measurements are widely used to assess strength capacity in a clinical or research context. Nevertheless, the validity of isokinetic measures for identifying strength deficits and the evaluation of therapeutic process regarding different pathologies is yet to be established. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to evaluate the validity of isokinetic measures in a specific case: that of muscular capacity in low back pain (LBP). Methods: A literature search (PubMed; ISI Web of Knowledge; The Cochrane Library) covering the last 10 years was performed. Relevant papers regarding isokinetic trunk strength measures in healthy and patients with low back pain (PLBP) were searched. Peak torque values [Nm] and peak torque normalized to body weight [Nm/kg BW] were extracted for healthy and PLBP. Ranked mean values across studies were calculated for the concentric peak torque at 60 degrees/s as well as the flexion/extension (F/E) ratio. Results: 34 publications (31 flexion/extension; 3 rotation) were suitable for reporting detailed isokinetic strength measures in healthy or LBP (untrained adults, adolescents, athletes). Adolescents and athletes were different compared to normal adults in terms of absolute trunk strength values and the F/E ratio. Furthermore, isokinetic measures evaluating therapeutic process and isokinetic rehabilitation training were infrequent in literature (8 studies). Conclusion: Isokinetic measurements are valid for measuring trunk flexion/extension strength and F/E ratio in athletes, adolescents and (untrained) adults with/without LBP. The validity of trunk rotation is questionable due to a very small number of publications whereas no reliable source regarding lateral flexion could be traced. Therefore, isokinetic dynamometry may be utilized for identifying trunk strength deficits in healthy adults and PLBP.},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{IntziegianniCasselMuelleretal.2012,
  author    = {Intziegianni, Konstantina and Cassel, Michael and M{\"u}ller, Steffen and Mayer, Frank},
  title     = {Ultrasound evaluation of the patellar tendon cross-sectional area and its relation to maximum force},
  series = {Medicine and science in sports and exercise : official journal of the American College of Sports Medicine},
  volume    = {44},
  booktitle = {Medicine and science in sports and exercise : official journal of the American College of Sports Medicine},
  publisher = {Lippincott Williams \& Wilkins},
  address   = {Philadelphia},
  issn      = {0195-9131},
  pages     = {714 -- 714},
  year      = {2012},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{MuellerWeberOttoetal.2012,
  author    = {M{\"u}ller, Juliane and Weber, Josefine and Otto, Christoph and M{\"u}ller, Steffen and Mayer, Frank},
  title     = {Effects of six-month trunk stability exercises on low back pain prevalence in young athletes},
  series = {Medicine and science in sports and exercise : official journal of the American College of Sports Medicine},
  volume    = {44},
  booktitle = {Medicine and science in sports and exercise : official journal of the American College of Sports Medicine},
  publisher = {Lippincott Williams \& Wilkins},
  address   = {Philadelphia},
  issn      = {0195-9131},
  pages     = {601 -- 601},
  year      = {2012},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{CarlsohnWeberMuelleretal.2012,
  author    = {Carlsohn, Anja and Weber, Josefine and M{\"u}ller, Juliane and Stuwe, Anja and M{\"u}ller, Steffen and Mayer, Frank},
  title     = {Dietary intake to reduce body mass before competition in german judo athletes},
  series = {Medicine and science in sports and exercise : official journal of the American College of Sports Medicine},
  volume    = {44},
  booktitle = {Medicine and science in sports and exercise : official journal of the American College of Sports Medicine},
  publisher = {Lippincott Williams \& Wilkins},
  address   = {Philadelphia},
  issn      = {0195-9131},
  pages     = {109 -- 109},
  year      = {2012},
  language  = {en}
}
@unpublished{BaurHoffmannReichmuthetal.2012,
  author    = {Baur, Heiner and Hoffmann, Jan and Reichmuth, Anne and M{\"u}ller, Steffen and Mayer, Frank},
  title     = {Influence of carbon fiber foot orthoses on plantar pressure distribution in cycling},
  series = {Sportverletzung, Sportschaden : Grundlagen, Pr{\"a}vention, Rehabilitation},
  volume    = {26},
  journal   = {Sportverletzung, Sportschaden : Grundlagen, Pr{\"a}vention, Rehabilitation},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Thieme},
  address   = {Stuttgart},
  issn      = {0932-0555},
  pages     = {12 -- 17},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Background: Several equipment interventions like optimizing seat position or optimizing shoe/insole/pedal interface are suggested to reduce overuse injury in cycling. Data analyzing clinical or biomechanical effects of those interventions is sparse. Foot orthoses out of carbon fiber are one possibility to alter the interface between foot and pedal. The aim of this study was therefore to analyze plantar pressure distribution in carbon fiber foot orthoses in comparison to standard insoles of commercially available cycling shoes. Materials and Methods: 11 pain-free triathletes (Age: 29 +/- 9, 1.77 +/- 0.04 m, 68 5 kg) were tested on a cycle ergometer at 60 and 90 rotations per minute (rpm) at workloads of 200 and 300 Watts. Subjects wore in randomized order a cycling shoe with its standard insole (control condition CO) or the shoe with carbon fiber foot orthoses (Condition CA). Mean peak pressure out of 30 movement cycles were extracted for the total foot and specific foot regions (rear, mid, fore foot (medial, central, lateral) and toe region). Three-factor ANOVAs (factor foot orthoses, rpm, workload) for repeated measures (alpha = 0.05) were used to analyze the main question of a foot orthoses effect on peak in-shoe plantar pressure. Results: Peak pressures in the total foot were in a range of 70-75 kPa for 200 Watts (W) (300 W: 85-110 kPa). The carbon fiber foot orthoses reduced peak pressures by -4,1\% compared to the standard insole (p = 0,10). In the foot regions rear(-16,6\%, p<0.001), mid (-20,0\%, p<0.001) and fore foot (-5.9\%, p < 0.03)CA reduced peak pressure compared to CO. In the toe region, peak pressure was higher in CA (+16,2\%) compared to CO (p<0,001). The lateral fore foot showed higher peak pressures in CA (+34\%) and CO (+59\%) compared to medial and central fore foot. Conclusion: Carbon fiber can serve as a suitable material for foot orthoses manufacturing in cycling. Plantar pressures do not increase due to the stiffness of the carbon. Individual customization may have the potential to reduce peak pressure in certain foot areas.},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{MuellerCarlsohnMuelleretal.2012,
  author    = {M{\"u}ller, Steffen and Carlsohn, Anja and M{\"u}ller, Juliane and Baur, Heiner and Mayer, Frank},
  title     = {Static and dynamic foot characteristics in children aged 1-13 years a cross-sectional study},
  series = {Gait \& posture},
  volume    = {35},
  journal   = {Gait \& posture},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Clare},
  issn      = {0966-6362},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.gaitpost.2011.10.357},
  pages     = {389 -- 394},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {The aim of this study was to acquire static and dynamic foot geometry and loading in childhood, and to establish data for age groups of a population of 1-13 year old infants and children. A total of 10,382 children were recruited and 7788 children (48\% males and 52\% females) were finally included into the data analysis. For static foot geometry foot length and foot width were quantified in a standing position. Dynamic foot geometry and loading were assessed during walking on a walkway with self selected speed (Novel Emed X, 100 Hz, 4 sensors/cm(2)). Contact area (CA), peak pressure (PP), force time integral (FTI) and the arch index were calculated for the total, fore-, mid- and hindfoot. Results show that most static and dynamic foot characteristics change continuously during growth and maturation. Static foot length and width increased with age from 13.1 +/- 0.8 cm (length) and 5.7 +/- 0.4 cm (width) in the youngest to 24.4 +/- 1.5 cm (length) and 8.9 +/- 0.6 cm (width) in the oldest. A mean walking velocity of 0.94 +/- 0.25 m/s was observed. Arch-index ranged from 0.32 +/- 0.04 [a.u.] in the one-year old to 0.21 +/- 0.13 [a.u.] in the 5-year olds and remains constant afterwards. This study provides data for static and dynamic foot characteristics in children based on a cohort of 7788 subjects. Static and dynamic foot measures change differently during growth and maturation. Dynamic foot measurements provide additional information about the children's foot compared to static measures.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{CasselMuellerCarlsohnetal.2012,
  author    = {Cassel, Michael and M{\"u}ller, Steffen and Carlsohn, Anja and Baur, Heiner and Jerusel, N. and Mayer, Frank},
  title     = {Intra- and interrater variability of sonographic investigations of patella and achilles tendons},
  series = {Sportverletzung, Sportschaden : Grundlagen, Pr{\"a}vention, Rehabilitation},
  volume    = {26},
  journal   = {Sportverletzung, Sportschaden : Grundlagen, Pr{\"a}vention, Rehabilitation},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Thieme},
  address   = {Stuttgart},
  issn      = {0932-0555},
  doi       = {10.1055/s-0031-1281839},
  pages     = {21 -- 26},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Background: Clinical examinations of tendon disorders routinely include ultrasound examinations, despite the fact that availability of data concerning validity criteria of these measurements are limited. The present study therefore aims to evaluate the reliability of measurements of Achilles- and Patella tendon diameter and in the detection of structural adaptations. Materials and Methods: In 14 healthy, recreationally active subjects both asymptomatic Achilles (AT) and patella tendons (PT) were measured twice by two examiners in a test-retest design. Besides the detection of anteroposterior (a.p.-) and mediolateral (m.l.-) diameters, areas of hypoechogenicity and neovascularisation were registered. Data were analysed descriptively with calculation of test-retest variability (TRV), intraclass-correlation coefficient (ICC) and Bland and Altman's plots with bias and 95\% limits of agreement (LOA). Results: Intra- and interrater differences of AT- and PT-a.p.-diameter varied from 0.2 - 1.2 mm, those of AT- and PT-m.l-diameter from 0.7-5.1 mm. Areas of hypoechogenicity were visible in 24\% of the tendons, while 15\% showed neovascularisations. Intrarater AT-a.p.-diameters showed sparse deviations (TRV 4.5-7.4\%; ICC 0.60-0.84; bias -0.05-0.07 mm; LOA-0.6-0.5 to -1.1 - 1.0 mm), while interrater AT- and PT-m.l.-diameters were highly variable (TRV 13.7-19.7\%; ICC 0.11-0.20; bias -1.4-4.3 mm; LOA-5.5-2.7 to -10.5 - 1.9 mm). Conclusion: Our results suggest that the measurement of AT- and PT-a.p.-diameters is a reliable parameter. In contrast, reproducibility of AT- and PT-m.l.-diameters is questionable. The study corroborates the presence of hypoechogenicity and neovascularisation in asymptomatic tendons.},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{MayerBonaventuraCasseletal.2012,
  author    = {Mayer, Frank and Bonaventura, Klaus and Cassel, Michael and M{\"u}ller, Steffen and Weber, Josefine and Scharhag-Rosenberger, Friederike and Carlsohn, Anja and Baur, Heiner and Scharhag, J{\"u}rgen},
  title     = {Medical results of preparticipation examination in adolescent athletes},
  series = {British journal of sports medicine : the journal of sport and exercise medicine},
  volume    = {46},
  journal   = {British journal of sports medicine : the journal of sport and exercise medicine},
  number    = {7},
  publisher = {BMJ Publ. Group},
  address   = {London},
  issn      = {0306-3674},
  doi       = {10.1136/bjsports-2011-090966},
  pages     = {524 -- 530},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Background Preparticipation examinations (PPE) are frequently used to evaluate eligibility for competitive sports in adolescent athletes. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of these examinations is under debate since costs are high and its validity is discussed controversial. Purpose To analyse medical findings and consequences in adolescent athletes prior to admission to a sports school. Methods In 733 adolescent athletes (318 girls, 415 boys, age 12.3+/-0.4, 16 sports disciplines), history and clinical examination (musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, general medicine) was performed to evaluate eligibility. PPE was completed by determination of blood parameters, ECG at rest and during ergometry, echocardiography and x-rays and ultrasonography if indicated. Eligibility was either approved or rated with restriction. Recommendations for therapy and/or prevention were given to the athletes and their parents. Results Historical (h) and clinical (c) findings (eg, pain, verified pathologies) were more frequent regarding the musculoskeletal system (h: 120, 16.4\%; c: 247, 33.7\%) compared to cardiovascular (h: 9, 1.2\%; c: 23, 3.1\%) or general medicine findings (h: 116, 15.8\%; c: 71, 9.7\%). ECG at rest was moderately abnormal in 46 (6.3\%) and severely abnormal in 25 athletes (3.4\%). Exercise ECG was suspicious in 25 athletes (3.4\%). Relevant echocardiographic abnormalities were found in 17 athletes (2.3\%). In 52 of 358 cases (14.5\%), x-rays led to diagnosis (eg, Spondylolisthesis). Eligibility was temporarily restricted in 41 athletes (5.6\%). Three athletes (0.4\%) had to be excluded from competitive sports. Therapy (eg, physiotherapy, medication) and/or prevention (sensorimotor training, vaccination) recommendations were deduced due to musculoskeletal (t:n = 76,10.3\%; p:n = 71,9.8\%) and general medicine findings (t:n = 80, 10.9\%; p:n = 104, 14.1\%). Conclusion Eligibility for competitive sports is restricted in only 5.5\% of adolescent athletes at age 12. Eligibility refusals are rare. However, recommendations for therapy and prevention are frequent, mainly regarding the musculoskeletal system. In spite of time and cost consumption, adolescent preparticipation before entering a career in high-performance sports is supported.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BaurHirschmuellerMuelleretal.2012,
  author    = {Baur, Heiner and Hirschm{\"u}ller, Anja and M{\"u}ller, Steffen and Cassel, Michael and Mayer, Frank},
  title     = {Is EMG of the lower leg dependent on weekly running mileage?},
  series = {International journal of sports medicine},
  volume    = {33},
  journal   = {International journal of sports medicine},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Thieme},
  address   = {Stuttgart},
  issn      = {0172-4622},
  doi       = {10.1055/s-0031-1286250},
  pages     = {53 -- 57},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Neuromuscular activity of the lower leg is dependent on the task performed, speed of movement and gender. Whether training volume influences neuromuscular activity is not known. The EMG of physically active persons differing in running mileage was analysed to investigate this. 55 volunteers were allocated to a low (LM: < 30 km), intermediate (IM: > 30 km \& < 45 km) or high mileage (HM: > 45 km) group according to their weekly running volume. Neuromuscular activity of the lower leg was measured during running (3.33 m.s(-1)). Mean amplitude values for preactivation, weight acceptance and push-off were calculated and normalised to the mean activity of the entire gait cycle. Higher activity in the gastrocnemius group was observed in weight acceptance in LM compared to IM (+30\%) and HM (+25\%) but lower activity was present in the push-off for LM compared to IM and HM. For the peroneal muscle, differences were present in the push-off where HM showed increased activity compared to IM (+24\%) and LM (+60\%). The tibial muscle revealed slightly lower activity during preactivation for the high mileage runners. Neuromuscular activity differs during stance between the high and intermediate group compared to low mileage runners. Slight adaptations in neuromuscular activation indicate a more target-oriented activation strategy possibly due to repetitive training in runners with higher weekly mileage.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{FabianKunzMuelleretal.2013,
  author    = {Fabian, Benjamin and Kunz, Steffen and M{\"u}ller, Sebastian and G{\"u}nther, Oliver},
  title     = {Secure federation of semantic information services},
  series = {Decision support systems : DSS ; the international journal},
  volume    = {55},
  journal   = {Decision support systems : DSS ; the international journal},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0167-9236},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.dss.2012.05.049},
  pages     = {385 -- 398},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {fundamental challenge for product-lifecycle management in collaborative value networks is to utilize the vast amount of product information available from heterogeneous sources in order to improve business analytics, decision support, and processes. This becomes even more challenging if those sources are distributed across multiple organizations. Federations of semantic information services, combining service-orientation and semantic technologies, provide a promising solution for this problem. However, without proper measures to establish information security, companies will be reluctant to join an information federation, which could lead to serious adoption barriers. Following the design science paradigm, this paper presents general objectives and a process for designing a secure federation of semantic information services. Furthermore, new as well as established security measures are discussed. Here, our contributions include an access-control enforcement system for semantic information services and a process for modeling access-control policies across organizations. In addition, a comprehensive security architecture is presented. An implementation of the architecture in the context of an application scenario and several performance experiments demonstrate the practical viability of our approach.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SocherPratiBochetal.2013,
  author    = {Socher, Stephanie A. and Prati, Daniel and Boch, Steffen and M{\"u}ller, J{\"o}rg and Baumbach, Henryk and Gockel, Sonja and Hemp, Andreas and Sch{\"o}ning, Ingo and Wells, Konstans and Buscot, Francois and Kalko, Elisabeth K. V. and Linsenmair, Karl Eduard and Schulze, Ernst-Detlef and Weisser, Wolfgang W. and Fischer, Markus},
  title     = {Interacting effects of fertilization, mowing and grazing on plant species diversity of 1500 grasslands in Germany differ between regions},
  series = {Basic and applied ecology : Journal of the Gesellschaft f{\"u}r {\"O}kologie},
  volume    = {14},
  journal   = {Basic and applied ecology : Journal of the Gesellschaft f{\"u}r {\"O}kologie},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Jena},
  issn      = {1439-1791},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.baae.2012.12.003},
  pages     = {126 -- 136},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {The relationship of different types of grassland use with plant species richness and composition ( functional groups of herbs, legumes, and grasses) has so far been studied at small regional scales or comprising only few components of land use. We comprehensively studied the relationship between abandonment, fertilization, mowing intensity, and grazing by different livestock types on plant diversity and composition of 1514 grassland sites in three regions in North-East, Central and South-West Germany. We further considered environmental site conditions including soil type and topographical situation. Fertilized grasslands showed clearly reduced plant species diversity (-15\% plant species richness, -0.1 Shannon diversity on fertilized grasslands plots of 16m(2)) and changed composition (-3\% proportion of herb species), grazing had the second largest effects and mowing the smallest ones. Among the grazed sites, the ones grazed by sheep had higher than average species richness (+27\%), and the cattle grazed ones lower (-42\%). Further, these general results were strongly modulated by interactions between the different components of land use and by regional context: land-use effects differed largely in size and sometimes even in direction between regions. This highlights the importance of comparing different regions and to involve a large number of plots},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BochMuellerPratiletal.2013,
  author    = {Boch, Steffen and M{\"u}ller, J{\"o}rg and Pratil, Daniel and Blaser, Stefan and Fischer, Markus},
  title     = {Up in the tree - the overlooked richness of bryophytes and lichens in Tree Crowns},
  series = {PLoS one},
  volume    = {8},
  journal   = {PLoS one},
  number    = {12},
  publisher = {PLoS},
  address   = {San Fransisco},
  issn      = {1932-6203},
  doi       = {10.1371/journal.pone.0084913},
  pages     = {8},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {Assessing diversity is among the major tasks in ecology and conservation science. In ecological and conservation studies, epiphytic cryptogams are usually sampled up to accessible heights in forests. Thus, their diversity, especially of canopy specialists, likely is underestimated. If the proportion of those species differs among forest types, plot-based diversity assessments are biased and may result in misleading conservation recommendations. We sampled bryophytes and lichens in 30 forest plots of 20 m x 20 m in three German regions, considering all substrates, and including epiphytic litter fall. First, the sampling of epiphytic species was restricted to the lower 2 m of trees and shrubs. Then, on one representative tree per plot, we additionally recorded epiphytic species in the crown, using tree climbing techniques. Per tree, on average 54\% of lichen and 20\% of bryophyte species were overlooked if the crown was not been included. After sampling all substrates per plot, including the bark of all shrubs and trees, still 38\% of the lichen and 4\% of the bryophyte species were overlooked if the tree crown of the sampled tree was not included. The number of overlooked lichen species varied strongly among regions. Furthermore, the number of overlooked bryophyte and lichen species per plot was higher in European beech than in coniferous stands and increased with increasing diameter at breast height of the sampled tree. Thus, our results indicate a bias of comparative studies which might have led to misleading conservation recommendations of plot-based diversity assessments.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BochPratiMuelleretal.2013,
  author    = {Boch, Steffen and Prati, Daniel and M{\"u}ller, J{\"o}rg and Socher, Stephanie and Baumbach, Henryk and Buscot, Francois and Gockel, Sonja and Hemp, Andreas and Hessenm{\"o}ller, Dominik and Kalko, Elisabeth K. V. and Linsenmair, K. Eduard and Pfeiffer, Simone and Pommer, Ulf and Sch{\"o}ning, Ingo and Schulze, Ernst-Detlef and Seilwinder, Claudia and Weisser, Wolfgang W. and Wells, Konstans and Fischer, Markus},
  title     = {High plant species richness indicates management-related disturbances rather than the conservation status of forests},
  series = {Basic and applied ecology : Journal of the Gesellschaft f{\"u}r {\"O}kologie},
  volume    = {14},
  journal   = {Basic and applied ecology : Journal of the Gesellschaft f{\"u}r {\"O}kologie},
  number    = {6},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Jena},
  issn      = {1439-1791},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.baae.2013.06.001},
  pages     = {496 -- 505},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {There is a wealth of smaller-scale studies on the effects of forest management on plant diversity. However, studies comparing plant species diversity in forests with different management types and intensity, extending over different regions and forest stages, and including detailed information on site conditions are missing. We studied vascular plants on 1500 20 m x 20 m forest plots in three regions of Germany (Schwabische Alb, Hainich-Dun, Schorfheide-Chorin). In all regions, our study plots comprised different management types (unmanaged, selection cutting, deciduous and coniferous age-class forests, which resulted from clear cutting or shelterwood logging), various stand ages, site conditions, and levels of management-related disturbances. We analyzed how overall richness and richness of different plant functional groups (trees, shrubs, herbs, herbaceous species typically growing in forests and herbaceous light-demanding species) responded to the different management types. On average, plant species richness was 13\% higher in age-class than in unmanaged forests, and did not differ between deciduous age-class and selection forests. In age-class forests of the Schwabische Alb and Hainich-Dun, coniferous stands had higher species richness than deciduous stands. Among age-class forests, older stands with large quantities of standing biomass were slightly poorer in shrub and light-demanding herb species than younger stands. Among deciduous forests, the richness of herbaceous forest species was generally lower in unmanaged than in managed forests, and it was even 20\% lower in unmanaged than in selection forests in Hainich-Dun. Overall, these findings show that disturbances by management generally increase plant species richness. This suggests that total plant species richness is not suited as an indicator for the conservation status of forests, but rather indicates disturbances.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KlausKleinebeckerPratietal.2013,
  author    = {Klaus, Valentin H. and Kleinebecker, Till and Prati, Daniel and Gossner, Martin M. and Alt, Fabian and Boch, Steffen and Gockel, Sonja and Hemp, Andreas and Lange, Markus and M{\"u}ller, J{\"o}rg and Oelmann, Yvonne and Pasalic, Esther and Renner, Swen C. and Socher, Stephanie A. and T{\"u}rke, Manfred and Weisser, Wolfgang W. and Fischer, Markus and H{\"o}lzel, Norbert},
  title     = {Does organic grassland farming benefit plant and arthropod diversity at the expense of yield and soil fertility?},
  series = {Agriculture, ecosystems \& environment : an international journal for scientific research on the relationship of agriculture and food production to the biosphere},
  volume    = {177},
  journal   = {Agriculture, ecosystems \& environment : an international journal for scientific research on the relationship of agriculture and food production to the biosphere},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0167-8809},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.agee.2013.05.019},
  pages     = {1 -- 9},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {Organic management is one of the most popular strategies to reduce negative environmental impacts of intensive agriculture. However, little is known about benefits for biodiversity and potential worsening of yield under organic grasslands management across different grassland types, i.e. meadow, pasture and mown pasture. Therefore, we studied the diversity of vascular plants and foliage-living arthropods (Coleoptera, Araneae, Heteroptera, Auchenorrhyncha), yield, fodder quality, soil phosphorus concentrations and land-use intensity of organic and conventional grasslands across three study regions in Germany. Furthermore, all variables were related to the time since conversion to organic management in order to assess temporal developments reaching up to 18 years. Arthropod diversity was significantly higher under organic than conventional management, although this was not the case for Araneae, Heteroptera and Auchenorrhyncha when analyzed separately. On the contrary, arthropod abundance, vascular plant diversity and also yield and fodder quality did not considerably differ between organic and conventional grasslands. Analyses did not reveal differences in the effect of organic management among grassland types. None of the recorded abiotic and biotic parameters showed a significant trend with time since transition to organic management, except soil organic phosphorus concentrations which decreased with time. This implies that permanent grasslands respond slower and probably weaker to organic management than crop fields do. However, as land-use intensity and inorganic soil phosphorus concentrations were significantly lower in organic grasslands, overcoming seed and dispersal limitation by re-introducing plant species might be needed to exploit the full ecological potential of organic grassland management. We conclude that although organic management did not automatically increase the diversity of all studied taxa, it is a reasonable and useful way to support agro-biodiversity.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KlausHoelzelBochetal.2013,
  author    = {Klaus, Valentin H. and H{\"o}lzel, Norbert and Boch, Steffen and M{\"u}ller, Jorg and Socher, Stephanie A. and Prati, Daniel and Fischer, Markus and Kleinebecker, Till},
  title     = {Direct and indirect associations between plant species richness and productivity in grasslands regional differences preclude simple generalization of productivity-biodiversity relationships},
  series = {Preslia : the journal of the Czech Botanical Society},
  volume    = {85},
  journal   = {Preslia : the journal of the Czech Botanical Society},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {Czech Botanical Soc.},
  address   = {Praha},
  issn      = {0032-7786},
  pages     = {97 -- 112},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {Plant species richness of permanent grasslands has often been found to be significantly associated with productivity. Concentrations of nutrients in biomass can give further insight into these productivity-plant species richness relationships, e.g. by reflecting land use or soil characteristics. However, the consistency of such relationships across different regions has rarely been taken into account, which might significantly compromise our potential for generalization. We recorded plant species richness and measured above-ground biomass and concentrations of nutrients in biomass in 295 grasslands in three regions in Germany that differ in soil and climatic conditions. Structural equation modelling revealed that nutrient concentrations were mostly indirectly associated with plant species richness via biomass production. However, negative associations between the concentrations of different nutrients and biomass and plant species richness differed considerably among regions. While in two regions, more than 40\% of the variation in plant species richness could be attributed to variation in biomass, K, P. and to some degree also N concentrations, in the third region only 15\% of the variation could be explained in this way. Generally, highest plant species richness was recorded in grasslands where N and P were co-limiting plant growth, in contrast to N or K (co-) limitation. But again, this pattern was not recorded in the third region. While for two regions land-use intensity and especially the application of fertilizers are suggested to be the main drivers causing the observed negative associations with productivity, in the third region the little variance accounted for, low species richness and weak relationships implied that former intensive grassland management, ongoing mineralization of peat and fluctuating water levels in fen grasslands have overruled effects of current land-use intensity and productivity. Finally, we conclude that regional replication is of major importance for studies seeking general insights into productivity-diversity relationships.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{PfestorfWeissMuelleretal.2013,
  author    = {Pfestorf, H. and Weiss, L. and M{\"u}ller, J. and Boch, Steffen and Socher, S. A. and Prati, Daniel and Sch{\"o}ning, Ingo and Weisser, W. and Fischer, M. and Jeltsch, Florian},
  title     = {Community mean traits as additional indicators to monitor effects of land-use intensity On grassland plant diversity},
  series = {Perspectives in plant ecology, evolution and systematics},
  volume    = {15},
  journal   = {Perspectives in plant ecology, evolution and systematics},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Jena},
  issn      = {1433-8319},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.ppees.2012.10.003},
  pages     = {1 -- 11},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {Semi-natural grasslands, biodiversity hotspots in Central-Europe, suffer from the cessation of traditional land-use. Amount and intensity of these changes challenge current monitoring frameworks typically based on classic indicators such as selected target species or diversity indices. Indicators based on plant functional traits provide an interesting extension since they reflect ecological strategies at individual and ecological processes at community levels. They typically show convergent responses to gradients of land-use intensity over scales and regions, are more directly related to environmental drivers than diversity components themselves and enable detecting directional changes in whole community dynamics. However, probably due to their labor- and cost intensive assessment in the field, they have been rarely applied as indicators so far. Here we suggest overcoming these limitations by calculating indicators with plant traits derived from online accessible databases. Aiming to provide a minimal trait set to monitor effects of land-use intensification on plant diversity we investigated relationships between 12 community mean traits, 2 diversity indices and 6 predictors of land-use intensity within grassland communities of 3 different regions in Germany (part of the German 'Biodiversity Exploratory' research network). By standardization of traits and diversity measures, use of null models and linear mixed models we confirmed (i) strong links between functional community composition and plant diversity, (ii) that traits are closely related to land-use intensity, and (iii) that functional indicators are equally, or even more sensitive to land-use intensity than traditional diversity indices. The deduced trait set consisted of 5 traits, i.e., specific leaf area (SLA), leaf dry matter content (LDMC), seed release height, leaf distribution, and onset of flowering. These database derived traits enable the early detection of changes in community structure indicative for future diversity loss. As an addition to current monitoring measures they allow to better link environmental drivers to processes controlling community dynamics.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{PrieskeMuehlbauerMuelleretal.2013,
  author    = {Prieske, Olaf and M{\"u}hlbauer, Thomas and M{\"u}ller, Steffen and Kr{\"u}ger, Tom and Kibele, Armin and Behm, David George and Granacher, Urs},
  title     = {Effects of surface instability on neuromuscular performance during drop jumps and landings},
  series = {European journal of applied physiology},
  volume    = {113},
  journal   = {European journal of applied physiology},
  number    = {12},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {New York},
  issn      = {1439-6319},
  doi       = {10.1007/s00421-013-2724-6},
  pages     = {2943 -- 2951},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of surface instability on measures of performance and activity of leg and trunk muscles during drop jumps and landings. Drop jumps and landings were assessed on a force plate under stable and unstable (balance pad on top of the force plate) conditions. Performance measures (contact time, jump height, peak ground reaction force) and electromyographic (EMG) activity of leg and trunk muscles were tested in 27 subjects (age 23 +/- A 3 years) during different time intervals (preactivation phase, braking phase, push-off phase). The performance of drop jumps under unstable compared to stable conditions produced a decrease in jump height (9 \%, p < 0.001, f = 0.92) and an increase in peak ground reaction force (5 \%, p = 0.022, f = 0.72), and time for braking phase (12 \%, p < 0.001, f = 1.25). When performing drop jumps on unstable compared to stable surfaces, muscle activity was reduced in the lower extremities during the preactivation, braking and push-off phases (11-25 \%, p < 0.05, 0.48 a parts per thousand currency sign f a parts per thousand currency sign 1.23). Additionally, when landing on unstable compared to stable conditions, reduced lower limb muscle activities were observed during the preactivation phase (7-60 \%, p < 0.05, 0.50 a parts per thousand currency sign f a parts per thousand currency sign 3.62). Trunk muscle activity did not significantly differ between the test conditions for both jumping and landing tasks. The present findings indicate that modified feedforward mechanisms in terms of lower leg muscle activities during the preactivation phase and/or possible alterations in leg muscle activity shortly after ground contact (i.e., braking phase) are responsible for performance decrements during jumping on unstable surfaces.},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{HainMuellerMuelleretal.2013,
  author    = {Hain, Gerrit and M{\"u}ller, Juliane and M{\"u}ller, Steffen and Reschke, Antje and Mayer, Frank},
  title     = {Reliability of an in-vivo 3-segmental kinematic trunk model in a one-handed lifting task},
  series = {Medicine and science in sports and exercise : official journal of the American College of Sports Medicine},
  volume    = {45},
  booktitle = {Medicine and science in sports and exercise : official journal of the American College of Sports Medicine},
  number    = {5},
  publisher = {Lippincott Williams \& Wilkins},
  address   = {Philadelphia},
  issn      = {0195-9131},
  pages     = {174 -- 174},
  year      = {2013},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{ReschkeMuellerMuelleretal.2013,
  author    = {Reschke, Antje and M{\"u}ller, Juliane and M{\"u}ller, Steffen and Engel, Tilman and Mayer, Frank},
  title     = {Three-dimensional spine kinematics during perturbed treadmill walking - a pilot study},
  series = {Medicine and science in sports and exercise : official journal of the American College of Sports Medicine},
  volume    = {45},
  booktitle = {Medicine and science in sports and exercise : official journal of the American College of Sports Medicine},
  number    = {5},
  publisher = {Lippincott Williams \& Wilkins},
  address   = {Philadelphia},
  issn      = {0195-9131},
  pages     = {172 -- 172},
  year      = {2013},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{KopinskiEngelMuelleretal.2013,
  author    = {Kopinski, Stephan and Engel, Tilman and M{\"u}ller, Steffen and Mayer, Frank},
  title     = {Torque-EMG relationship of lower back muscles - a pilot study},
  series = {Medicine and science in sports and exercise : official journal of the American College of Sports Medicine},
  volume    = {45},
  booktitle = {Medicine and science in sports and exercise : official journal of the American College of Sports Medicine},
  number    = {5},
  publisher = {Lippincott Williams \& Wilkins},
  address   = {Philadelphia},
  issn      = {0195-9131},
  pages     = {7 -- 8},
  year      = {2013},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{EngelMuellerMuelleretal.2013,
  author    = {Engel, Tilman and M{\"u}ller, Juliane and M{\"u}ller, Steffen and Reschke, Antje and Kopinski, Stephan and Mayer, Frank},
  title     = {Validity and reliability of a new customised split-belt treadmill provoking unexpected walking perturbations},
  series = {Medicine and science in sports and exercise : official journal of the American College of Sports Medicine},
  volume    = {45},
  booktitle = {Medicine and science in sports and exercise : official journal of the American College of Sports Medicine},
  number    = {5},
  publisher = {Lippincott Williams \& Wilkins},
  address   = {Philadelphia},
  issn      = {0195-9131},
  pages     = {462 -- 462},
  year      = {2013},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MuellerMuellerBauretal.2013,
  author    = {M{\"u}ller, Juliane and M{\"u}ller, Steffen and Baur, Heiner and Mayer, Frank},
  title     = {Intra-individual gait speed variability in healthy children aged 1-15 years},
  series = {Gait \& posture},
  volume    = {38},
  journal   = {Gait \& posture},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Clare},
  issn      = {0966-6362},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.gaitpost.2013.02.011},
  pages     = {631 -- 636},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {Introduction: Gait speed is one of the most commonly and frequently used parameters to evaluate gait development. It is characterized by high variability when comparing different steps in children. The objective of this study was to determine intra-individual gait speed variability in children. Methods: Gait speed measurements (6-10 trials across a 3 m walkway) were performed and analyzed in 8263 children, aged 1-15 years. The coefficient of variation (CV) served as a measure for intra-individual gait speed variability measured in 6.6 +/- 1.0 trials per child. Multiple linear regression analysis was conducted to evaluate the influence of age and body height on changes in variability. Additionally, a subgroup analysis for height within the group of 6-year-old children was applied. Results: A successive reduction in gait speed variability (CV) was observed for age groups (age: 1-15 years) and body height groups (height: 0.70-1.90 m). The CV in the oldest subjects was only one third of the CV (CV 6.25 +/- 3.52\%) in the youngest subjects (CV 16.58 +/- 10.01\%). Up to the age of 8 years (or 1.40 m height) there was a significant reduction in CV over time, compared to a leveling off for the older (taller) children. Discussion: The straightforward approach measuring gait speed variability in repeated trials might serve as a fundamental indicator for gait development in children. Walking velocity seems to increase to age 8. Enhanced gait speed consistency of repeated trials develops up to age 15.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KoenigReschkeWolteretal.2013,
  author    = {K{\"o}nig, Niklas and Reschke, Antje and Wolter, Martin and M{\"u}ller, Steffen and Mayer, Frank and Baur, Heiner},
  title     = {Plantar pressure trigger for reliable nerve stimulus application during dynamic H-reflex measurements},
  series = {Gait \& posture},
  volume    = {37},
  journal   = {Gait \& posture},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Clare},
  issn      = {0966-6362},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.gaitpost.2012.09.021},
  pages     = {637 -- 639},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {In dynamic H-reflex measurements, the standardisation of the nerve stimulation to the gait cycle is crucial to avoid misinterpretation due to altered pre-synaptic inhibition. In this pilot study, a plantar pressure sole was used to trigger the stimulation of the tibialis nerve with respect to the gait cycle. Consequently, the intersession reliability of the soleus muscle H-reflex during treadmill walking was investigated. Seven young participants performed walking trials on a treadmill at 5 km/h. The stimulating electrode was placed on the tibial nerve in the popliteal fossa. An EMG was recorded from the soleus muscle. To synchronize the stimulus to the gait cycle, initial heel strike was detected with a plantar pressure sole. Maximum H-reflex amplitude and M-wave amplitude were obtained and the Hmax/Mmax ratio was calculated. Data reveals excellent reliability, ICC = 0.89. Test-retest variability was 13.0\% (+/- 11.8). The Bland-Altman analysis showed a systematic error of 2.4\%. The plantar pressure sole was capable of triggering the stimulation of the tibialis nerve in a reliable way and offers a simple technique for the evaluation of reflex activity during walking.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{LangeTuerkePasalicetal.2014,
  author    = {Lange, Markus and T{\"u}rke, Manfred and Pasalic, Esther and Boch, Steffen and Hessenm{\"o}ller, Dominik and M{\"u}ller, J{\"o}rg and Prati, Daniel and Socher, Stephanie A. and Fischer, Markus and Weisser, Wolfgang W. and Gossner, Martin M.},
  title     = {Effects of forest management on ground-dwelling beetles (Coleoptera; Carabidae, Staphylinidae) in Central Europe are mainly mediated by changes in forest structure},
  series = {Forest ecology and management},
  volume    = {329},
  journal   = {Forest ecology and management},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0378-1127},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.foreco.2014.06.012},
  pages     = {166 -- 176},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Forest management is known to influence species diversity of various taxa but inconsistent or even contrasting effects are reported for arthropods. Regional differences in management as well as differences in regional species pools might be responsible for these inconsistencies, but, inter-regional replicated studies that account for regional variability are rare. We investigated the effect of forest type on the abundance, diversity, community structure and composition of two important ground-dwelling beetle families, Carabidae and Staphylinidae, in 149 forest stands distributed over three regions in Germany. In particular we focused on recent forestry history, stand age and dominant tree species, in addition to a number of environmental descriptors. Overall management effects on beetle communities were small and mainly mediated by structural habitat parameters such as the cover of forest canopy or the plant diversity on forest stands. The general response of both beetle taxa to forest management was similar in all regions: abundance and species richness of beetles was higher in older than in younger stands and species richness was lower in unmanaged than in managed stands. The abundance ratio of forest species-to-open habitat species differed between regions, but generally increased from young to old stands, from coniferous to deciduous stands and from managed to unmanaged stands. The response of both beetle families to dominant tree species was variable among regions and staphylinid richness varied in the response to recent forestry history. Our results suggest that current forest management practices change the composition of ground-dwelling beetle communities mainly by favoring generalists and open habitat species. To protect important forest beetle communities and thus the ecosystem functions and services provided by them, we suggest to shelter remaining ancient forests and to develop near-to-nature management strategies by prolonging rotation periods and increasing structural diversity of managed forests. Possible geographic variations in the response of beetle communities need to be considered in conservation-orientated forest management strategies. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SimonsGossnerLewinsohnetal.2014,
  author    = {Simons, Nadja K. and Gossner, Martin M. and Lewinsohn, Thomas M. and Boch, Steffen and Lange, Markus and M{\"u}ller, J{\"o}rg and Pasalic, Esther and Socher, Stephanie A. and T{\"u}rke, Manfred and Fischer, Markus and Weisser, Wolfgang W.},
  title     = {Resource-mediated indirect effects of grassland management on arthropod diversity},
  series = {PLoS one},
  volume    = {9},
  journal   = {PLoS one},
  number    = {9},
  publisher = {PLoS},
  address   = {San Fransisco},
  issn      = {1932-6203},
  doi       = {10.1371/journal.pone.0107033},
  pages     = {12},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Intensive land use is a driving force for biodiversity decline in many ecosystems. In semi-natural grasslands, land-use activities such as mowing, grazing and fertilization affect the diversity of plants and arthropods, but the combined effects of different drivers and the chain of effects are largely unknown. In this study we used structural equation modelling to analyse how the arthropod communities in managed grasslands respond to land use and whether these responses are mediated through changes in resource diversity or resource quantity (biomass). Plants were considered resources for herbivores which themselves were considered resources for predators. Plant and arthropod (herbivores and predators) communities were sampled on 141 meadows, pastures and mown pastures within three regions in Germany in 2008 and 2009. Increasing land-use intensity generally increased plant biomass and decreased plant diversity, mainly through increasing fertilization. Herbivore diversity decreased together with plant diversity but showed no response to changes in plant biomass. Hence, land-use effects on herbivore diversity were mediated through resource diversity rather than quantity. Land-use effects on predator diversity were mediated by both herbivore diversity (resource diversity) and herbivore quantity (herbivore biomass), but indirect effects through resource quantity were stronger. Our findings highlight the importance of assessing both direct and indirect effects of land-use intensity and mode on different trophic levels. In addition to the overall effects, there were subtle differences between the different regions, pointing to the importance of regional land-use specificities. Our study underlines the commonly observed strong effect of grassland land use on biodiversity. It also highlights that mechanistic approaches help us to understand how different land-use modes affect biodiversity.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MuellerHeinzeJoshietal.2014,
  author    = {M{\"u}ller, J{\"o}rg and Heinze, Johannes and Joshi, Jasmin Radha and Boch, Steffen and Klaus, Valentin H. and Fischer, Markus and Prati, Daniel},
  title     = {Influence of experimental soil disturbances on the diversity of plants in agricultural grasslands},
  series = {Journal of plant ecology},
  volume    = {7},
  journal   = {Journal of plant ecology},
  number    = {6},
  publisher = {Oxford Univ. Press},
  address   = {Oxford},
  issn      = {1752-9921},
  doi       = {10.1093/jpe/rtt062},
  pages     = {509 -- 517},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Disturbance is supposed to play an important role for biodiversity and ecosystem stability as described by the intermediate disturbance hypothesis (IDH), which predicts highest species richness at intermediate levels of disturbances. In this study, we tested the effects of artificial soil disturbances on diversity of annual and perennial vascular plants and bryophytes in a field experiment in 86 agricultural grasslands differing in land use in two regions of Germany. On each grassland, we implemented four treatments: three treatments differing in application time of soil disturbances and one control. One year after experimental disturbance, we recorded vegetation and measured biomass productivity and bare ground. We analysed the disturbance response taking effects of region and land-use-accompanied disturbance regimes into account. Region and land-use type strongly determined plant species richness. Experimental disturbances had small positive effects on the species richness of annuals, but none on perennials or bryophytes. Bare ground was positively related to species richness of bryophytes. However, exceeding the creation of 12\% bare ground further disturbance had a detrimental effect on bryophyte species richness, which corresponds to the IDH. As biomass productivity was unaffected by disturbance our results indicate that the disturbance effect on species richness of annuals was not due to decreased overall productivity, but rather due to short-term lowered inter- and intraspecific competition at the newly created microsites. Generally, our results highlight the importance of soil disturbances for species richness of annual plants and bryophytes in agricultural grasslands. However, most grasslands were disturbed naturally or by land-use practices and our additional experimental soil disturbances only had a small short-term effect. Overall, total plant diversity in grasslands seemed to be more limited by the availability of propagules rather than by suitable microsites for germination. Thus, nature conservation efforts to increase grassland diversity should focus on overcoming propagule limitation, for instance by additional sowing of seeds, while the creation of additional open patches by disturbance might only be appropriate where natural disturbances are scarce.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SollySchoeningBochetal.2014,
  author    = {Solly, Emily F. and Sch{\"o}ning, Ingo and Boch, Steffen and Kandeler, Ellen and Marhan, Sven and Michalzik, Beate and M{\"u}ller, J{\"o}rg and Zscheischler, Jakob and Trumbore, Susan E. and Schrumpf, Marion},
  title     = {Factors controlling decomposition rates of fine root litter in temperate forests and grasslands},
  series = {Plant and soil},
  volume    = {382},
  journal   = {Plant and soil},
  number    = {1-2},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {Dordrecht},
  issn      = {0032-079X},
  doi       = {10.1007/s11104-014-2151-4},
  pages     = {203 -- 218},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Fine root decomposition contributes significantly to element cycling in terrestrial ecosystems. However, studies on root decomposition rates and on the factors that potentially influence them are fewer than those on leaf litter decomposition. To study the effects of region and land use intensity on fine root decomposition, we established a large scale study in three German regions with different climate regimes and soil properties. Methods In 150 forest and 150 grassland sites we deployed litterbags (100 mu m mesh size) with standardized litter consisting of fine roots from European beech in forests and from a lowland mesophilous hay meadow in grasslands. In the central study region, we compared decomposition rates of this standardized litter with root litter collected on-site to separate the effect of litter quality from environmental factors. Standardized herbaceous roots in grassland soils decomposed on average significantly faster (24 +/- 6 \% mass loss after 12 months, mean +/- SD) than beech roots in forest soils (12 +/- 4 \%; p < 0.001). Fine root decomposition varied among the three study regions. Land use intensity, in particular N addition, decreased fine root decomposition in grasslands. The initial lignin:N ratio explained 15 \% of the variance in grasslands and 11 \% in forests. Soil moisture, soil temperature, and C:N ratios of soils together explained 34 \% of the variance of the fine root mass loss in grasslands, and 24 \% in forests. Grasslands, which have higher fine root biomass and root turnover compared to forests, also have higher rates of root decomposition. Our results further show that at the regional scale fine root decomposition is influenced by environmental variables such as soil moisture, soil temperature and soil nutrient content. Additional variation is explained by root litter quality.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{GossnerPasalicLangeetal.2014,
  author    = {Gossner, Martin M. and Pasalic, Esther and Lange, Markus and Lange, Patricia and Boch, Steffen and Hessenm{\"o}ller, Dominik and M{\"u}ller, J{\"o}rg and Socher, Stephanie A. and Fischer, Markus and Schulze, Ernst-Detlef and Weisser, Wolfgang W.},
  title     = {Differential responses of herbivores and herbivory to management in temperate Eeuropean beech},
  series = {PLoS one},
  volume    = {9},
  journal   = {PLoS one},
  number    = {8},
  publisher = {PLoS},
  address   = {San Fransisco},
  issn      = {1932-6203},
  doi       = {10.1371/journal.pone.0104876},
  pages     = {16},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Forest management not only affects biodiversity but also might alter ecosystem processes mediated by the organisms, i.e. herbivory the removal of plant biomass by plant-eating insects and other arthropod groups. Aiming at revealing general relationships between forest management and herbivory we investigated aboveground arthropod herbivory in 105 plots dominated by European beech in three different regions in Germany in the sun-exposed canopy of mature beech trees and on beech saplings in the understorey. We separately assessed damage by different guilds of herbivores, i.e. chewing, sucking and scraping herbivores, gall-forming insects and mites, and leaf-mining insects. We asked whether herbivory differs among different forest management regimes (unmanaged, uneven-aged managed, even-aged managed) and among age-classes within even-aged forests. We further tested for consistency of relationships between regions, strata and herbivore guilds. On average, almost 80\% of beech leaves showed herbivory damage, and about 6\% of leaf area was consumed. Chewing damage was most common, whereas leaf sucking and scraping damage were very rare. Damage was generally greater in the canopy than in the understorey, in particular for chewing and scraping damage, and the occurrence of mines. There was little difference in herbivory among differently managed forests and the effects of management on damage differed among regions, strata and damage types. Covariates such as wood volume, tree density and plant diversity weakly influenced herbivory, and effects differed between herbivory types. We conclude that despite of the relatively low number of species attacking beech; arthropod herbivory on beech is generally high. We further conclude that responses of herbivory to forest management are multifaceted and environmental factors such as forest structure variables affecting in particular microclimatic conditions are more likely to explain the variability in herbivory among beech forest plots.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HeroldSchoeningGutknechtetal.2014,
  author    = {Herold, Nadine and Sch{\"o}ning, Ingo and Gutknecht, Jessica and Alt, Fabian and Boch, Steffen and M{\"u}ller, J{\"o}rg and Oelmann, Yvonne and Socher, Stephanie A. and Wilcke, Wolfgang and Wubet, Tesfaye and Schrumpf, Marion},
  title     = {Soil property and management effects on grassland microbial communities across a latitudinal gradient in Germany},
  series = {Applied soil ecology : a section of agriculture, ecosystems \& environment},
  volume    = {73},
  journal   = {Applied soil ecology : a section of agriculture, ecosystems \& environment},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0929-1393},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.apsoil.2013.07.009},
  pages     = {41 -- 50},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {There is much interest in the identification of the main drivers controlling changes in the microbial community that may be related to sustainable land use. We examined the influence of soil properties and land-use intensity (N fertilization, mowing, grazing) on total phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) biomass, microbial community composition (PLFA profiles) and activities of enzymes involved in the C, N, and P cycle. These relationships were examined in the topsoil of grasslands from three German regions (Schorfheide-Chorin (SCH), Hainich-Dun (HAI), Schwabische Alb (ALB)) with different parent material. Differences in soil properties explained 60\% of variation in PLFA data and 81\% of variation in enzyme activities across regions and land-use intensities. Degraded peat soils in the lowland areas of the SCH with high organic carbon (OC) concentrations and sand content contained lower PLFA biomass, lower concentrations of bacterial, fungal, and arbuscular mycorrhizal PLFAs, but greater enzyme activities, and specific enzyme activities (per unit microbial biomass) than mineral soils in the upland areas of the HAI and ALB, which are finer textured, drier, and have smaller OC concentrations. After extraction of variation that originated from large-scale differences among regions and differences in land-use intensities between plots, soil properties still explained a significant amount of variation in PLFA data (34\%) and enzyme activities (60\%). Total PLFA biomass and all enzyme activities were mainly related to OC concentration, while relative abundance of fungi and fungal to bacterial ratio were mainly related to soil moisture. Land-use intensity (LUI) significantly decreased the soil C:N ratio. There was no direct effect of LUI on total PLFA biomass, microbial community composition, N and P cycling enzyme activities independent of study region and soil properties. In contrast, the activities and specific activities of enzymes involved in the C cycle increased significantly with LUI independent of study region and soil properties, which can have impact on soil organic matter decomposition and nutrient cycling. Our findings demonstrate that microbial biomass and community composition as well as enzyme activities are more controlled by soil properties than by grassland management at the regional scale.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{MondalBehrensMatthesetal.2014,
  author    = {Mondal, Suvendu Sekhar and Behrens, Karsten and Matthes, Philipp R. and Sch{\"o}nfeld, Fabian and Nitsch, J{\"o}rn and Steffen, Andreas and Primus, Philipp-Alexander and Kumke, Michael Uwe and M{\"u}ller-Buschbaum, Klaus and Holdt, Hans-J{\"u}rgen},
  title     = {White light emission of IFP-1 by in situ co-doping of the MOF pore system with Eu3+ and Tb3+},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-79953},
  pages     = {4623 -- 4631},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Co-doping of the MOF 3∞[Zn(2-methylimidazolate-4-amide-5-imidate)] (IFP-1 = Imidazolate Framework Potsdam-1) with luminescent Eu3+ and Tb3+ ions presents an approach to utilize the porosity of the MOF for the intercalation of luminescence centers and for tuning of the chromaticity to the emission of white light of the quality of a three color emitter. Organic based fluorescence processes of the MOF backbone as well as metal based luminescence of the dopants are combined to one homogenous single source emitter while retaining the MOF's porosity. The lanthanide ions Eu3+ and Tb3+ were doped in situ into IFP-1 upon formation of the MOF by intercalation into the micropores of the growing framework without a structure directing effect. Furthermore, the color point is temperature sensitive, so that a cold white light with a higher blue content is observed at 77 K and a warmer white light at room temperature (RT) due to the reduction of the organic emission at higher temperatures. The study further illustrates the dependence of the amount of luminescent ions on porosity and sorption properties of the MOF and proves the intercalation of luminescence centers into the pore system by low-temperature site selective photoluminescence spectroscopy, SEM and EDX. It also covers an investigation of the border of homogenous uptake within the MOF pores and the formation of secondary phases of lanthanide formates on the surface of the MOF. Crossing the border from a homogenous co-doping to a two-phase composite system can be beneficially used to adjust the character and warmth of the white light. This study also describes two-color emitters of the formula Ln@IFP-1a-d (Ln: Eu, Tb) by doping with just one lanthanide Eu3+ or Tb3+.},
  language  = {en}
}